Comm 200 Final

What is "face"?

"Projected image of one's self in a relational situation" Ting-Toomey People manage their face in all interactions In conflict situations, our face is threatened

Ultimate attribution error

(Hewstone, 1999) Interestingly, attributions tend to follow an ingroup-versus-outgroup pattern: If the other communicator is a member of one's own group, people tend to use internal attributions for positively evaluated behaviors and external attributions for negatively evaluated ones. If the other communicator is a member of an outgroup, people tend to use external attributions for positively evaluated behaviors and internal attributions for negatively evaluated ones. This attributional pattern is called the ultimate attribution error and means that ingroup members' communication behavior is much more likely to be evaluated positively than outgroup members'.

Social Information Processing Theory (SIPT)

(SIPT) of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) describes how people engage in impressions and develop relationships in computer-mediated contexts explains how "relational communication changes from initial impersonal levels to more developed forms of CMC" provided a new approach to CMC studies Builds off of social penetration theory and uncertainty redicution theory

RD Key Strengths

-Due to strengths, RDT has become one of the most popular theories used in interpersonal and family communication research. -The interpretive nature of RDT research has led to the discovery of a growing number of new dialectics. -The ability to apply the theory so directly to each relationship a person experiences makes the theory easier to understand than some other theories. -Represents a useful theory to understand and apply to the variety of relationships a person experiences because different dialectics will take on relevance in each relationship. In some relationships the primary dialectics will be particularly relevant for analyzing the communication in the relationship, while in other relationships some of the more recently identified dialectics will be more relevant to help understand the contradictions that permeate the relationship and need to be negotiated between the individuals.

Hot/Cold media

-Hot media = "high definition; requires less participation from the user; extends single sense and includes media filled with data; ex. photos or radio -Cold Media = "low definition"; very little data; requires more participation to fill in gaps of content; ex. comic books, TV

CPM Key Strengths

-Perhaps the most widely applied Communication theory across contexts both within and outside of the discipline. -Useful in understanding the privacy management decisions people make in the family, interpersonal, health, instructional, intercultural, and organizational contexts. -Future application of this theory seems almost limitless as the theory is relevant in legal, educational, and even religious contexts.

RD Key Criticisms

-The fact that dialectics take on different meaning in each relationship makes it difficult for researchers to test the theory. -The theory lacks simplicity due to the breadth of RDT research which continues to discover new dialectic tensions and expand the meaning and amount of core concepts associated with the theory.

CPM Key Criticisms

-does not meet well with aesthetic appeal -writes that co-owner negotiation should take place, yet doesn't offer much for how to negotiate those terms -Researchers are actively working to construct a scale to measure the various aspects associated with CPM in order to better test the theory quantitatively -While CPM represents a useful tool for managing our private information, the theory is very broad containing a number of terms and growing number of privacy rules, and thus, CPM perhaps lacks simplicity. -While this chapter covers the most basic aspects of the theory, it would take a much larger work to unpack all the aspects of CPM

Media Epochs

??? An epoch is a period of time in history or a person's life, typically one marked by notable events or particular characteristics. 1) The Tribal Epoch Stories passed on cultural traditions and information. Reliance on the spoken word for information and recreation. Face to face interaction was important. HEARING was the dominant sense. 2) The Literate Epoch Put common symbols into written language. SIGHT is the dominant sense. Only elite members of society had access to phonetic language. 3) The Print Epoch Printing Press, The same message could now be delivered to many people. SIGHT was the dominant sense. Books were the most important 4) The Electronic Epoch The Telegraph, People could communicate in personal ways across great distances. Created a 'global village' These electronic eras showed that the dominant media of an era determine the dominant human senses and the ways that humans organize their societies.

How does initial interaction play a role in CAT?

??? Initial interaction may pose the motivation to either maintain, converge, or diverge in a social situation due to initial factors in an interaction.

How is conflict management related to facework?

