communication
dimensions of the listening tests
1. Brown-Carlsen test 2. STEP III 3. KCLT 4. Watson Barker
Critical roles of listening
1. get the information we need to resolve a conflict 2. reduce the personal issues of conflict
Advice for clients
1. recognize your own biases and the strength of your emotions 2. look for an attorney who listens 3. engage in comprehensive and critical listening 4. fully understand the attorney retainer and fee agreement
If you were called for jury duty
1. use comprehensive listening 2. be aware of potential biases and schema 3. stay focused 4. ask for clarification 5. volunteer information if it is needed
bannon 4 stage conflict process
1. you should inquire: use active listening skills to fully focus on the other person's concerns 2. expressing empathy: Connect with the other person on their emotional level "I understand your frustration" 3. asking for permission: ask if the other person wants more information 4. explain and offer choices: if you get a yes in the third stage, you can continue the other person's positive involvement by explaining the situation and offering options from which the other party can select
Hostile detached
Most likely to experience problems when attempting to coparent and child. Disengagement with and hostility toward one another appears to spill over in their relationships with their children.
Attentiveness
Most obvious relationship to listening
Positive classroom learning environment
Motivation to meet high expectations and to your academic success
Short-term working memory
Move information from reception to cognitive interpretation. Helps navigate between the awareness, translation, and evaluation functions as we process incoming mental stimuli. It's also helps us incorporate new information with what we already know by allowing us to retrieve appropriate information from our long-term memory.
One can measure their extroversion / introversion by using the popular personal inventory developed by
Myers and Briggs
High communication apprehension
Negative academic outcomes like lower grades, and negative attitudes toward school, and a greater likelihood of dropping out of school; they focus so much on what they say, But they do not listen very well
Conflict withdrawal
Negative listening behaviors such as physically turning away from the other person, Changing the topic, avoiding back channel behaviors (nods and verbal encouragement to continue speaking)
Internal stimuli
Nerve impulses received by the brain as a result of your own physiological or emotional state like hunger or feeling joy
External interference
Noise that makes it difficult or impossible to perceive or identify external stimulus like the temperature of her room or a competing conversation
fitch Hauser and worthington
Nonverbal behavior appears to set happy couples apart from unhappy ones
If two people are "involved daters," which of the following is also true of the relationship?
Nonverbal messages are a focus of the relationship.
Verdict driven
People do not want to seem indecisive so they become committed to their publicly seated position and are less willing to listen to others and the evidence
Prélude's to agreement
People provide both verbal and nonverbal indications that they're moving toward the opposing position
Avoid interrupting
People want to present their own positions they interrupt to cut off what others are saying, This is bad because verdicts are a joint decision
Beliefs
Perceptions of the real world; we act on these perceptions or observations as if they were true and real. These beliefs influence the decisions we make about the information; reflect you're views of the way things are
voice of the life-world
Personal family issues, fears that the patient explains and describes to the physician
Relevancy
Personal relevancy and motivation:
Sharing response
Reflect relational listening, Includes self-disclosure, immediacy, and reinforcement
Reception
Reception of the stimulus; when you register the noise of the train rumbling by, Whether you pay attention to it or not, you still receive the sound.
