Communicating Effectively Midterm

Concept mapping

A brainstorming technique that creates a visual organizer of the narrowing down of ideas and ultimately a manageable topic.

Personal inventory

A brainstorming technique that organizes thoughts by creating different categories and listing topics under each category.

Hereditary

A cause of communication apprehension due to an enduring personality trait.

Thesis statement

A clear and concise sentence that provides an overview of the entire presentation.

Databases

A collection of information that is stored and organized in a structured way.

Traitlike communication apprehension

A genetic predisposition for feeling anxious in most situations.

Society of Professional Journalists

A group that promotes ethical practices in journalism.

References

A list of source citations used in the speech.

Organize

A step in the process of perception that allows you to make sense of what is happening around you.

Interpret

A step in the process of perception when you assign meaning to the events around you.

Select

A step in the process of perception where you consciously or unconsciously attend to events around you.

Visualization

A technique for managing apprehension where the speaker imagines giving a successful presentation.

Closure

A tendency to fill in missing information to draw conclusion from available data.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A tendency to live up to our own expectations and those that others have of us.

Media literacy

Ability to critically evaluate what is heard and seen in the mass media.

Information literacy

Ability to find appropriate sources, analyze the material, evaluate the credibility of the sources, and to use and site those sources legally and ethically.

Nonverbal messages

Actions or behaviors; how you say your words and use gestures.

Open questions

Allows the interviewee to respond in-depth.

Self-appraisal

Also known as your self-concept.

Synonyms

Alternative words for key concepts in your speech topic.

Human perspective

An ethical standard that guides our responsibility to ourselves and to others to be open, gentle, compassionate, and critically reflective in our choices.

Dialogical perspective

An ethical standard used to promote the development of self, personality, and knowledge.

Political perspective

An ethical standard used to understand ethical practices based on a value system.

Situational perspective

An ethical standard using context to guide a decision.

Communication apprehension

An individual's fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others.

Literal analogy

Analogy which is based on a comparison of actual events.

Subordination

Andrew gave his student's outline a quick review. He noticed that the key ideas, ones of most importance, were on the most left part of the page. The student's use of ___________ was effective.

Ethical communication

Application of our ethical standards to the messages we produce and consume.

Skills deficit

Apprehension caused by lack of knowledge of the skills involved in public speaking.

Childhood reinforcement

Apprehension that is learned through modeling or experience.

Coordination

Arrangement of points of the speech into successive levels, with the points on the same level having the same importance and grammatical structure.

General Reference

Ashley needs to define some key terms for her speech. Which of the following information sources should she consult?

Self-esteem

Assigning value to your descriptions of yourself.

Credibility

Audience's perceptions about the speaker's competence, character, and goodwill.

Introduction

Beginning of a speech that prepares the audience to listen to a speech; it includes the attention getter, relevance statement, credibility statement, thesis statement, and preview statement.

External effects

Behavioral issues such as avoidance or disfluency that can stem from communication apprehension.

Audience-based apprehension

Ben loves Maroon 5. He gets tickets for himself and his girlfriend Jackie to see the band. In the meanwhile, he wins backstage passes to meet the band in person. He is overwhelming exited and anxious to meet the group. Ben's apprehension is most likely based on ______________.

Brainstorming

Ben needed to generate ideas for his upcoming Persuasive Speech so he set the timer on his microwave for 10 minutes. He wrote down anything and everything that came to his mind and did not make judgments on whether it would be a good topic; he just kept writing down ideas until he heard the buzzer. What technique did Be use to generate ideas?

Speaking outline

Brief outline that helps you remember key points as you are speaking.

Internal summary

Brief review of what the speaker will discuss next.

Internal preview

Brief statement of what the speaker will discuss next.

Actional model

Carmen finds a job posting on a hospital's website. The posting says to email HR to apply for the job, so she sends her resume to the email address indicated on the job posting. Months go by and she never receives an email back confirming that HR received her resume. Which model of communication best describes Carmen's communication experience with HR?

Internal interference

Causes speaker or listener to lack concentration; includes personal concerns, physical ailments, stress, or conflict.

Skills training

Communication apprehension strategy that involves learning about the necessary steps to plan and present a public speech as well as gaining practice in doing so.

Figurative analogy

Comparison that draws upon metaphors to identify the similarities in two things that are not alike.

Self-concept

Comprised of your self-image and self-esteem.

Representative sample

Critical measure of the reliability and validity of statistics.

Values

Deeply held, stable convictions about what is good or bad, right or wrong with respect to human existence including such concepts as fairness, justice, freedom, love, security, and honesty.

Preparation outline

Detailed outline that helps a speaker prepare his/her speech; it includes he title, general and specific purpose, organizational pattern, introduction, main points and subpoints, transitions, and references used in the speech.

Self-aware

Developing your self-concept by describing your feelings about yourself.

Natural nervousness

Extra adrenaline that provides a speaker with added energy before a presentation.

Context-based apprehension

Feeling anxious in certain settings, such as one-on-one, groups, meeting, or public speaking.