????????? Predictable Styles of Conflict Management that were Initially identified: 1) Avoiding 2) Obliging 3) Compromising 4) Dominating 5) Integrating Three New Conflict Management Styles that Ting-Toomey and Oetzel identified 1) Emotional expression 2) Passive aggression 3) Third-party help

Dependency Over-accommodation

A behavior that occurs when speakers place listeners in a lower-status role

Intergroup Over-accommodation

A behavior that occurs when speakers place listeners in cultural groups without acknowledging individual uniqueness

According to CAT, what is convergence?

A communicator may converge toward the verbal/nonverbal patterns of the other party and attempt to make their own speech patterns more similar to the patterns of the other party (e.g., speech rates, pauses, utterance length, pronunciation).

According to CAT, what is divergence?

A communicator may diverge from the verbal/nonverbal patterns and attempt to make speech patterns less similar to the opposing party.

What is a dialectic?

A conflict between two opposing but also unified ideas or forces

What is self-construal?

A self-construal is one's self image and valued images of self within a culture. Individuals and cultures have the tendency to focus on either individualistic or collectivistic concerns. Markus and Kitayama (1994) define a distinction between independent and interdependent self-construal.

Target characteristics

Age, gender, ethnicity, status, attraction, and relationship to the confidant; help to determine if person is right to reveal private information to

Cultural criteria

Aspects from the larger cultural norms for privacy that may play a role in whether or not you want to reveal or conceal information

Key Strengths of Theory

CAT has experienced tremendous growth in scope. CAT is now not only a theory of intercultural communication, or even just inter-group communication, but has been applied to the interpersonal context, as well as to a variety of specific communication contexts such as organizational, health, and intergenerational communication, or face-to-face versus mediated communication. The theory as a whole has become too complex to be testable. However, this fact makes CAT no less useful in the variety of interactions we experience on a daily basis across contexts.

CPM has five:

CPM is comprised of five suppositions which build off one another. The theory centers around the choices one makes surrounding what they reveal and conceal from others (Petronio, 2002).

Types of permeability

Closed, thick, or stretched tight informational barriers are protected by iron-clad rules with those who know sworn to secrecy Open, thin, or loosely held boundaries easily permeate information

Supposition 3

Control and Ownership: One of Petronio's most important discoveries was that people believe they own their private information and want to control who does and does not have access to that information. However, once you share information with a friend or loved one, they also own the information. In terms of CPM, they now co-own the information.

Face Concerns

Depending on our self-construal, Ting-Toomey suggests that people have different preferences for negotiating face in conflict situations. She distinguished between three types of face concerns: self-face, other-face, and mutual-face.

Supposition 5

Dialectical: The privacy management rules people develop influence their decision to reveal or conceal. Petronio argued that this push and pull between these opposing forces (revealing and concealing) is dialectical in nature. This supposition is a strongly debated part of CPM.

Boundary Turbulence

Disruption of privacy management and relational trust that occurs when collective privacy boundaries aren't synchronized.

Predictable Styles of Conflict Management that were Initially identified

Distinct responses to situations where there is incompatibility of needs, interests, or goals. 1. Avoiding (withdrawal) 2. Obliging (giving in) 3. Compromising (negotiation) 4. Dominating (problem solving) 5. Integrating (competing)

Boundary Permeability

Extent to which a boundary permits private information to flow to third parties; matter of degree

Facework strategies

FNT further predicts that we will choose facework strategies based on our face concerns. The facework strategy explains how a person will practically approach dealing with a conflict. (Roommate ex: if I DO talk to my roommates directly, her face might be threatened, SO I might want to choose another way to deal with the situation, which protects my face, as well as my roommate's face)

FNT Key Strengths

FNT is a theory specific to conflict situations, but can be applied both in cross-cultural and intercultural contexts, as well as any other context profiting from the study of conflict through the perspective of face and facework. This applicability across contexts makes FNT a mid-range theory. Its strength lies in the perspective it provides for viewing conflict in the context of parties' face concerns, which illustrate the close connection between identity concerns and conflict behaviors. FNT's propositions are generally testable, although some of the concepts involved (e.g., individualism, collectivism) suffer from a lack of reliable and valid measurement instruments.