Lost framed statements
Referred to bad things that will happen and good things that will not happen
Gain framed statements
Referred to both good things that will happen and the bad things that will not happen
Attitudes
Referred to your view of whether something is good or bad; reflect how things should be
General sharing
Refers more to the factual sharing and disclosing of information
The relationship functions of maintaining liking, conflict resolution, and emotional support were suggested by scholars
Dindia and Timmerman
Self verification
Refers to how we as individuals construct our own social worlds. The social world we construct is based on perceptions of ourselves and it includes our self concept and self-esteem, and it helps us to support our beliefs about ourselves
responsiveness
Refers to how well you appropriately respond during a conversation
Engagement
The Overall responsiveness and liveliness of other family members during the telling of the story as well as the level of warmth embedded within the story
caller hegemony
The caller, or absent other, becomes your immediate focus and priority, often a conversation with friends or family
conflict
The interaction of interdependent people who perceive incompatible desires, Goals, personal comforts or communication preferences, and the possibility of interference from others as a result of the incompatibility
Expressiveness
The level to which family members are encouraged to express viewpoints, ideas, and emotions
Good conversation
The listener must remain engaged in the interaction and respond either verbally or nonverbally in a manner that is appropriate for what was said
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Reflect the underlying cognitive or mental functions associated with each of the four areas: extroversion/ introversion, sensing/ intuiting, thinking/feeling, and judgment/perception
Values
Reflect your view of what ought to be good or bad; reflect how much or how little you like something
Two ways symmetrical model of public relations
Reflection organization that engages in two-way communication with its many publics
Assimilating learner
Reflective observation and abstract conceptualization: wide range of information but in a concise form, logical, examples, no groups, Take information from other classes and apply it
Divergent learning
Reflective observation and concrete experience: call for brainstorming or coming up with ideas from different points of view imaginative and emotional, Liked working groups, Open mind
Sympathetic responsiveness
Reflects traditional definition of sympathy, feel other motions that are keeping with the situation like concern
Academic listening
Related to and affected by: motivation, Learning style, and teaching methods. it affects how you and your teachers communicate and how you communicate with your classmates
System variables
Related to events within the criminal justice system, Like Time lapse between when someone witnesses the event and the eventual testimony, Interviewer questioned structure, Police lineup instructions
Sibling commitment
Related to sibling intimacy, Close sibling relationships are based as much on friendship as on blood or marriage ties
Developing and maintaining romantic relationships
Relational maintenance: keeping a relationship in existence, keeping it at its current level of development, maintaining relational satisfaction, And/or keeping a relationship in repair
Summary statements
Remind the listeners of topics that have just been covered
michael nicholas
Responsive listening is one means of handling Parent - child conflicts. Parents need to get the 1. right attitude and understand that conversations are about listening, Not arguing or establishing who's right or in authority. 2. postponed decision-making 3. keep it simple (do not need long justifications as to why you say no) 4. children grow up (listening needs change)
Organizational listening
Responsiveness of an organization to the needs of its public. When they listen they tend have better products, Happier customers, productive employees
Why parents don't listen
Role definition, confusion over acceptance, inability to accept criticism, Lack of time, Willingness to listen, perspective and parent teen interactions
Opening statement in court
Schema activation naturally occurs. This affects what information we attend to, at what meaning we assigned to incoming information, how we draw inferences, And how we organize and store information in memory
Schema theory helps explain what listeners do with information in which of the following ways?
Schema theory accounts the effect of culture on information processing
Inability to accept criticism
See disagreements as attack on their parenting skills, become defensive. Those that are aware they're not perfect, are usually accepting of their teenagers comments and criticism
shannon- weaver model of communicaion
Sender - Message- channel - receiver- feedback back to the sender. The listener takes a backseat while the speaker has front channel
Serafina feels as though her father listens to her problems and seems to understand her emotional state more than her mother. Based on this information, which of the following is most likely true about Serafina's self-disclosure to her parents?
Serafina will self-disclose to her father more than her mother.
Nondirective support
Shift the focus of control from the giver to the receiver. When someone directly asks for the advice and your advice was expected
Transitional statements
Signaled the conversation is moving from one topic to another
suspended Information
Significant enough to make note of, but you might not be sure what to do with it. you will then TAG that piece of information
External stimuli
Signs, signals, or any other stimuli transmitted by sources other than the receiver and picked up through the senses.
Which of the following most accurately describes how silence should be used during doctor-patient communication?
Silence can be used both positively and negatively.
collectivistic cultures
Social in group norms and respecting others of the group; china and japan
temperament
Something that is inborn, traits form the biological basis of our personalities and is believed to be inheritable
Lydia opens conversation with a man beside her by saying, "Your legs must be tired because you have been running through my mind." Based on research on opening lines, which of the following would most accurately describe the man's reaction?
The man would feel flattered by Lydia.
Immediacy responses
Statements of the negotiators feelings about that individual at the time
Internal noises
Stimuli within the person that can occur at a subconscious level like a vague feeling of discomfort when someone stands to close we're wondering whether you logged off from your bank account before you left home
sun wolf and lawrence frey
Storytelling is a tool for the construction of shared identities and communities.
