Clothing Concepts exam #1 MASTER SET
tight cultures
norms are strong, little tolerance for deviance
programs
ones response to one's own appearance
subjective elements of culture
organized into unique patterns of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values.
reviews
other's reactions to an individual's appearance
haute couture
"high fashion"
pret-a-porter
"ready to wear"
decline (the fashion cycle)
#5 in the fashion cycle
obsolescence (the fashion cycle)
#6 in the fashion cycle
dramaturgical theory
people dress differently based on the audience.
social identity theory
people strive to either align with or distance themselves from specific categories of people One way to achieve this is through clothing
fashion leaders
people who are seen as authorities on clothing matters and are sought out for their opinions pick up on the new style and adopt it
fashion innovators
people who create a new style
late adopters
people who do not feel comfortable wearing a new style until it has been established as a trend
silhouette
physical shape or outline of a garment
theory
A Collection of evidence, hypotheses, or principles used to explain social behavior.
Abductive inference
A natural, instinctive mode of reasoning that is hardwired into human cognition and expressed through "spontaneous conjectures" that provisionally explain unusual observations
roles
positions that people occupy in a group or society
cultural authentication
process of assimilation through which a garment or an accessory external to a culture is adopted and changed
collective selection theory
A new style will become a fashion when it fits the spirit of the times Social Class is NOT the main driver of fashion change (whoever captures zeitgeist)
Self-indication process
A process of learning who we are through continued reflection and action with others and constant experimentation and exploration.
transnational style
A quickly shifting style of dress worn simultaneously in many world locations
culture
A set of human made elements shared among those with a common language who lived in the same time and place
theory
A set of ideas that describe, explain, and predict outcomes and relationships and guide the development of hypotheses
rise (the fashion cycle)
Accepted by more people (fashion leaders) #2 in the fashion cycle
objective elements of culture
refer to a culture's artifacts or objects made by humans
subcultural leadership model
shaping styles
fad
short-lived styles. For A Day
fashion
social process involving a style being introduced to general public and being accepted as appropriate for a time and occasion by the social majority.
trickle down theory
social theory that fashion develops as a function of a class emulation; a style originates in the uppermost level of society and is copied by successively lower levels of society
global citizen
someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community's values and practices
taking on the role of the other
taking on other people's perspectives to understand their responses
taking the role of the other
taking other people's perspectives to understand their responses
role theory
Also known as Social Learning Theory; we dress based on the roles we play. We learn by imitating those around us, who serve as our role models.
Dress
Any intentional modification to the body or supplement added to the body
trickle across theory
Argues that a style can appear simultaneously in all social classes, just at different price points
fashion leaders
Authorities on appearance matters who are valued for their opinions; they help disseminate a trend to wider audiences
Zeitgeist
Changes are more likely to be accepted if a culture is ready for change.
theories
Ethnocentrism and Pluralism are examples of:
functions of dress
Expresses relationships and Shows who to approach and who to avoid- this is an example of:
functions of dress
Expresses self-esteem, personal values, and societal values- this is an example of:
pluralism
the acceptance of differences in others while not necessarily wanting to adopt those differences for themselves
role theory
the idea that within a society, a certain position or status has norms and expectation, including expectations on how to dress
uniqueness theory
Fashion trends begin when people adopt a style that is exclusive or distinctive to current modes
semiotics
the study of signs and sign systems
1st Five Seconds 1st Four Minutes Breakaway point
time table of impression formation
ford
trend with strong sales volume and available at different price points and produced by different manufacturers; mass acceptance.
loose cultures
unclear norms and tolerate deviance from norms
fashion forward
used to describe styles that are gaining in acceptance
early adopters
watch fashion leaders.
today's zeitgeist
Social Media Desire for Instant Gratification Fashion Industry's Willingness to meet that desire
trickle up theory
States fashion begins in the lower classes and is copied by a society's higher classes. Ex: denim jeans
symbolic interaction theory
Styles are given meaning by negotiations between the individual and society, where individuals strive to illicit a certain reaction via appearance from society and alter appearance until it is achieved
New Look
The ___________ ______________ exemplifies the relationship between fashion and the zeitgeist
collective selection theory
The process of choosing from competing styles that match the current zeitgeist or spirit of the times
protection adornment status modesty/immodesty
why do people wear clothes?
fashion system
Globally based set of: Businesses, Governments, Trade Unions, Agencies that impact consumer choices
supplements
Indirect Alterants of Bodily Processes
Normative Socialization Theory/Social control Theory
Learning how to dress occurs through positive and negative reinforcement. Compliments or criticism can affect the way we dress. Seeks to ensure compliance with norms (overcomes deviance)
mass acceptance (the fashion cycle)
Maximum stock coverage in many retail formats May be extended if style becomes a Classic #4 in the fashion cycle
accelerate (the fashion cycle)
More availability Manufacturers start to offer knock-offs Promotional efforts are strongest #3 in the fashion cycle
impression formation
Observer makes attribute and behavioral judgements of wearers based on observable characteristics
dress
The total arrangement of all outwardly detectable modifications of the body and all material objects added to it
functions of dress
Protects body from physical, psychological, and social environments- this is an example of:
functions of dress
Provide immediate and visual cues- this is an example of:
functions of dress
Reflects trends in technology, economy, religion, arts, morality, and patterns of living- this is an example of:
social identity theory
Theory developed by Tajfel and Turner (1986) for understanding how people create social groups. Includes the following steps: categorizing people into groups, identifying into one of the groups, groups comparing themselves to other groups and developing group distinctiveness
negotiation with others (social groups)
Ultimately consumers make a style fashionable.