FNT Key Criticisms

FNT's major weakness is the mixed support for its propositions. Even the original authors themselves (Oetzel & Ting-Toomey, 2003) found that individualists did not care more for self-face than collectivists. Rather, collectivists cared more for both self-face and other-face than individualists. Individualists and collectivists were equally likely to use dominating conflict styles, and individualists were more likely to use integrating conflict styles than collectivists. FNT provides a useful perspective on conflict behavior across cultures, but future research will need to work on improving its predictive power. Some of the concepts involved (e.g., individualism, collectivism) suffer from a lack of reliable and valid measurement instruments

MRT Development

Final MRT developed by Daft & Lengel 1984, 1986. The theory was developed in the early 1980s by Daft and his colleagues who paid attention to significance of information processing within an organization at times of increasing use of info and comm technology.

How are privacy rules developed? What are our decision criteria?

Five sets of criteria help to determine what information to reveal and conceal: cultural, gendered, motivational, contextual, and risk-benefit.

Low context communication

Focus on explicit verbal communication Responsibility for creating clarity with speaker Higher concern for self-face will lead people to use more direct communication and low context communication.

High context communication

Focus on indirect communication, interpretation of nonverbal communication, prior context knowledge, norms, roles, relationship, etc. Responsibility for creating clarity with listener Other-face and mutual-face concerns, on the other hand, will lead people to use more indirect communication and high context communication

Hierarchial medium richness

For example, face-to-face (FtF) is listed as the richest because it can (a) carry both verbal and nonverbal cues, (b) allow immediate feedback, (c) allow spoken language for natural communication, and (d) carry personal feelings. In contrast, the theory, which was developed in early 1980, lists unaddressed (paper) documents (e.g., flier, bulletin, and standard report) at the bottom of their hierchical list based on the four criteria.

Initial orientation

How much a person is typically focused on their individual identity or group identity Affects whether they will choose to converge or diverge with certain people five factors increases the odds that communicator will see the conversation as an intergroup encounter 1. collectivistic cultural context 2. distressing history of interaction 3. stereotypes 4. norms of treatment of groups 5. high group-solidarity/high group-dependence Communicators have an initial intergroup orientation when they have strong identification with the group and high dependence on it for relational warmth and sense of worth

Key criticism of MRT

However, this theory suggests the effective channel selection is strictly based on the objective characteristics of media based on the four criteria, yet the relationships among the criteria are not discussed (Walther & Parks, 2002). It appears all four criteria delineated in the theory change together in the same direction (Markus, 1994). In reality, however, email lacks nonverbal cues but one can personalize language in the message. Thus, the final determination of the richness may rely on one's subjective overall judgment on the four criteria. Their concept of task equivocality is "equivocal" because the authors did not explicitly define the term. Or, it can be varied across users. Lacking the precise definition of task equivocality, Walther and Parks (2002) also claimed that few studies have tested if efficiency actually increases when matching the richness of the medium to the level of equivocality in task. Further, MRT alone cannot explain media use behavior in the real world. As discussed earlier, our media selection could be subjectively influenced by boss and/or social norms. In addition, the perception of media richness can also be influenced by social norms and experience with a particular medium. Thus, the determinants of media richness may not only be the four areas any longer. To overcome these weaknesses, some theories/models have been developed to extend MRT. Social influence model of technology use (Fulk et al., 1990), the dual capacity model (Sitkin et al., 1992), and channel expansion theory (Carlson & Zmud, 1999) are the examples that have extended MRT by incorporating additional factors associated with media use. All these extensions show that MRT is a significant theory about media use behavior.

How do individualism and collectivism factor into facework?

Individualistic Culture: SELF face concern and NEGATIVE face needs -dominating: behaviors using influence, authority or expertise. ex. I'm an expert on this, so you should listen to me Collectivistic Cultures: OTHER face concern and POSITIVE face needs; -avoiding: stay away from disagreement -obliging: satisfy the needs of others -compromising: middle road -integrating: finding a solution to a problem

What constitutes private information?

