Cognitive Psychology-Lonnie Yandell

Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing? a. Seeing a flash of lightning in a thunderstorm b. Walking all around a car and always knowing it's a car c. Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence d. Perceiving all of the birds in a flock as belonging together

Positive Reinforcers

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of ____________ increases the frequency of behavior. A) Backward conditioning B) Inhibitory neurotransmitters C) Discriminative Stimuli D) Positive reinforcers

Neural networks

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called __________. a. synaptic vesicles b. neural networks c. fused conduits d. neuronal bridges

Picket fence

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a a. picket fence. b. chain link fence. c. brick wall. d. solid wall.

Rate of nerve firing

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon. a. speed of nerve conduction b. size of the nerve impulses c. All of these are correct. d. rate of nerve firing

low-load

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task. a. low-load b. filtered c. attenuated d. high-load

Binding

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following? a. binding b. synchronizing c. sampling d. scanning

Once processing had become automatic

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier a. when processing was done verbally. b. when processing was more controlled. c. once processing had become automatic. d. when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters.

Simplicity

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments? a. Contiguity b. Figure-ground c. Simplicity d. Common fate

Schema

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important? a. binding b. salience c. schema d. precueing

Arteries

In which of the following body parts are neurons NOT present? a. Arteries b. Eyes c. Skin d. Ears

1976

In which year was positron emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity? A) 1976 B) 1969 C) 1991 D) 1984

Short-term memory

In which year was positron emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity? A) Short term B) Procedural C) Episodic D) Semantic

Brocas area

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain? a. Extrastriate body area (EBA) b. Wernicke's area c. Broca's area d. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Presentation

Reaction time refers to the time between the _______ of a stimulus and a person's response to it. A) Presentation B) Sensation C) Change in intensity D) Transduction

Sensory memory

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory? A) Sensory Memory B) Long-term Memory C) Episodic Memory D) Semantic Memory

Parahippocampal place area

Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage? a. Extrastriate body area (EBA) b. Fusiform face area (FFA) c. Functional magnetic area (FMA) d. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

Scene schema is a. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene. b. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene. c. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

A flow diagram depicting the mind as a processing information in a sequence of stages

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following? A) A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages B) The first textbook of cognitive psychology C) A computer program for solving logic problems D) An experimental procedure for studying the way people process information

Binding

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________. a. accommodation b. binding c. proximity d. contiguity

Are determined primarily by the task

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements a. continually scan all objects and areas of the scene. b. are determined primarily by the task. c. are influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. d. usually follow a motor action by a fraction of a second.

1950's

As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade? A)1940 B)1920 C)1930 D)1950

B.F Skinner

Verbal Behavior was written by A) B.F Skinner B) Tolman C) Noam Chomsky D) Watson

Salience; fixation; increase

As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________. a. sampling; warping; decrease b. warping; salience; decrease c. schema; sampling; increase d. salience; fixation; increase

Parietal

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe. a. occipital b. frontal c. temporal d. parietal

Beliefs

A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence. a. eyesight b. principles c. beliefs d. sensation

Analytic Introspection

A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as A) Analytic introspection B) Structuralism C) Sensations D) Cognitive Psychology

Elapsed time

According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of A) Sensory Modality B) Reaction time C) Elapsed time D) Word Familiarity

The word "platypus"

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a. Their child's first name b. The word "money" c. The word "platypus" d. The word "home"

Axon

Action potentials occur in the A) Axon B) Cell body C) Neurotransmitters D) Synapse

Determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

Brain imaging has made it possible to a. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes b. view individual neurons in the brain. c. view propagation of action potentials. d. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy.

Could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people a. could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. b. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. c. could not focus on a message presented to only one ear. d. could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it.

Viewpoint invariance

Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops? a. Bottom-up processing b. Viewpoint invariance c. Principle of similarity d. Semantic regularity

1992

Neuroimage, a journal devoted solely to reporting neuroimaging research, was founded in which year? A)1992 B)1975 C)2000 D)1984

Oblique effect

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the a. oblique effect. b. law of pragnanz. c. principle of size constancy. d. law of good continuation.

Improving empathy

Perception is NOT essential for a. acquiring knowledge. b. solving problems. c. improving empathy. d. creating memories.

Organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

Speech segmentation is defined as a. ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence. b. creating a sentence from a series of spoken words. c. recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language. d. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.

Hierarchical Processing

Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts? A) Hierarchical processing B) Distributed representation C) Specificity Coding D) Localization of function

Was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.

The "Cognitive Revolution" a. was not really necessary because the study of the mind has been a constant part of experimental psychology since the founding of the first psychology laboratory. b. extended over a long period of time, beginning in the early part of the century, in reaction to Wundt's introspection experiments. C. was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades. d. occurred rapidly, within a period of a few years, in response to the attacks on Skinner and the development of computers.

Frontal

The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving. a. occipital b. frontal c. subcortical d. parietal

Cognitive Psychology

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called Selected Answer: A) memory consolidation. B) introspection. C) cognitive psychology. D) behaviorism.

