Special Applications of Nuclear and Wave Phenomena Warm-Up, Instruction, Assignment, and Quiz

Which statements are correct regarding X-rays and sound waves? Check all that apply. X-rays are very high energy; sound waves are low energy X-rays produce ionizing radiation both are part of the electromagnetic spectrum sound waves are mechanical waves sound waves produce ionizing radiation both X-rays and sound waves are used in medical applications

1, 2, 4, & 6

Which therapies are associated with ultrasound? Check all that apply. lithotripsy physical therapy gamma radiation improved drug delivery vision therapy dental hygienics

1, 2, 4, & 6

Ultrasound involves high-frequency sound waves. Sound waves can be used to image internal structures. This is the basis of tomography. sonography. radiography. fluoroscopy.

B. sonography

Which statements describe the applications of nuclear medicine scans? Check all that apply. assess disease progression and tissue function utilize ultrasound utilize a biologically active molecule require a CT scan utilize a radionuclide tracer rely on fluoroscopy

1, 3, & 5

Lasers utilize concentrated light waves, focused precisely and used for certain applications. What are some common uses of lasers for medical applications? Check all that apply. surgery dental hygienics tissue/tumor ablation kidney stone treatment LASIK drug uptake

1, 3, 4, & 5

Which applications, either for diagnostic purposes or for therapeutic purposes, do not involve ionizing radiation? Check all that apply. CT scan MRI ultrasound laser surgery radiopharmaceuticals PET scan

2, 3, & 4

PET is combined with some current imaging techniques to produce both functional and anatomical information. One of these combined approaches involves an increase in the ionizing radiation experienced by the patient. Which hybrid technique is this? PET/CT PET/MRI PET/Ultrasound

A. PET/CT

Why is the choice of a radiopharmaceutical important in radioisotope imaging? The radiopharmaceutical must localize to the specific organ or tissue to be imaged. The radiopharmaceutical must be able to block X-rays to create the image. The radiopharmaceutical must absorb and re-emit a specific radiation within a magnetic field. The radiopharmaceutical must pass through the body without being absorbed.

A. The radiopharmaceutical must localize to the specific organ or tissue to be imaged.

Which type of waves can be used to clear a blockage from small tubes in the kidneys? sound waves and visible light X-rays and radio waves radio waves and sound waves visible light and X-rays

A. sound waves and visible light

CT and MRI techniques image the body through cross sections, or slices, which can then be viewed singly or used to generate 3D images. Imaging in cross-sectional slices is called tomography. sonography. fluoroscopy. ultrasound.

A. tomography

What is the relationship between radiopharmaceuticals, tracers, and radionuclides? A tracer is part of a radionuclide, which functions as a radiopharmaceutical. A radionuclide is part of a radiopharmaceutical, which functions as a tracer. A radiopharmaceutical is part of a radionuclide, which functions as a tracer. A tracer is part of a radiopharmaceutical, which functions as a radionuclide.

B. A radionuclide is part of a radiopharmaceutical, which functions as a tracer.

A doctor thinks a patient has an intussusception, in which a part of the intestine slides inside itself like the parts of a collapsible telescope. Which imaging technique is the doctor most likely to use? Explain. X-ray radiography is most likely because it can make an image of a large area of the body. Sonography is most likely because it has good resolution without radiation. X-ray fluoroscopy is most likely because it can monitor the movement of material in real time. A CT scan is most likely because it can form a three-dimensional image of the intestines.

B. Sonography is most likely because it has good resolution without radiation.

Sally is concerned about the X-ray images her dentist plans to take of her teeth. She has read that X-rays can cause tissue effects, such as skin reddening and hair loss. Which statement would best inform Sally of the level of risk? The dentist uses X-ray fluoroscopy, which can take enough time to cause those problems. The dentist uses X-ray radiography, which takes too short a time to cause those problems. The dentist uses X-ray fluoroscopy, which takes too short a time to cause those problems. The dentist uses X-ray radiography, which can take enough time to cause those problems.

B. The dentist uses X-ray radiography, which takes too short a time to cause those problems.

Mark's uncle is about to have a procedure to treat his prostate cancer. The treatment involves placement of small pellets close to the tumor to deliver a localized dose of radiation. What type of nuclear therapy is this? external beam radiation brachytherapy radiopharmaceuticals internal X-rays

B. brachytherapy

How do radiography and fluoroscopy compare? Neither technique increases the risk of developing cancer. Radiography can monitor a process, but fluoroscopy forms a single image. Each technique uses electromagnetic waves. Radiography uses ionizing radiation, but fluoroscopy does not.