Information that can be owned; content of potential disclosures

SIPT impact on CMC vs FtF

Initial research compared media and FtF communication (e.g., media richness theory). These studies depicted that the missing nonverbal cues in CMC lead to impersonal comm and becomes an issue in developing impressions and social relationships. Therefore, CMC was viewed inferior to FtF. SIPT pointed out that CMC is not substandard but uses different ways to develop impressions and form relationships of their own in a similar way to FtF. Suggests that the lack of nonverbal cues inhered in CMC leads to strategic comm among users for relationship and impression management (Tidwell & Walther, 2002)

5 reasons that boundary turbulence occur:

Intentional rule violation Accidental (judgement error) Fuzzy boundaries Dissimilar boundary orientations Privacy dilemmas

Core Dialectics of RD?

Internal and external dialectic

BTR Fuzzy Boundaries

Involve ambiguous boundaries in which it is unclear "who owns or co-owns the private information, changing the rights to determine rules"

Spiraling Inversion

Involves rotating between which side of the contradiction is dominant at a given time. For instance, a couple may emphasize autonomy during the work week as each person individually focuses on their job, but connection on the weekend when they can spend quality time doing things together. switching back and forth between two contrasting voices

BTR Intentional rule violations

Knowingly breaking the rules for revealing collectively held information such as betrayal

What are linkage rules?

Linkage rules help to determine who we are comfortable revealing private information to, when to reveal it, and what topics we are comfortable revealing; they represent another important part of CPM, helping to establish criteria for revealing private information to others (Petronio).

Key Strength of MRT

MRT is one of the most influential CMC theories.

Use of interdependent/independent self-construal

Most people can think and behave independently and interdependently, depending on the specific situation and context. However, we tend to have preferences for one or the other and the preferred self-construal becomes active more often. Depending on the culture-level tendency (i.e., individualism vs. collectivism), one or the other also becomes more relevant and gets more opportunities to be enacted.

Segmentation

Negotiating dialectical tensions by topic (Baxter, 2004). For example, a couple may decide to be open with each other about their favorite hobbies, but may be more closed about specific work related topics.

How do control and ownership play a role in CPM?

Once you share info with someone, they also have access to that info now making them a co-owner of the info. Once this happens, you lose control over the info and who learns it now due to the other individual having ability to tell; this makes private info sharing challenging, once info is shared, complete control is lost

SIPT Criticisms

One of the weaknesses was identified by Walther and Burgoon's (1992) study. Unlike a premise of SIPT, they found that the initial interactions over CMC were not less impersonal than the FtF initial interactions. Further, the relationships among the four components in his hyperpersonal model (i.e., senders, receivers, channels, feedback) are not specified, and little is known how each component links and affects each other to cause the hyperpersonal phenomenon (Griffin, 2012). Thus, the model needs to be tested in a longitudinal design. Similar to other CMC theories, this theory needs some updates with more recent forms of CMC. SIPT also faces challenges from constantly evolving communication technologies and users' behavior

According to SIP, how can strictly CMC relationships be more intimate than those of "real relationships"?

Online users tend to engage in more intimate self-disclosure than FtF interaction to overcome the lack of nonverbal cues inhered in text-based CMC Your online partner may also strategically control personal information, and if the carefully selected self-presentation meets your expectation, you would likely confirm the partner is favorable and increase intimacy with the person. The reciprocal behavior (also known as self-fulfilling prophecy) leads to an excessive level of affect and intimacy, which develops "hyperpersonal" relationships online communication is impersonal and task-oriented, thus, personal relationships cannot be formed in text-based CMC; SIPT suggests that CMC can develop personal relationships and even more intimate, hyperpersonal relationships than FtF interaction are possible under some circumstances hyperpersonal relationships are more easily formed over asynchronous CMC (e.g., delayed response such as in email) than synchronous CMC (e.g., instant exchanges of text messaging) because information control is easier over asynchronous CMC than synchronous CMC. level of self-disclosure can be strategically controlled to develop a relationship and even advance to an intimate relationship *a high-level of personal disclosure leads to a more intimate relationship in CMC than in FtF. *the effect of self-disclosure is larger in CMC relationships than in FtF relationships, and hyperpersonal relationships are more likely to be developed over CMC through high self-disclosure.

Internal dialectic

Opposing views of intimacy exist within the relationship; just the two people in the relationships who are experiencing and negotiating these tensions.

What is a relational dialectic?

Opposition or tension between alternative ways of being intimate

How do we learn privacy rules?

Others set rules, explicitly or implicitly, regarding what you want people to share with others; This could include who the co-owner can tell, how much they can tell, and when they can tell.

Sensory over-accommodation

Overly adapting to others who are perceived as limited in their abilities (physical, linguistic, or other)

Key assumptions of CPM theory

People believe they own and have a right to control their private information People control their private information through the use of personal privacy rules When others are told or given access to a person's private information, they become co-owners of that information Co-owners need to negotiate mutually agreeable privacy rules about telling others When co-owners don't effectively negotiate and follow mutually held privacy rules, boundary turbulence is a likely result

Developer of CPM

Petronio (2002)

Communication Privacy Management (CPM)

Petronio developed communication privacy management (CPM) as "a rules-based system to examine the way people make decisions about balancing disclosure and privacy". At the heart of the theory is a boundary metaphor which focuses on the borders people develop and try to maintain to mark the ownership of their information. Petronio suggested that privacy was not included as a central element in self-disclosure research.

What does it mean to say "the medium is the message"?

Phrase referring to the power and influence of the medium, not the content, on a society; the content of communication is less important than the form or medium of communication.

Relational Dialectic Theory (RD)

Pictures relationships as a constant process in motion as they constantly feel the push and pull of conflicting desires throughout the entire relationship. While the relationship continues, they try to reconcile these conflicting desires but never eliminate other individuals needs.

Gendered criteria

Play an important role in people's decisions to reveal or conceal private information. Men and women form privacy boundaries differently, including the rules they establish for managing private information.

Supposition 2

Private Boundaries: Builds directly off of the first supposition by focusing on personal boundaries one establishes for their private info. These private boundaries onsist of the private information you choose to conceal, or to keep yourself, in your relationships. The collective boundaries you create consist of the private information you choose to reveal to the people in your life.

Supposition 1

Private Information: Focuses on the content of the private info; premise is that what the private info is matters.

Cultural findings on conflict management in facework

Research findings (Ting-Toomey): *americans use more dominating *taiwanese use more integrating *chinese and taiwanese more obliging *chinese use more avoidance and compromising

What factors should we consider when selecting a medium according to MRT?

Rich media can reduce equivocality, but not the lean media. Based on this assumption, the theory suggests using the rich media for high equivocal tasks (e.g., negotiation, participative decision-making), whereas using the lean media for low equivocal tasks (e.g., scheduling, giving simple instructions). In short, effective managers can consider both (a) the richness of the medium and (b) the degree of equivocality in tasks and match them.

Rich media vs lean media

Rich media is the media that has a high ability of equivocality reduction, and the media which lacks the ability is called lean media.

Supposition 4

Rule-based Management System: Sometimes people share information with others that we wish they did not, creating boundary turbulence. Thus, it is important to set rules, explicitly or implicitly, regarding what you want people to share with others about the information they now co-own in order to coordinate your boundaries. Managing your private information is a key aspect of CPM. This could include who the co-owner can tell, how much they can tell, and when they can tell.

Variables central to SIP

SIPT discusses two distinguished characteristics about the lack of nonverbal cues in CMC. -lack of non verbal cues slows exchanges of social information (may exchange multiple emails to understand the other person's feeling without seeing their face) -lack of nonverbal cues make users adapt to the system (communicators cannot display their feeling due to the lack of nonverbal cues, yet users use emoticons with keyboard symbols to express happy/sad)

SIPT Strengths

SIPT is one of the most popular CMC theories, which are vital to the Communication discipline due to the influx of new mediated-forms of communication so prevalent in people's lives. The effectiveness of this theory is well supported by empirical studies, although many of these were in laboratory settings. While the theory has both strengths and weaknesses, its basic claims regarding the development of relational communication in the CMC context seem almost intuitive now as people constantly finds ways to adapt their communication in CMC on an almost daily basis.