Verbal assurances
Stress our commitment to the other, showing our love and demonstrating our faithfulness- the longer the relationship, the more insurances we engage in
Stable Internal attribution
Take responsibility for your listening behavior in all your classes, Not just the ones you like
Overaccommodation
Talking down to or being condescending. Over simplistic grammar, or excessive smiling and touching
Direct methods
Teacher acting as the primary information source and often involving lectures and workbooks.
How to help apprehensive students
Teacher clarity and teacher in the immediacy, build motivation
Eating disorders
Teenage girls were unavailable or unwilling to listen to them tender to score higher on eating disorder measurements
Integrated methods
Tell and show students and give them access to learning on their own. Works best for students who are internally motivated and who accept that they are responsible for their future
red listening
Tend to ignore the needs of the other person and instead focus on their own needs
yellow listening
Tendency to be judgmental and evaluate what is said- try to fix it w/o really listening
Men in committed relationships
They see the conversation as the opportunity to solve a problem, sometimes offering unwanted advice
abstract conceptualization
Thinking focuses on our preference for relying on and using more abstract ways of processing information
Cognitive complexity in conversations
Those who are cognitively complex tend to be more accurate when processing information about other better able to imagine themselves in other peoples shoes, And tend to withhold judgments when forming impressions of others. They keep an open mind
Interaction involvement scale
Three elements: responsiveness, perceptiveness, and attentiveness
emotion coach
Through our parents we learned what emotions can be expressed within the family and in specific contexts
Student engagement
Topic interest, teacher interest, High immediacy
Generalized anxiety
Traits or personality based, engages in negative thinking before making a speech or talking to people
Storytelling identity
We maintain and change our identities, personal storytelling is important to the development of self identity throughout our lives.
Miscommunication
We understand or interpret actions and discourse by making inferences about the goals we think the other party has and the plans they have for attending those goals
Mutual commitment
We want partners who feel the same way about the relationship and have the same expectations
Content listening
Welcome complex and challenging information, Listen the facts before forming judgments and opinions, or favor listening to technical information
Social support must be
Well timed
Social perception
What one attends to or the impressions one forms of another. Distressed couples often have differences in how they describe relationship events, Reflecting the effect of cognitive schemata and personal biases. Good couples give their partners the benefit of the doubt and try to be more understanding
Relational closeness
When Partners regularly engage in these behaviors that encourage relational closeness, those behaviors help to establish and maintain security, trust, and acceptance that characterize well functioning relationships
Unstable attribution
When attributions change from class to class, develop a pattern response based on one of knees attribution areas to explain their success or failure in every class
physician centered talk
"im in charge"; they control the majority of the talking and control what gets discussed; they are more assertive, ask questions more, and answer questions less
delayed gratification
"patty cake" uses rhymes and actions to teach kids anticipation and the importance of waiting for the climax of the song
Strong families
* commitment to family and well-being * positive communication/ engage in constructive conflict management * regular expression and confirmation of affection * enjoyment of quality time together * a feeling of spiritual well-being * effectively manage stress and crisis situations
Watson Barker
* evaluation message content * understanding meanings in conversion * understanding and remembering information in lectures * evaluating emotional meanings in messages * following instructions and directions
Brown-Carlsen test
* immediate recall * following directions * recognizing transitions * lecture comprehension
Sources of conflict
* judgments of what constitutes good evidence * role expectations * Communication * views of relationships * personal interests * Beliefs about how something should be done
STEP III
* listening comprehension
KCLT
* short-term listening * short term listening with rehearsal * lecture listening * distractions
According to your textbook, if you spend 8 (eight) hours communicating at school, how much of that time would be spent listening?
2 hours
According to your text, what percentage of patients claim they did not tell their physician everything they wanted to during their appointment?
75
communication training for physicians
75% of doctors have never taken a communications class of any kind
Listening and taking notes
75% of students thought note taking did not help with studying, meaningful notes results from listening and fighting distractions
Mediation
A mediator facilitates negotiations between two or more parties in hopes of reaching a mutually satisfactory resolution.
Perspective taking
Ability to put yourself and your friends shoes
Borisoff and Hahn two steps for improving listening in close relationships
Accept and validate partners contributions and understand how your partner listens
be direct
Avoid making statements in the form of a question. It sounds like an option or choice is being offered when in reality it is not. "wouldn't you like to go study now?"
Reinforcement phase
Acknowledging on responding over the decision that has been reached
Active empathy listening scale
Active and emotional involvement of a listener during a given interaction, And involvement that is conscious on the part of the listener but is also perceived by the speaker; combines active and empathetic listening; examine the role of listening in close relationships
Working memory
Active contents of memory, is the information based at you used to listen. These two functions are necessarily affected by the short-term and long-term future of working memory
Converging learner
Active experimentation and abstract conceptualization: problem solving, role play, do not understand when information is touchy-feely or emotional, likes Direct and clear Messages
scripts
Address sequence of actions associated with a particular event
issue-emotion
Addresses both issues and emotions, difficult for parties to address their problems, a neutral third-party is needed to help individuals resolve their differences
Avoidance
Addresses how much Family members will avoid a conflict. Families that are more expressive and willing to address issues of contention tend to have stronger emotional family bonds
Perceptiveness
Addresses your ability to translate or assign meaning to the others behavior
Compressed advertisements
Ads with faster speaking rates and fewer pauses-more interesting, more persuasive, and easier to remember. The slower the advertisement, the more listeners can focus on specific facts, While higher rates lead listeners to develop a more global impressions of a message or speaker
Interaction involvement
Affects how others perceive your communication. Individuals low in interaction involvement tend to be less attentive to others, are less responsive during conversations, And tend to have problems choosing the most effective conversational strategy to use
Cognitive complexity
Affects how we process information and how we form schemata. It addresses how we perceive the incoming message, is it, and use it to interpret the communication event.
Attentiveness in story telling
Affects the story. For example, if someone is paying attention, we might drive the story out longer and become more expressive
Organizational structure
Alignment of personnel, or who reports to whom, who works with whom on what tasks, and so forth.
More powerful than fact
Characterizing the evidence
Conversation
An orderly jointly managed sequence of utterances produced by at least two people who may or may not share similar goals and the interaction
Publics
Any groups of people which witch the organization has an interdependent relationship (employees, customers, community)
Frames
Aspect of how speakers compose their messages and act as cognitive structures that guide information processing. The way a message is framed will promote a particular view, evaluation, solution, Etc.
Cognitive bin
Associated with thought and the active processing of information; interpretation and storage of information; uses memory, priming, and framing
Self-monitoring
Attempt to manage the impressions we leave with others. Low self monitors tend to be more consistent in the face a present to others.
Six suggestions for young children
Avoid distractions, be a good role model, The direct, ask children to paraphrase, allow children to look away, Reward good behavior
Why people choose mediation
Avoid high cost of trial, wants confidentiality, need to continue a working relationship with the other parties, if both parties are too emotional and know they cannot reach a resolution without someone
Kai is interested in studying listening between managers and subordinates, acknowledging the power differences between both parties. Which of the following scales would be most helpful for Kai to use?
BFF Situational Assessment Scale
Discounting information
Basically ignoring information because it is unimportant
How to build trust when becoming a doctor
Be aware of personal schemata, look interested, listen for distress markers, use silence carefully, listen more than you talk, allowing patients some control, take steps to ensure understanding avoid abruptly changing topics
Active understanding
Behaviors, such as paraphrasing, which show we are available, empathetic, and understanding of the other person's feelings
Scripts and relationships
Being asked out, first dates, relationship development, and termination are the most common scripts in North America; the more similar the scripts, the easier it becomes for individuals who are dating to protect each other's future behavior- Direct communication about expectations is the best route to maintain the relationship
Academic attributions
Belief in underlying causes of an event or situation. Assess our explanations of our Academic success and failure
Effective support is also reciprocal
Both people need to feel supported by the other. When one person feels they are doing the majority of the supporting, resentment and conflict build.
If our schemata and scripts are repeated over and over, which of the following will most likely happen?
Both the schemata and scripts will be reinforced.
