CNA 251 | Ch. 5, Dynamic Routing

metric

A _____ is a measurable value that is assigned by the routing protocol to different routes based on the usefulness of that route.

discontiguous

A _____________ network is when subnets from the same classful major network address are separated by a different classful network address.

224.0.0.10 255.255.255.255

EIGRP sends updates to multicast address__________ , as opposed to IGRP, which sends its updates to _______________.

routing protocol

A ______________ is a set of processes, algorithms, and messages that are used to exchange routing information and populate the routing table.

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

After a network topology change occurs, which distance vector routing protocol can send an update message directly to a single neighboring router without unnecessarily notifying other routers?

SPF tree

After completion of the Link-State Routing process, the SPF algorithm calculates the shortest paths to reach each individual network resulting in the _______.

split horizon

Distance vector routing protocols typically implement a routing loop prevention technique known as ___________, that prevents information from being sent out the same interface from which it was received.

A. Implement multiple areas of OSPF.

How can a network administrator reduce SPF overhead on OSPF routers? A. Implement multiple areas of OSPF. B. Increase the number of neighbor adjacencies. C. Decrease the hello timer intervals. D. Reduce the interface delay values. This doesn't appear to be anywhere in the chapter. I was able to find the answer in Ch. 9.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

Legacy - IGP, distance vector, classful protocol , Cisco-proprietary

Routing Information Protocol v1 (RIPv1)

Legacy - IGP, distance vector, non-cisco, classful protocol

Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)

Link-state IPv4 IGP routing protocol that is popular in provider networks.

shortest path first (SPF)

Link-state routing protocols are also known as___ protocols, named so because of the algorithm of the same name, which link-state protocols are built around.

Link and Link-State Hello Building the LSP Flooding the LSP Building the Link-State Database

List the following steps of the link-state routing process in order. Building the Link-State Database Flooding the LSP Link and Link-State Building the LSP Hello

Builds a topological Map Fast Convergence Event-driven updates Hierarchical design

List three advantages of Link-state routing protocols.

Memory requirements Processing requirements Bandwidth requirements

List two disadvantages of Link-State routing protocols.

RIP = Hop count OSPF = Cost based EIGRP = Bandwidth, delay, load & reliability

Match the correct protocol to the metric it uses. OSPF RIP EIGRP Hop count Minimum bandwidth, delay, load, and reliability Cost based on cumulative bandwidth from source to destination

Bellman-Ford

RIP uses the ______________ algorithm as its routing algorithm. It is based on two algorithms developed in 1958 and 1956

224.0.0.9 255.255.255.255

RIPv2 forwards periodic updates to multicast address__________ , as opposed to RIPv1, which sends its updates to _______________.

Vector

Specifies the direction of the next-hop router or exit interface to reach the destination.

OSPFv2 (RFC 1247 and 2328) OSPFv3 (RFC 2740)

There are two current versions in use of OSPF. ______ for IPv4 networks, and ______ for IPv6 networks.

True

True or False? As BGP is the only available EGP protocol, the term EGP is rarely used; instead, most engineers simply say BGP.

True

True or False? Each router constructs its own SPF tree independently from all other routers. To ensure proper routing, the link-state databases used to construct those trees must be identical on all routers.

True

True or False? IS-IS was originally designed for the OSI protocol suite and not the TCP/IP protocol suite. Later, Integrated IS-IS, or Dual IS-IS, included support for IP networks

True

True or False? In contrast to distance vector routing protocol operations, a router configured with a link-state routing protocol can create a complete view (topology) of the network by gathering information from all of the other routers.

False

True or False? Like most other protocols, distance vector routing protocols have a map of the network topology.

True

True or False? Link-state routing protocols have the reputation of being much more complex than their distance vector counterparts. However, the basic functionality and configuration of link-state protocols is equally straight-forward.

False. They require short convergence times.

True or False? Most networks require a medium to long convergence time.

False. Classful routing protocols do not send subnet mask information, classless ones do.

True or False? The biggest distinction between classful and classless routing protocols is that classless routing protocols do not send subnet mask information in routing updates.

True. The distinction of being classful and classless only applies to IPv4 routing protocols. All IPv6 addresses are considered classless because they include the prefix-length with the address.

True or false? IPv6 routing protocols are classless.

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Cisco-proprietary advanced version of distance vector routing protocol.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Which routing protocol is designed to use areas to scale large hierarchical networks?

Routing Information Protocol v1 (RIPv1) and Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

Which two IPv4 routing protocols were the "original" routing protocols used when network addresses were allocated based on classes.

A. Aging information C. Sequence numbers

Which two components of an LSP enable an OSPF router to determine if the LSP that is received contains newer information than what is in the current OSPF router link-state database? (Choose two.) A. Aging information B. Query C. Sequence numbers D. Hellos E. Acknowledgements

A. A change in the topology. B. The initial startup of the routing protocol process.

Which two events will trigger the sending of a link-state packet by a link-state routing protocol? (Choose two.) A. A change in the topology. B. The initial startup of the routing protocol process. C. A link to a neighbor router has become congested. D. The requirement to periodically flood link-state packets to all neighbors. E. The router update timer expiring.

D. The router has established its adjacencies. E. The router has determined the costs associated with its active links.

Which two requirements are necessary before a router configured with a link-state routing protocol can build and send its link-state packets? (Choose two.) A. The router has constructed an SPF tree. B. The router has built its link-state database. C. The routing table has been refreshed. D. The router has established its adjacencies. E. The router has determined the costs associated with its active links.

B. They are used to maintain neighbor relationships. D. They are used for dynamic neighbor discovery.

Which two statements are true for OSPF Hello packets? (Choose two.) A. They are used to negotiate correct parameters among neighboring interfaces. B. They are used to maintain neighbor relationships. C. They are used to determine the complete network topology. D. They are used for dynamic neighbor discovery. E. They are used to flood link-state information to all neighbors.

15

While using either RIPv1 or RIPv2, a hop count greater than __ hops is deemed infinite (too far).

Edsger Dijkstra

Who is the creator of the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm? (This isn't an Andy test, so odds are this won't be on here. His name is mentioned twice though, figured better safe than sorry.)

autonomous system (AS)

An __ is a collection of routers under a common administration such as a company or an organization.

Multihomed

An organization or person that utilizes multiple internet service providers to obtain full connectivity within a single network.

router ospf [process-id] network

Basic OSPF operations can be configured using the ___________ global configuration command, followed by the ______ command.

variable-length subnet masks (VLSMs) classless interdomain routing (CIDR)

Because RIPv1 and IGRP do not include subnet mask information in their updates, they are unable to provide _____ and ____.

Link-State Packet (LSP)

During step three of the link-state process each router builds a ___ containing the state of each directly connected link.

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

EGP, path-vector, classless protocol

hello keepalive mechanism

EIGRP introduced ____________________, which exchanges small Hello message periodically to maintain adjacencies with neighboring routers.

Bounded triggered updates

EIGRP introduced ____________________________, which did away with periodic updates. Routing tables are propagated only when a change occurs. Meaning that EIGRP only sends to neighbors that need to receive the information, reducing bandwidth dramatically in larger networks.

Routing Information Protocol v2 (RIPv2)

IGP, distance vector, classless protocol not developed by Cisco

Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

IGP, link-state-classless protocol (2x)

Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)

IGRP and EIGRP use the ____ routing algorithm developed by Dr. J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves at SRI International

255 90

IGRP has a maximum hop limit of ___ and sends broadcast updates every __ seconds by default.

Distance

Identifies how far it is to the destination network and is based on a metric such as the hop count, cost, bandwidth, or delay.

Operation

Which routing protocol classification group are the following protocols aligned with? Distance vector protocol, link-state protocol, or path-vector protocol.

Routing Information Protocol v2 (RIPv2)

Non-legacy simple distance vector routing protocol.

Inter-AS routing (or EGP)

Protocol used for routing between autonomous systems.

Intra-AS routing (or IGP)

Protocol used for routing within an autonomous systems.

520

RIP updates are encapsulated into a UDP segment, with both source and destination port numbers set to UDP port ___.

speed of propagation

The ______________________ refers to the amount of time it takes for routers within the network to forward routing information.