Ways to cope with relations dialectics

Segmentation and spiraling inversion

What is facework?

Specific verbal or nonverbal behaviors that aim at dealing with one's and/or the other's face wants, as well as protecting the face;

FNT Developed by

Stella Ting-Toomey (1988)

BTR Dissimilar boundary orientations

Stems from differing family backgrounds in terms of how much information is revealed or concealed.

Sender characteristics

Such as the personality of the person sending the message influence a person's tendency to reveal or conceal private information (majority of target characteristics can be cross-applied to characteristics of the sender)

External dialectic

Tension exists between the relationship as a unit and people outside the relationship; how they communicate tensions to other people, how they are relating to their social networks.

Hyperpersonal relationship

The hyperpersonal perspective consists of four components: sender, receiver, channel, and feedback Illustrates how senders engage in selective self-presentation and how receivers magnify the text-based information to create an idealized image of the sender.

Independent self-construal

The independent self-construal corresponds to individualism and means that people see themselves first of all as independent of others, and responsible for and to themselves. Markus and Kitayama (1994)

Interdependent self-construal

The interdependent self-construal corresponds to collectivism and means that people see themselves first of all as part of a network - their in-group - to whom they are responsible and who is responsible for them Markus and Kitayama (1994)

Personal boundary

The private information you choose to conceal, or to keep yourself, in your relationships.

Collective boundary

The private information you choose to reveal to the people in your life.

Communicative Accommodation Theory (CAT)

Theory aiming to explain/predict how and why people accommodate others in communication, and how these different accommodation types might be evaluated by receivers. explains and predicts how people adapt their communication to manage interpersonal and intergroup relationships theory explains why people choose to converge/diverge predicts how the receiver of a communication may evaluate the communication accommodation behavior of the other

Media Richness Theory (MRT)

Theory that considers communication effectiveness through a media selection. Proposes that each medium differs in terms of richness and are placed in a herarchial order.

Affective vs Cognitive motivations to converge/diverge

Two main motivations to choose convergence or divergence/maintenance behaviors - affective and cognitive motivations. Affective goals include gaining social approval and maintaining a positive social identity. Cognitive goals focus on improving efficiency of the communication (Gallois et al., 2005).

Dilemmas of confidentiality

Type of intentional rule violation BTR Feeling the need to reveal private info bc it is needed to help someone; less malice than betrayal but still intentional

SIPT developed by

Walther 1992

What is overaccomodation? What happens when we overaccomodate?

When one overdoes their accommodating measures, so as to talk seemingly patronizing and mockingly. What happens: Demeaning or patronizing talk; excessive concern paid to vocal clarity or amplification, message simplification, or repetition; Miscommunication with a purpose; patronizing; result of stereotyping Form of divergence Sensory, dependency, intergroup

Key Criticisms of Theory

With the continuous growth of CAT the theory has become more complex and convoluted. Although various propositions that are part of the theory can be tested, the theory as a whole has become too complex to be testable

Contextual criteria

actual setting and environment affect the decision to disclose (Specific types of events also affect reasons for disclosure: traumatic events, Therapy meaning more likely to reveal info, and other life events)

In what ways do communicators converge?

adopting sound and cadence of other person talk in a way that is easier for the other person to grasp what you are saying discourse management satisfy other's person's emotional needs

Equivocality Reduction

barrier confronting the media, and they suggested that the characteristics of communication media determine the ability of equivocality reduction.

