cog psych exam 1

Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

in the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles?

Simplicity

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

Speech segmentation

Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component?

The dictionary unit

Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention?

The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

Which of the following statements concerning the "100-car naturalistic driving study" is true?

Video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows.

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations

The first experiments in cognitive psych were based on the idea that mental responses can be

inferred by the participants behavior

the scene of a human sitting at a computer terminal, responding to stimuli flashed on the computer screen, would most likely be described as depicting a(n) _______ experiment

information processing

During a professional baseball game, a long fly ball is hit down the first base line toward the foul ball pole. If it goes to the right of the pole it will be a foul ball, and if it goes to the left it will be a home run. The umpire making this call will have the most difficulty making the judgment because

it can be very difficult to distinguish one item from another when it there is overlap between the two

which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding

it is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each

Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection

it produces variable results from person to person

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier

once processing had become automatic

a grandmother cell responds

only to a specific stimulus

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforces (eg food) or withdrawal of negative reinforces (eg shock) is best known as

operant conditioning

Which theorist is responsible for proposing the idea of a filter model of attention?

Donald Broadbent

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study on

observable behavior

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

same-object advantage

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the

what pathway

The perception pathway corresponds to the ____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the ____ pathway

what; where

The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe is known as the

where pathway

in the world recognition model, which of the following is an inhibitory connection

word to word

To demonstrate the complexity of human perception, a challenge took place in California where entrants had to design a motorized vehicle that could drive through a 55-mile course without human assistance. The winning vehicle was only able to stay on the course and avoid various obstacles while traveling at a rate of ____ miles per hour

7

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following

A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?

Angled orientation

____ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.

Binding

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure.Josiah may have damage to his

Broca's area

Which of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support what the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved?

Conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle

Which of the following procedures can be used to help determine the exact way in which nerve fibers communicate with each other

DTI

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

Dichotic listening

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?

Dictionary unit

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is not one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

Ramon is looking at pictures of scantily clad women in a magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

"Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible" refers to which Gestalt law?

Good figure

Which of the following does not characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition

IP supports the principle of behaviorism that behavior is a stimulus-response relationship

Which of the following brain imaging techniques, discovered in the 1980s, is now a standard technique for detecting tumors and other brain abnormalities

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Amhadis doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

Object discrimination problem

Which of the following statements best described how neurons communicate with one another

a chemical process takes place in the synapse

the concept of distributed neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented in the nervous system by the firing of

a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces

Which of the following analogies would provide the best description for how research progresses in cognitive psychology

a trail from which one thing leads to another

which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function

all of the above (specific areas of the brain serve different functions, neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli, and brain areas are specialized for specific functions)

In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word.

ambiguous sentences; unaware

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt

analytic introspection

The field that studies how to make machines behave in ways that are intelligent if a human were so behaving is known as

artificial intelligence.

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called ____ .

binding

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of ____ processing.

bottom-up

The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as

brain ablation

Action potentials can occur in the

cell body

the key structural components of neurons are

cell body, dendrites, axon

Difficulty in recognizing an alteration -even a very obvious one -in a scene is called ____ blindness

change

In donders' experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a

choice reaction time task

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of

cognitive psychology

Illusory conjunctions are

combinations of features from different stimuli.

Palmer's experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed how ____ can affect perception.

context

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time

Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers in cognitive psychology. Their computer program

created proofs for problems in logic

Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the____location.

cued

Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n) ____response to faces and an ____ response to Greebles

decreased; increased

Brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as

distributed processing

The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as

divided attention

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each other, found all but which of the following

even deaf individuals process auditory information, even on a non-conscious level

Neurons that respond to specific qualities (eg such as orientation, movement, and length) that make up objects are called

feature detectors

in a visual search for a target that has a unique__________, the typical RT function of the number of display items is _______, which suggests that the brain engages in _________processing. The fact that the brain uses that kind of processing suggests that no attention is required because all it has to do is find a feature map that contains just one item in it.

feature; flat; parallel

the ________lobe of the cortex receives info from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving

frontal

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas.

high-saliency

The Stroop effect demonstrates

how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing.

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of

inattentional blindness.

regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

inborn biological programming

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

likelihood principle

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for

localization of function

Recording for single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of

localization of function

Hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity

lose some of the oxygen they are transporting

by comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took

make a decision about the stimulus

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for

meaning

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ____

neural networks

The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called

neuropsychology

In a procedure called diffusor tensor imaging (DTI), the way in which ____ diffuse(s) along the length of a nerve fiber is measured to determine how different nerves communicate with each other.

neurotransmitters

Damage to the temporal lobe makes the ____ more difficult.

object discrimination problem

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's ____ attention.

overt

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your ____lobe.

parietal

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _________ lobe

parietal lobe

Which part of the brain is important for touch, pressure, and pain

parietal lobe

in Simons and Chabris's "change blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the

participants were counting the number of ball passes.

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called

perception

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on

physical characteristics

if kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a

picket fence

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of

pragnanz

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the ____ stage.

preattentive

the fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

prosopagnosia.

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of ____ in those scenes.

semantic regularities

In a dichotic listening experiment, ____ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message in one ear among competing messages in the other ear.

shadowing

When you listen to someone speaking a foreign language with which you are unfamiliar, the words may all seem to sound the same. You may find yourself wondering how those speakers are communicating when they are using the same words over and over again. The Gestalt law that is affecting you here is the law of

similarity

when conducting an experiment on how stimlui are represented by the firing on neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support ___________ coding

sparse

When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.

speech segmentation

Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology

structural models and process models

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulateddriving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

If you tapped split brain once on his left shoulder and twice on his right shoulder, then asked him to do the same to you, he would

tap you once with his left hand and twice with his right hand

Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed

Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when

the faces are viewed from an angle

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates tha

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone

the occipital lobe is

the part of the cerebral cortex where the visual cortex is located

Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT

the structure of individual neurons

At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that

there are limits to the human ability to process information

which of the following stimuli were used in Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiment discussed in your text

three letter nonsense words

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised,she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top-down processing

By now, you may have realized that in class I often describe a real-world story as a way to explore the consequences of some abstract theoretical entity. Which of the following might be a real-world example that requires you to compare locations in the cortical shape map with the same locations in the cortical color map?

trying to pick red skittles from a bowl in which some joker has poured a bag of skittles and a bag of M&M

The "cognitive revolution"

was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades