Clinical Psych Test 2 (Chapters 4-8)

Psychological research focused on issues of diagnosis and categorization of psychological problems might look like which of the following studies?

A study examining the validity and reliability of premenstrual dysphoric disorder

The General Principle of Fidelity and Responsibility encourages psychologists to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology.

False

The emic perspective emphasizes similarities between all people.

False

Lightner Witmer developed harmful dysfunction theory.

False (Wakefield)

_____, in which a psychologist provides the patient with the results of tests or interviews that have been conducted, is common to all kinds of psychological assessment.

Feedback

Multiculturalism is also known as the _____ of clinical psychology.

Fourth force

The current APA ethical code (2002) is divided into two distinct sections: _____, aspirational goals describing an ideal level of ethical functioning; and _____, enforceable rules of conduct.

General Principles, Ethical Standards

The APA Code of Ethics includes both ________ & _________

General principles, Ethical Standards

*CQ* Cultural assimilation refers to a ___ acceptance of new cultural norms and ___ adherence to original norms.

High, low

_____ is the extent to which an assessment technique consists of items that are consistent with one another.

Internal reliability

Efficacy studies often possess good _____, but have poor _____. Effectiveness studies often possess good _____, but have poor _____.

Internal validity, external validity, external validity, internal validity

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the categorical approach to diagnosis?

It provides a great deal of freedom and flexibility when diagnosing patients.

_____ experimental designs emphasize changes across time, often making within-group comparisons from one point in time to another. _____ designs assess or compare a participant or group of participants at one particular point in time.

Longitudinal, Cross-sectional

Based on Fisher's (2017) model, what is the first step in ethical decision-making?

Make a commitment to doing what is ethically appropriate.

Which of the following is NOT true of DSM-5?

Members of DSM-5's Task Force and Work Groups were primarily clinicians and practitioners.

Which type of interview is most often employed in medical settings as a means of quickly assessing how the client is functioning at the time of the evaluation?

Mental status exam

_____, a new disorder in DSM-5, involves a modest decline in cognitive functions such as memory, language, attention, or executive function.

Mild neurocognitive disorder

*CQ* Ethical issues in clinical psych include each of the following EXCEPT: -Confidentiality -Multiple relationships -Competence -Informed consent -None of the above

None of the above

Interviewer skills include each of the following except:

Open-ended questions

_____ questions are utilized in the nondirective interviewing style, while the directive interviewing style typically consists of _____ questions.

Open-ended, closed-ended

_____ developed specific categories of abnormality, including melancholia, mania, and dementia.

Phillippe Pinel

Those who have exerted the most influence on the disorders included in the DSM are generally members of which profession?

Psychiatry

Which of the following is NOT an educational alternative used to train clinical psychologists in multicultural issues?

Requiring clinical psychology graduate students to publicly announce their commitment to diversity

Ethical clinical assessment practices may include:

selection of tests that are appropriate for the purpose of the assessment and the population being tested.

A(n) _____ interview contains a predetermined, planned sequence of questions that an interviewer asks a client. A(n) _____ interview involves no predetermined or planned questions.

structured, unstructured

Which of the following is the order in which the steps of the experimental method are most often conducted? I. Empirical testing II. Development of a hypothesis, including identification of IVs and DVs III. Observation of events IV. Altering the hypothesis to match results obtained from testing

III, II, I, IV

"Can you tell me more about your feelings of hostility?" is an example of a nondirective style.

True

*CQ* Multiculturalism is one of the defining issues of clinical psychology.

True

Clinical utility is the extent to which an assessment technique improves delivery of services or client outcome.

True

Expanding the range of pathology covered by the DSM poses the risk that some disorders may be taken less seriously because the notion of abnormality will become more ubiquitous.

True

Individual case studies typically have limited generalizability.

True

Institutional Review Board approve, monitor, AND regulate all aspects of research.

True

Modifying psychological treatments for members of a specific culture is called cultural adaptation.

True

Psychologists in Texas do NOT have a "duty to warn"

True

Quasi-experimental designs are used when conditions limit a researcher's ability to randomly assign people to certain conditions.

True

Taijin kyofusho and susto are examples of cultural concepts of distress in DSM-5.

True

Yao Ming illustrates the concept of heterogeneity within a culture.

True

Which of the following is NOT an essential question that should be asked when measuring therapy outcome?

Which statistical software package should be used for analyses?

A researcher conducts a study of learning in which participants in a 12-week introductory karate course are assessed for their knowledge of karate at the end of each week throughout the course. Which study design did this researcher use?

Within-group study

DSM-5 reflects a biopsychosocial model of psychopathology.

False

Even in small communities, ethical psychologists are able to avoid "multiple relationships" with clients.

False

Few behaviors in clinical practice fall into the ethical gray area.

False

Gathering valid interview-based assessment data is not contingent upon rapport.

False

If a psychotherapy has statistical significance, it will always have clinical significance.

False

Informed consent for therapy is a one-time process that occurs at the beginning of treatment.

False

Multiculturalism is known as the third wheel of clinical psychology.

False

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is listed as a provisional disorder in DSM-5.