Process of intimacy
Depends on self-disclosure and partner responsiveness
Emotionally oriented
Calls on professionals such as counselors, psychologists, Social workers, Ministers, Or others and helping professions to assist in resolving the dispute
Contradictory information
Can be a tag until a we have a sufficient number of tags we need to adjust or change our existing schema
Adult friendships
Career decisions, romantic relationships, negotiate changing self-perceptions; use explicit strategies to maintain relationships: openness, Joint activities, assurance, Positivity, Avoidance
High context cultures
Challenge in US classrooms because their communication and listening expectations are not dependent on direct messages
Evaluative
Characterizing character traits, Behaviors, Motivations
Learning problem-solving
Children learn more when their mother is listening, and children who have to explain the solution to a problem to their mom have a much improved ability to solve similar problems later on
Listening techniques
Clarification, paraphrasing, reflection, Summarizing
Primes
Clues embedded and the message that signal how the information should be interpreted. Like the word opportunities will influence how you interpret the message that follows. Your interpretation will be based on your knowledge of the term, your experiences with things labeled opportunities, and your reaction to those experiences
schema theory
Cognitive structure consisting of representations of some defined area (noun), that contain general knowledge, including expectations about relationships among attributes and how those attributes function. This knowledge helps us identify what a stimulus is as well as make sense of it
Person -centeredness
Cognitively complex, Tailor there message to match the people they are interacting with.
Approach predispositions
Communication behaviors that lead you to interact comfortably with others
Accommodating learners
Concrete experience and Active experimentation: kinesthetic Learning category, doing and experimentation, playing with it instead of reading directions, embrace change, new challenges, flexibility, risk-taking, Think about future consequences
Conflict phase
Conflict and debate between jurors, they should stay away from early votes and discuss the evidence first
Issue oriented
Connected to rules, regulations, for the guidelines we follow everyday life. Usually your boss, teacher, judge Will step in to resolve the dispute
Classroom climate
Connection between students and teachers
The Emotional IQ
Develops 812 years, Understand emotional communication, Label of motions and regulate/manage their emotions.
BFF situational assessment scale
Considers traditional listening elements such as the relationship between listeners and sharing information. Also focuses on the power differential between those involved. It also measures the feelings associated with the person or situation
Organizational clarity
Contributes to student learning, Helps process information by: providing natural breaks, allows to chunk the information and store it more easily, and facilitating schemata development
Interviewing - stage three
Counseling- 1. evaluating the facts of the case 2. assessing viable courses of action open to the client
culture and schema
Culture affects the content and structure of any schema or we form and in turn influences how we use schemata to make sense of information, events, people, Things we encounter. A good listener would take cultural differences into account when interpreting incoming information from individuals
Avoid distractions
Cutting out the distractions during important conversations should be done. Like technology
Casual daters
Dating more than one person
affective conflict
Debate that focuses on personality differences
Marital satisfaction
Debriefing conversations are very important: discussing daily routines, how ones day went, can lead to topics that are more important and perhaps touch couples lives more deeply
schemata and perceiving
Directing our attention to particular aspects of incoming messages. Working with priming and framing, schemata helps us truck information as it comes in and provides a basis for predicting what will be said next
Communication patterns
Distinct differences in the communication and conflict patterns of distressed and nondistressed couples
patient centered approach
Doctors who develop ongoing relationships with their patients, self disclose to their patients and expressed empathy to them, more likely to provide desired information and treatment
80-20 rule of listening
During the jury selection, attorneys should listen 80% of the time and talk 20% of the time
Margaret imhof
Effective academic listeners should be able to integrate information from numerous sources, manage their attitudes and motivation, focus attention, activate and modify cognitive schemata, use metacognitive strategies to encode and retain information
Internal attributions
Effort, I did not study enough AND ability, I am not a math person
Intangible conflict
Elements Address issues such as what makes your family unique and what binds you together
Tangible conflict
Elements focus on specifics of the conflict, Such as what time curfew should be
Estimator variables
Elements not under our control but directly related to the Crema events, Like severity of the crime, Complexity of the event, and familiarity with surroundings as well as the race, Attractiveness, Sex, Age of the accused. Any of these factors affect how we perceive both auditory and visual information
Involved daters