Semantic regularities

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes. a. double dissociation b. semantic regularities c. physical regularities d. pragnanz

Prosopagnosia

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with a. Wernicke's aphasia. b. prosopagnosia. c. Alzheimer's disease. d. Broca's aphasia.

Operant Conditioning

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as A) Operant Conditioning B) Choice reaction time C) The method of savings D) Classical Conditioning

We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

The likelihood principle states that a. we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances. b. it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations. c. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received. d. feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object.

Organization

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual a. fusion. b. organization. c. discriminability. d. conjunction.

Cognitive neuroscience

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as a. cognitive psychology. b. neuropsychology. c. neuroscience. d. cognitive neuroscience.

John McCarthy

The use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by A) Colin Cherry B) Edward Tolman C) B.F skinner D) John McCarthy

Resting Potential

The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as A) nerve impulse. B) resting potential. C) nerve transmission. D) action potential.

Invariance

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives. a. consistency b. constancy c. invariance d. resistance

Behavior of people with brain damage

What does the field of neuropsychology study? A) Electrical responses of the nervous system B) Higher mental processes C) Behavior of people with brain damage D) Sequences of mental operations involved in cognition

One sends information and the other receives information

What is a key difference between dendrites and axons? a. One is internally activated and the other is externally activated. b. One has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge. c. One has physical form and the other lacks physical form. d. One sends information and the other receives information.

Knowledge of what a scene typically contains

What is a scene schema? a. Knowledge of why a scene should be visualized b. Knowledge of the events leading to a scene c. Knowledge of what a scene typically contains d. Knowledge of the meaning of a scene

Selective

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention. a. divided b. cocktail party c. low load d. selective

When environmental energy stimulates the receptors

When does bottom-up processing start? a. When environmental energy stimulates the receptors b. When motor neurons at the extremities are activated c. When an electrical signal is passed to the brain d. When the brain encodes information received by the receptors

Firing rate of the action potentials

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the a. firing rate of the neurotransmitters. b. size of the action potentials. c. firing rate of the action potentials. d. size of the synapse.

The neuron is at rest

When the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. This difference will continue as long as a. the neuron is at rest. b. the neuron's receptor continues to be stimulated. c. signals remain in the neuron. d. the impulse is past the recording electrode

The structure of scientific revolutions

Which book was written by Thomas Kuhn? A) Cognitive Psychology B) Sensory memory C) Verbal Behavior D) The structure of scientific revolutions

Conscious

Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception? a. interactive b. complex c. conscious d. supportive

Enhancement

Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the context of perception? a. warping b. enhancement c. accuracy d. filtration

Skinner's publication of the book, verbal behavior

Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology? A) Skinners publication of the book, Verbal Behavior B) Watson's "Little Albert" experiment C) Tolman's proposal of cognitive maps D) Development of the technique of analytic introspection

Dichotic listening

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli? a. Filtering b. Early selection c. Dichotic listening d. Channeling

All are correct

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? a. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. b. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. c. All of these are correct. d. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.

A web

Which of the following is similar to early ideas scientists had about the brain's physical properties? a. A river b. A tree c. A web d. A pipe

Analytic introspection

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt? A) Measuring reaction time B) Operant conditioning C) Classical conditioning D) Analytic introspection

Close attention

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing? a. Close attention b. Ease in performing parallel tasks c. The use of few cognitive resources d. Tasks that are well-practiced

B.F skinner

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning? A) B.F skinner B) John Watson C) Wilhelm Wundt D) Francisucus Donders

Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea.

Which of the following statements is correct? a. Central vision is everything off to the side. b. Peripheral vision is the area you are looking at. c. Everything to the right is outside your vision. d. Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea.

Consistent

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect functional network activity in the brain? A) Conditional B) Variable C) Responsive D) Consistent

Classical conditioning

Which of the following terms is correct in context with "Pairing one stimulus with another"? A) Cognitive mapping B) Paradigm shift C) Classical conditioning D) Behaviorism

Brain

Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue? a. Heart b. Brain c. Kidney d. Lungs

Axons

Which parts of neurons are also known as a "nerve fiber"? a. Receptor b. Touch receptor c. Axons d. Dendrites

Neurotransmitters

Which substance is released when signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon? a. Dendrites b. Receptors c. Axon d. Neurotransmitters

Tolman

Who developed the concept of the cognitive map? A) Tolman B) James C) Sanders D) Raynor

Donald Broadbent

Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind? A) Newell and Simon B) Wundt C) Colin Cherry D) Donald Broadbent

We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes.

With which of the following sentences would the author disagree? A) We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes. b. The mind can create representations of the world. c. The mind creates and controls mental processes such as language and emotions. d. The mind is a problem solver.

Analytic introspection

Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as A) Analytic introspection B) Functional analysis C) Information processing D) Behavioral Analysis

In different parts of the brain

You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed a. in different parts of the brain. b. through fMRI potentials. c. by a specific object neuron. d. in one localized area of the brain.

Good continuation

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of a. good continuation. b. good figure. c. simplicity. d. familiarity.

Behavioral; physiological

Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments. a. nomothetic; idiographic b. observational; correlational c. brain; body d. behavioral; physiological

Computers

Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of A) Computers B) Skinner Boxes C) Cognitive psychology textbooks D) Analytic introspection