C. Each technique uses electromagnetic waves.

Ultrasound utilizes high-frequency sound waves. When applied in targeted pulses, it can be used to break up calculi such as kidney stones. What is this specific application called? hygienics tomography lithotripsy cavitation

C. lithotripsy

Which imaging technique uses sound waves rather than electromagnetic waves? MRI X-ray imaging sonography CT scan

C. sonography

Radioisotopes often emit one or more types of radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. The distance the radiation travels through matter before being absorbed increases in order from alpha to gamma. Which statement describes the best radioisotope that can be used for radioisotope imaging and for radionuclide therapy? It emits only gamma rays. It emits only alpha particles. It emits alpha and beta particles. It emits beta particles and gamma rays.

D. It emits beta particles and gamma rays.

How do radiography and sonography compare? Each technique increases the risk of developing cancer. Radiography uses X-rays, but sonography uses radio waves. Each technique uses mechanical waves. Radiography uses ionizing radiation, but sonography does not.

D. Radiography uses ionizing radiation, but sonography does not.

The electromagnetic wave that CT scans are based on is called a laser ablation. positron emission. sonograph. X-ray.

D. X-ray

Which therapeutic application involves the placement of a pellet of radioactive material near a tumor? radionuclide therapy external beam radiation therapy acoustic targeted drug delivery brachytherapy

D. brachytherapy

The physical phenomenon that MRI is based on does not depend on ionizing radiation, but on other properties of atoms instead. What is this phenomenon called? gamma-ray bursts positron emission X-ray propagation nuclear magnetic resonance

D. nuclear magnetic resonance

Select the best terms from the drop-down menus that fit the nuclear medicine descriptions. gamma-ray detection from tracers assess disease progression, tissue function a hybrid scan that involves nuclear medicine and X-ray imaging radiation treatment near or within the tumor from implanted "seeds"

PET scan nuclear medicine scan PET/CT brachytherapy

List three types of X-ray imaging applications and a key feature that makes each unique.

Radiography takes single projectional images. Fluoroscopy shows live images. CT scans can be used to take cross-sectional images or build 3D images.

Compare two forms of X-ray imaging Radiography Fluoroscopy

Radiography: a single image projectional used for mammography Fluoroscopy: live imaging real-time monitoring uses a contrast agent or dye

Review the vocabulary associated with nuclear and wave therapies sonography radiopharmaceuticals brachytherapy litotripsy

Sonography: using sound waves to image internal structures Radiopharmaceuticals: internally delivered and targeted ionizing radiation Brachytherapy: therapy where the radiation is placed inside or next to the diseased area Lithotripsy: the physical breakage of stones by the application of pulsed ultrasound

List two benefits and two applications of ultrasound imaging.

Two benefits of ultrasound imaging are that the patient is not exposed to ionizing radiation and the images are captured in real time. Ultrasound imaging is used to view the fetus during pregnancy and in echocardiograms to view the heart.

Use the drop-down menus to complete the scenarios. A patient has an ongoing history of cancer. She has a tumor in the abdominal region, and has been undergoing treatment for it. There may be other tumors and a potential blockage in the surrounding area that need to be investigated. The imaging technique that might provide the most information in this case is Joe has ongoing issues with his throat and feels some sort of blockage or abnormality as he swallows. The doctor decides to use X-ray imaging to visualize Joe's internal anatomy as he swallows to help determine the nature of the problem. will be used for this procedure.

a CT scan Fluoroscopy

Use the drop-down menus to complete the passage. Some forms of elements are isotopic and can decay. We make use of these by using them in ways to help image tissue or to treat it. We can couple a radioisotope to an element or compound to localize at certain tissues in question, to help image it by detecting the molecule; this is known as a(n). When the same type of technique is applied but the purpose is to target something like a tumor and treat it with the radiation produced, we call this substance a . Nuclear medicine, whether used in diagnosis or to treat, involves the use of , so the amount of that is received by the patient should be considered.

radionuclides tracer radiopharmaceutical ionizing radiation dosage

Match the characteristic or descriptive phrase to the type of application it describes. sound waves soft-tissue imaging electromagnetic wave fetal imaging

ultrasound MRI MRI ultrasound