Situational-based apprehension

Feeling anxious temporarily due to a particular event at a particular time.

Audience-based apprehension

Feeling anxious to interact with a specific person(s).

Perceptual filters

Filters that cause us to see things differently than those around us.

Audience demographics

General characteristics about each person, such as age, sex, gender, sexual orientation, cultural background, income, occupation, education, religion, group membership, political affiliation, and place of residence. Knowing this general information about your audience will help you choose and develop topics with your audience in mind.

Closed question

Give the interviewee a choice between options such as a yes or no.

Voluntary audience

Group of individuals attending a presentation with a particular interest in doing so.

Captive audience

Group of individuals required to attend a presentation and may not have an inherent reason for listening to a speech.

Code of ethics

Guidelines for behavior.

Ethical standards

Guidelines that help us make responsible decisions. these standards can be based on a political, dialogical, human, or situational perspective.

Physical characteristics

Height, weight, body type, eye and hair color.

Johari Window

Helps us understand the relationship between who we are and what we share with others.

Self-image

How you would describe yourself and how you think others would describe you.

Hypothetical examples

Imaginary situations that could conceivably take place in the way they are described.

Open Web

Information that is freely available and easy to search on free search engines.

Supporting materials

Information that supports the main claims of a speech.

Oral citation

Information that the speaker says aloud to audience during speech; consists of information about who authored the material, a statement about the credibility of the author, the date the information was published (or the date interview conducted), and relevant information about the source.

Global plagiarism

Intentionally taking entire passages or speeches from someone else's work.

Partial plagiarism

Intentionally taking key words and phrases from someone else's work and using them within your own speech.

Cognitive restructuring

Jon is nervous about his upcoming speech. He worries that he will forget his speech. His friend Mark reminds him to think about the numerous times his practice sessions have gone smoothly and, in the event that he does forget, to take a deep breath and refer to the next point on his note cards. Mark has reminded Jon to use which communication apprehension management strategy?

Frame of reference

Kelly's parents read to her constantly as a child, and as she grew older, she loved to read mysteries and other fiction novels when she got a break from her studies. When Kelly hears Adam's speech on banning books from children's libraries, she becomes very upset and does not listen to rest the arguments in his presentation. Kelly's ____________ affected her reaction to Adam's speech.

Intentional plagiarism

Knowingly stealing someone else's ideas or words and passing it off as your own.

Parallel in structure

Labeling main claims for similar pattern such as two-word phrases, nouns, or one-word descriptors.

Classroom code of conduct

List of rules that will govern speakers and listeners in your class during discussions and speeches.

Context

Making sense of our perceptions by examining the situation around them. Also, the time of day, location, or social situation surrounding the communication encounter.

Selection

Malaya walked into a room. She immediately noticed the strange colored carpet. Juan walked into that same room, but did not pay any attention to the carpet. What process of perception was this?

Preparation

Marlie's __________ outline contains a title, general and specific purpose statements, organizational pattern, introduction, main points, and sub points, and transitions. Her outline contained full-sentences and a separate reference page.

Topical

Marsha's informative classroom speech topic is on three neurological differences between left- handed and right-handed people. Which organizational pattern would be best for her topic?

Interviewing

Method of collecting information about audience members; done my asking audience members about their knowledge, interests, and attitudes, on a topic.

Questionnaire

Method of gathering information about audience members where the audience provides written answers to questions.

Internal interference

Miguel is "mentally distracted" by a recent argument he had with his girl friend and doesn't hear the instructions he needs to complete his chemistry lab experiment. Which part of the communication process. His "mental distraction" is an example of which part of the communication process?

National Communication Association

National organization of scholars, teachers, and practitioners of communication.

Unintentional plagiarism

Neglecting to cite your source appropriately, due to careless note-taking or documenting during research process.

Statistics

Numerical method for summarizing data that can take such forms as means, medians, rations, and percentages.

Critical thinker

One who can defer judgement until he/she has enough information on which to act.

Advanced information seeker

One who develops an effective research strategy using information literacy.

Confident communicator

One who has decreased apprehension in public, personal, and professional contexts.

Competent communicator

One who has the knowledge, skill, motivation, and judgement necessary for a communication encounter.

Ethical communicator

One who is honest, clear, accurate, open-minded, and willing to listen to others in communication situations.

Citizen in a democracy

One who uses critical thinking skills to advance local, state, national, or international causes.

Topical order pattern

Organizational strategy that arranges each main point by subtopic of a larger topic.

Spatial pattern

Organizational strategy that arranges ideas according to place or position.

Chronological pattern

Organizational strategy that arranges ideas by a time sequence.

Causal pattern

Organizational strategy that highlights the cause-effect relationships that exist among the main points.

Proximity

Organizing events based on their physical closeness.

Similarity

Organizing events that resemble each other by size, color, or shape.

Elements of communication

People, message, channel, interference, feedback, and context.

Public speaking anxiety

Person's anxiety specifically associated with giving presentations.

Oral organizational strategies

Plan that will allow you to devise an effective structure for your speech and your audience to better follow and comprehend your message.