False

Tatiana Tarasoff is a leading researcher on multiple relationships.

False

The DSM definition of a mental disorder is markedly different from Jerome Wakefield's definition.

False

The DSM is the primary resource for psychiatric diagnosis world-wide.

False

The Ethical Standards of the APA ethical code are aspirational in nature and are not enforceable.

False

*CQ* Each of the following is an example of culture EXCEPT: -Religion -Race/ethnicity -Sexual orientation -Geography -None; all are facets

-None, all are facets

In a survey of therapists and nonprofessionals, Devlin and Nasar (2012) found that the preferred style of a clinician's office was "hard," or institutional and overly modern.

False

_____ is the way a person responds or adapts to a new cultural environment, especially regarding the balance between original and new culture.

Acculturation

Each of the following represents a new DSM-5 disorder EXCEPT:

Acute stress disorder

*CQ* Culture can affect all of the following EXCEPT: -Symptom presentation -Response to assessment -Therapy success -Communication -All are affected by culture

All are affected by culture

*CQ* The main components of cultural competence include:

Awareness, skills, knowledge

Which of the following is NOT a major change in content occurring from DSM-I and DSM-II to DSM-III and beyond?

Beginning with DSM-III, the manual's text began to decrease in size as greater focus on brief disorder symptom lists emerged.

In multiple relationships, boundary crossings are more severe than boundary violations.

False

______ are the most frequently used assessment tool.

Clinical interviews

_____ questions focus on apparently contradictory information provided by clients.

Confronting

Which of the following had a significant influence on the creation of the first edition of the DSM?

Development of an early categorization system by the U.S. Army and Veteran's Administration used to diagnose and treat soldiers returning from World War II.

The _____ approach to diagnosis utilizes a continuum upon which a person falls; the _____ approach employs a definitive "has"/"has not" system.

Dimensional, categorical

"Who in your family has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder?" is an example of what type of interviewing style?

Directive

Which of the following is NOT a way in which an interviewer can establish good rapport with clients?

Disclose personal information to the client, demonstrating the trust inherent in the therapeutic relationship.

Which of the following scenarios does NOT illustrate a multiple relationship?

Dr. James, a clinical psychologist, sees one of his patients at the grocery store and returns her wave hello before continuing with his shopping.

What legal precedent was established by the Tarasoff case?

Duty to warn

_____ refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings. _____ refers to the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study.

Effectiveness, Efficacy

_____ is known as the founding father of the current mental disorder diagnostic system.

Emil Kraepelin

Which of the following would be included in a narrow definition of culture?

Ethnicity

Dr. X would like to test the efficacy of a new psychotherapy approach. Dr. X should use a ______ design.

Experimental

_____ validity refers to the generalizability of a study's results to the real world. _____ validity refers to the extent to which the change in the dependent variable is due solely to the change in the independent variable.

External, Internal

A study that approximates the target client or situation as a substitute for the real thing employs a parallel design.

False

A therapy's effectiveness is a measure of how well it works in a controlled experimental setting.

False

Attempts to define abnormality started with the first DSM.

False

Candor, grace, and humility are components that are universal to all interviews.

False

Construct validity is the extent to which an assessment technique provides consistent results.

False

Correlation can sometimes imply causation.

False

_____ usually involves tying together various topics that have been discussed and identifying themes that recurred during the interview.

Summarizing

Which of the following statements is NOT True of multiple relationships?

The nonprofessional involvement between a client and clinical psychologist must be sexual to qualify as a multiple relationship.

Revisions to DSM-5 that reflect the current trend toward multiculturalism include:

a glossary of cultural concepts of distress

Research of teaching and training issues within clinical psychology might look like:

a study of the effectiveness of course content comprising of a graduate level assessment class.

A psychologist must obtain informed consent from all of the following EXCEPT:

administrative staff that work at the practice.

Hippocrates conceptualized abnormality as:

an imbalance of bodily fluids.

The practice of assigning a more severe DSM diagnosis than warranted to a client paying for services through managed care is:

both an ethical violation and an illegal act

A _____ definition of culture may include factors such as socioeconomic status, geography/region, age, and political affiliation.

broad

The relationship between parents and their children will likely vary as a function of:

cultural background

Based on James Wakefield, abnormality is best defined as:

dysfunctional

Although multiple relationships may be somewhat inevitable in small town settings, a psychologist can clarify boundaries and prevent misunderstandings by:

educating clients about the complications multiple relationships can cause as well as the psychologist's ethical obligations.

Listening can be broken down into even more fundamental building blocks of attending behaviors, including:

eye contact and body language

External validity refers to:

generalizability

The APA has recognized the importance of multiculturalism in the practice of clinical psychology by doing all of the following EXCEPT:

implementing a standard diversity training program required for psychologists to maintain their licenses

The American Psychological Association:

includes criteria related to multiculturalism when accrediting graduate programs.

A clinical psychologist is considered competent when he:

is sufficiently capable, skilled, experienced, and expert to adequately complete the professional tasks he undertakes.

In _____, a person avoids interpersonal situations because he believes his appearance, actions, or smell will offend others.

taijin kyofusho

Individual case studies:

tend to have limited generalizability