FC Mutual-face

both one's own and the other party's image are considered in the conflict. "I am sure you didn't intend to hurt me; I have just had a bad day, so please understand my reaction"

Facework strategies options

direct vs indirect communication high vs low context communication

Face Negotiation Theory (FNT)

explains how and why people manage their face differently in varied cultures people will be concerned with different aspects of their face depending on cultural values, people will use different strategies to manage face, and that people will use different conflict styles depending on what aspect of their face they are most concerned with. Focuses on intercultural communication and conflict Understanding how people manage face can help us create more harmonious relationships with people from our own and different cultures by knowing how conflicts are dealt with across these cultures. These abilities are important in today's global village

Four criteria to determine "richness" of medium

feedback immediacy: ability to give immediate feedback cue multiplexity: ability to transmit multiple cues message personalization/personal nature: ability to establish a personal focus feelings and emotion language variety: ability to support the use of natural language

Motivational criteria

focuses on what might encourage one to reveal private info; includes bonding, attraction, reciprocity, social support, praise, revenge, and drama; motivation can be positive or negative

Why would one converge/diverge?

gain social approval from the other party social identity theory suggests that ppl strive to attain or maintain a positive self-concept, both as individuals and as members of groups. Therefore, CAT predicts that communicators will converge to others if they positively evaluate the other's group membership. Social identity issues improve the efficiency of communication

How did the study of CAT begin?

grew out of speech accommodation theory which was developed by Giles and colleagues in the 1970's Based on experimental interview in 1973, Giles found that people might change accents and other communication style accents depending on the accents\styles of person they are talking to In 1984, Putnam and Steele found by research that adjusting to another's comm style is related to being viewed as more socially attractive Speech accommodation theory builds on these findings with similarity-attraction theory, social identity theory , and attribution theory a new name was needed that better expressed the theory's applicability to different forms and contexts of communication - speech accommodation theory became communication accommodation theory (CAT; Giles, Mulac, Bradac & Johson, 1987)

What is "cues filtered out"?

interpretation of CMC that regards lack of nonverbal cues as a fatal flaw for using the medium for relationship development because all nonverbal elements are lost ***CMC is computer mediated communication often referring to text-based messages, which "filter out nonverbal cues".

What role does recipient evaluation play in CAT?

most cases, CAT predicts that convergence will be evaluated positively and divergence negatively. However, not all cases follow that pattern According to attribution theory, people may attribute another's behavior to either internal or external causes. Internal causes are related to the personal attributes of the other communicator, whereas external causes are outside influences that are usually not under a person's control. Whether communicators converge or diverge, if the reason for their behavior is seen in external causes, they will be considered less responsible for their behavior. Because people are considered less responsible, behavior that is usually evaluated positively will then be seen as less positive, and behavior that is usually evaluated negatively will be seen as less negative. If behavior is attributed to internal causes, the evaluation depends on the perceived intent of the other party (Gallois et al., 2005). Either convergence or divergence can be evaluated positively if the intent is benevolent. If the intent of an accommodation behavior is perceived as malevolent, either convergence or divergence will be evaluated negatively.

Collectivistic conflict-management styles

obliging, avoiding, compromising, third-party help, integrating

BTR Privacy dilemmas

occurs when people learn private information that they do not necessarily want to know (most commonly occurs in families as people learn information that if not revealed could cause harm to a family member such as alcohol or drug addiction, but also has the chance to lead to family conflict)

FC Self-face

one's own image and any threats to one's own face are most important in a conflict situation. "I didn't do anything. It's all your fault"

Individualistic conflict-management styles

passive aggressive, emotional expression, dominating

Risk-benefit criteria

pro's and con's of revealing private information

BTR Accidental

someone accidentally reveals info. Often these are errors in judgment such as telling someone else the private information and then they go and tell others.

Three New Conflict Management Styles that Ting-Toomey and Oetzel identified

styles of conflict management that American, individualistic-based scholarship has missed. 1. Emotional expression (what my heart tells me) 2. Passive aggression 3. Third-party help

Two characteristics used by linkage rules

target characteristics and sender characteristics

FC Other-face

the other party's image and threats to that party's face are central. "I know you are very orderly; I'm sure I am the one who misplaced the keys"

What does information processing involve?

uncertainty and equivocality reduction. Uncertainty can be reduced by the amount of information because uncertainty is created by the absence of information. Equivocality, on the other hand, is created due to the existence of multiple and conflicting interpretations, which cannot be reduced by a simple amount of information, but can be reduced by rich information.