culture
a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction of the participants in an ecological niche, and thus became shared among those who could communicate with each other because they had a common language and lived in the same time and place
trickle across theory
a style can simultaneously appear across all levels of society as a function of different retail stores offering it to different consumers
costume
a style of clothing belonging to a particular cultural or historical context
classic
a style that changes little from season to season but is generally popular across seasons
fad
a style that has a short, quick, popularity
Dramturgical Approach
a way to express everyday dress using the theater as a model of front stage and back stage dress behavior
apparel
actual garments constructed from fabric to cover the body.
knock off
adaptation of an original design
fashion followers
adopt the trend during the tail-end when the style is nearing obsolescence
appearance management
all activities and thought processes leading to the purchase and wear of clothing and body modifications.
appearance
all aspects of the human body that may be observed by others
dress (an artifact)
an example of objective elements of culture
identity
an organized set of characteristics that expresses the various aspects of who you are; who one is as an individual and where one fits in as a member of society
clothing
any tangible or material object connected to the human body.
gatekeepers
are people who make choices for consumers
objective elements of culture
artifacts: Dress, media outlets, building, tools
symbolic interaction theory
attempts to explain interactions among individuals based on symbols that are used or understood by everyone in a particular group
uniqueness theory
concept that fashion begins from original or new styles
fashion followers
consumers who adopt a style at the tail end of its life cycle
style
distinctive characteristics of clothing
artifacts
dress, media outlets, buildings, tools
social stratification
example of a subjective element of culture
Amish Culture
example of collectivism
adolescence dress
example of individualism
cargo pants
example of world dress
Tanning beds, tattoos, piercings, hair dyeing, diets and exercise to change one's body shape
examples of intentional modification
Garments worn on the body, colored contact lens, make-up, jewelry, shoes, accessories, backpacks
examples of supplements
trickle up theory
fashion begins among the young or lower income groups and moves upward to older or higher income groups.
collective selection
fashions originate in specific social or subcultural groups. Also known as subcultural leadership
avant-garde
fashions that are unorthodox, experimental, perhaps unusual, or shocking
classic
fashions that endure time.
couturiere
female fashion designer
Provide immediate and visual cues Protects body from physical, psychological, and social environments Expresses relationships Shows who to approach and who to avoid Expresses self-esteem, personal values, and societal values Reflects trends in technology, economy, religion, arts, morality, and patterns of living.
functions of dress
Fashion forecaster: Promostyl Editor: Anna Wintour
gatekeeper examples
trend
general direction in which a style is moving
Zeitgeist
german word meaning "spirit of the times"; the essence or feeling of an era
looking glass self
imagining how important others may think of you or what characteristics may assign to you based on appearance
social stratification (subcategory of subjective elements)
individualists and collectivists are an example of
fashion
is what is popular, and popularity is required for something to be observed and documented as a trend
Ethnocentrism
judging people from other cultures and backgrounds by one's own cultural standards and beliefs
early adopters
majority of consumers who adopt a style early in it's life cycle
late adopters
majority of consumers who adopt a style late in its life cycle
couturier
male fashion designer
Collective Selection Theory
many individuals' choices are needed for an apparel item to become fashion.
culture
➢The _____________ of a society will determine whether a fashion system exists Youthful Experimentation Search for identity
trickle down theory
Based on the idea of social class emulation High society introduces new styles, which are seen and copied by the middle class Once the middle class has adopted the style, the lower class adopts it When a class sees their style adopted by the lower classes they discard that particular style in favor of a new one, and the cycle begins again
a fashion trend
Begins when fashion innovators wear a new article of clothing or devise a new way of wearing an existing piece
subjective elements
Beliefs, attitudes, and values Also includes social norms, stereotypes and prejudices Social stratification - categories for people according to race, age and income level Individualists Collectivists
symbolic interaction theory
Clothes are symbols (may or may not become meaningful) Dress develops meaning based on years of association Negotiation Denotative Meaning Connotative Meaning
world dress
Describes similar types of body modifications and supplements worn by many people in various parts of the world no matter where the types of dress or the people themselves originated
introduction (the fashion cycle)
Designers or manufacturer's new styles are shown Higher prices, smaller quantities #1 in the fashion cycle
Intentional modification
Direct Alterants of Bodily Processes
unique style
Once the ___________ ____________ is adopted by enough people to be considered "fashion" it loses its impact as something innovative or unique.
Market Infrastructure Theory
Only items sold in business retail environments can become fashions
collectivist characteristics
Organized hierarchy Concerned about the group Share resources Involved with group Use dress for acceptance, compliments, and recognition
material culture analysis
Physically describes the design and construction of the garments and interprets the functions and meanings of the garments
individualist characteristics
Value self-reliance Independence Pursuit of Happiness Friendly, but not overly Thrive on Individual Expression
subjective elements of culture
Values, norms, association, roles, beliefs
Behavior
_________________ is based on interaction with symbols (apparel)