DECnet Phase V

The first incarnation of IS-IS routing protocol was developed at Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and is known as ____________.

Purpose Operation Behavior

What are the three groups that routing protocols are classified by according to their characteristics?

A. They require a lot of hardware resources. C. They compute their own knowledge of the network topology.

What are two characteristics of link-state protocols compared to distance vector protocols? (Choose two.) A. They require a lot of hardware resources. B. They know of the network topology from the perspective of their neighbors. C. They compute their own knowledge of the network topology. D. They use hop counts to compute the network topology. E. They flood the routing table to all hosts periodically.

C. Calculates its metric using bandwidth E. Uses Dijkstra's algorithm to build the SPF tree

What are two features of the OSPF routing protocol? (Choose two.) A. Has an administrative distance of 100 B. Used primarily as an EGP C. Calculates its metric using bandwidth D. Automatically summarizes networks at the classful boundaries E. Uses Dijkstra's algorithm to build the SPF tree

B. Select best path to destination networks E. Discover remote networks

What are two purposes of dynamic routing protocols? (Choose two.) A. Reduce network traffic B. Select best path to destination networks C. Provide network security D. Provide a default route to network hosts E. Discover remote networks

B. They consider the neighbor to be unreachable and the adjacency is broken.

What happens when two link-state routers stop receiving hello packets from neighbors? A. They create a default route to the adjacent router. B. They consider the neighbor to be unreachable and the adjacency is broken. C. They will flood their database tables to each other. D. They continue to operate as normal and are able to exchange packets.

A. Fast convergence

What is an advantage of OSPF compared to RIP? A. Fast convergence B. Less complexity C. Less CPU processing D. Low memory requirements

D. Interior routing protocols are used to communicate within a single autonomous system. Exterior routing protocols are used to communicate between multiple autonomous systems.

What is the difference between interior and exterior routing protocols? A. Exterior routing protocols are used only by large ISPs. Interior routing protocols are used by small ISPs. B. Interior routing protocols are used to route on the Internet. Exterior routing protocols are used inside organizations. C. Exterior routing protocols are used to administer a single autonomous system. Interior routing protocols are used to administer several domains. D. Interior routing protocols are used to communicate within a single autonomous system. Exterior routing protocols are used to communicate between multiple autonomous systems.

Purpose

Which routing protocol classification group are the following protocols aligned with? Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) or Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)

Routing domain

When discussing routing protocols, what is the acceptable alternate name for an autonomous system?

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Which dynamic routing protocol was developed as an exterior gateway protocol to interconnect different Internet providers?

A. Routing protocol authentication

Which feature provides secure routing updates between RIPv2 neighbors? A. Routing protocol authentication B. Keepalive messages C. Unicast updates D. Adjacency table

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Which interior routing protocol uses protocol-dependent modules (PDMs), making it the only protocol to include support for protocols other than IPv4 and IPv6, such as legacy IPX and AppleTalk?

D. EIGRP stores all routes learned from neighbors in a topology table.

Which operation feature is different between EIGRP and RIP? A. EIGRP uses periodic update timers. B. EIGRP sends broadcast updates to neighbors. C. EIGRP has a metric of hop count. D. EIGRP stores all routes learned from neighbors in a topology table.

Behavior

Which routing protocol classification group are the following protocols aligned with? Classful (legacy) or classless protocol.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

____ is the most popular implementation of Link-State routing protocols. It was designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and development for this protocol began in 1987.

Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)

____ was designed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and is described in ISO 10589

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

____ was the first proprietary IPv4 routing protocol developed by Cisco in 1984.

RIPng

____, an IPv6 version of RIP that was based off RIPv2, still has maximum hop limitation of 15 and the same administrative distance of 120.

Resource usage

______________ includes the requirements of a routing protocol such as memory space (RAM), CPU utilization, and link bandwidth utilization.

Speed of convergence

_____________________ defines how quickly the routers in the network topology share routing information and reach a state of consistent knowledge.

Implementation and maintenance

____________________________________ describes the level of knowledge that is required for a network administrator to implement and maintain the network based on the routing protocol deployed

Scalability

___________defines how large a network can become, based on the routing protocol that is deployed.