Body

Portion of the speech containing the main points.

Plagiarism

Presenting someone else's words or ideas as if they were your own.

Audience analysis

Process by which we gather and analyze information about our listeners and adapt our message to to their knowledge, interests, attitudes, and beliefs.

Internal effects

Psychological issues that may become physical due to communication apprehension.

Research questions

Questions that guide the research process; probes researcher's as well as the auidience's knowledge on the topic.

Testimony

Quotes or paraphrases from an authoritative source.

Subordination

Ranking of ideas from the most important to the least important.

Attitudes

Relatively enduring organizations of beliefs around a person, group, idea, or event that predispose an individual to respond in a particular way.

Systematic desensitization

Relaxation technique used to manage physical symptoms of communication apprehension.

Ethical norms

Rules of behavior.

Channel

Sarah called her grandmother to wish her a happy birthday. Sarah's phone call is an example of which part of the communication process?

Confirmation bias

Selecting and focusing on messages that confirm our beliefs.

Ethics

Set of standards that offer guidance about the choices we make and why we behave as we do.

Reference sources

Short, factual articles or entries that contain key concepts about a topic.

Speaking situation

Situation comprised of the size and type of audience, the setting and audience's interests, knowledge, and attitudes toward a topic.

Communication process

Six elements that are necessary for any communication event; these include people (speaker and listener), the message, channel, interference, feedback, and context.

Bias

Source that provides an opinion that is so slanted to one perspective that it is not objective or fair.Also, a source that has something to gain or lose in people accepting a point of view.

Hidden Web

Specialized databases that require licenses and subscriptions.

Brief example

Specific case used to support a claim.

Commemorative speeches

Speeches presented as part of celebrations of anniversaries, national holidays, or important dates and are accompanied by tributes to the person or persons involved.

Persuasive speeches

Speeches that are controversial in some way and attempt to influence an aduience's attitudes, beliefs, or actions with regard to a particular issue; typically, about current events, social issues, local issues, or beliefs.

Speeches to entertain

Speeches that are designed to make important points or have serious messages presented in a creative or humorous way.

Informative speeches

Speeches that present information that contributes something of significance to the body of knowledge of your audience; most typically about a(n) object, person, event, process or concept that they would otherwise not know.

The roommate is guilty of intentional plagiarism.

Stacie arrives back to her residence hall room to find her "A" paper on her roommate's desk with her roommate's name on it. Which of the following best describes her roommate's actions?

Specific purpose statement

Statement indicating the direction or focus the speaker will take with his/her topic.

Fact

Statement that is verifiable as true.

Beliefs

Statements held to be true even if we can't prove that they are true.

General purpose statements

Statements that describe the overall intent of the message; typically to inform, persuade, entertain, or commemorate.

External interference

Static or noise that distracts the speaker or listener from the message such as loud music, traffic, people laughing or talking, or a bad connection on your telephone or email server.

Cognitive restructuring

Strategy used to manage psychological effects of communication apprehension; restructures thoughts from irrational to rational.

Extended examples

Substantially more developed examples compared to brief examples; also, referred to as narratives, stories, or anecdotes.

Brainstorming

Techniques used to generate topic ideas.

Selective retention

Tendency to remember only those things that confirm our beliefs.

Selective perception

Tendency to see, hear, and believe only what you want.

Typicality

Test that assesses to the extent to which your example is normal.

Voluntary audience

The Business Department was having an open house for prospective majors on campus. Kevin was asked to give a presentation and was so thrilled at their positive reception. Which factor in the speaking situation was in Kevin's favor?

Speaking

The _______________outline helps you remember your key points when you are presenting.

Current situation

The current context or environment in which interactions occur.

Conclusion

The end of the speech, which will summarize key points of the presentation as well as provide a memorable close.

Frames of reference

The experiences, goals, values, attitudes, beliefs, culture, gender, and knowledge that individuals bring to communication encounters.

Channels

The media through which we communicate.

Feedback

The responses to either the speaker's or the listener's verbal or nonverbal message.

Significant topics

Topics that allow you to contribute information that your audience would not have known had you not given the presentation.

Transitional devices

Transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts that provide links to claims throughout the speech, provide a sense of organization, and ultimately make it easier for the audience to follow and remember the ideas presented.

Scaled/continuum questions

Type of question that allows you to gauge attitudes on a continuum.

Past experiences

Values, beliefs, culture, customs, family background.

Actional model

Views communication as a linear process.

Transactional model

Views communication as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages which occur in context.

Interactional model

Views feedback as a part of the communication process.

Internet site

Which of the following resources is least likely to be peer-reviewed?

Transitions

Words or phrases that demonstrate key relationships among ideas and indicate a speaker is leaving one point and moving on to another.

Verbal messages

Words spoken in communication encounter.

Signposts

Words that signal the next point to be made.

Oral style

Writing for the listener (not reader).

Signpost

"Next, Barbie's creators Ruth and Elliot Handler joined with Harold Mattson to create the MATTEL Company." This italicized example uses what kind of transitional device?