Emotionally involved in a reciprocal love relationship with one person; communication issues become more important as we become more involved in the relationship
Open-ended questions
Encourage partners to provide greater disclosure
Reinforcement
Encourages someone to start or continue with a behavior
Hostile
Engage in fewer negative and more positive behaviors than hostile detached couples
Take breaks unnecessary
Especially when there's a heated argument, it is difficult to listen when we are upset or angry
Interviewing- stage one
Establish rapport- 1. put the clients at ease by presenting a professional image and keeping distractions to a minimum 2. allowing the client to direct the initial part of the interview 3. engaging in relational listening
Classroom management
Established rules, procedures, and standards Guide behaviors and expectations about the class
Lack of time
Everyone is busy-finding time to communicate can be difficult. Knowing when we are too busy listening is important because distractions make the speaker feel devalued and less likely to share anything
Speaking and listening responsibility
Everyone who works there has to take responsibility for his own experience and perceptions and be able and willing to recognize the difference between blame and personal responsibility
Girls friendship
Exclusive and dyadic
social schemata
Expectations about how the social world operates; how are you organize our knowledge about people, self, social rules, and events, stereotypes, scripts
structural expectations and schemata
Expectations that information is supposed to be structured or organized in a pattern that is appropriate to and in keeping with the triggered schema. For example, if you have an established morning routine and you "remember" picking up your coffee mug when in reality you did not, you convince yourself that you left the mug on the bus because you have a clear memory of picking up on the way out the door
Conflict engager's
Express regard for their significant others by directly addressing potentially contentious issues, listening closely, and responding appropriately. they Express more negative emotions than avoiders, but also express more positive behavior
Direct expressions of caring
Expressions of love, affection, and concern
Indirect vulnerable disclosures
Expressions that signal the need for emotional support and understanding
extroversion/ introversion
Extroverts become energized through contact with others and my experience a power drain if there is too much quiet or seclusion. Introverts prefer solitary and find people tiring
Underaccommodate
Fail to appreciate, Pay attention to, unwilling to take into account, The needs of the other party
Perspective taking
Family members ability to confirm the perspectives of other family members and to take those perspectives and experiences into account when telling a story
Coherence
Family members ability to work together during the joint telling of a story to be able to integrate it into a larger whole
Receiver apprehension
Feeling anxiety about being on the receiving end of the communication process; low test scores, negative attitude toward instructor and course, low motivation and perceptions of one's ability to learn
Action listening
Focus less on personal relationships and more on errors and inconsistencies within an incoming message. Focus on information related to the task they're working on. thinking, sensing, judging
People listening
Focus on relationships with others, generally let speakers know they're interested in and concerned about their emotional state, feeling is associated with this people listening style
Indirect methods
Focuses on showing, teacher acts as a facilitator of learning, make sure that the class understands the purpose of the discussion and ensuring opportunities to participate
Substantive conflict
Focuses on the evidence and debates over ideas
Self disclosure
Further the negotiation, Like encouraging someone threatening suicide to disclose back because these societal pressures we typically feel make us want to respond in a similar manner
Factors affecting empathy
Gender, culture,
Communication apprehension
Generalize fear you experience when put into a particular communication situation; social anxiety
emotional awareness
Go beyond people interactions, Like pets, art, home, other objects and events
Principle of cooperation
Grice said some conversational maxims based on the key principle that we engage in and interaction to get the maximum amount of information possible and that we expect the other party to cooperate in this effort
Esther mentions some details about her parents to her date. She expects that her date will also reveal some family details. Esther's expectations are guided by
Grice's concept of reciprocity
Story model of jury decision-making
Helps us understand how jurors process information during the pre-deliberation stage of the trial- Testimony phase
Nonregulation
Higher ratio of negative to positive behaviors
Regulation
Higher ratio of positive behaviors and negative behaviors
Teacher self-disclosure
Honest, relevant to course content, And/or used clarify concepts under discussion. We find self-disclosure to be interesting or motivating which increases listening and positive attitudes
Crisis negotiation
Hostagetaking, Messing violence, suicide attempts, Standoffs. Negotiators have psychology and counseling backgrounds and strong communication skills
Systemic changes
How do I organization handles large-scale organizational conflict
Structural traditionalism
How much family members embrace conventional notions of marriage and family life
Responsive style
How parents respond to their children and teenagers helps them to name feelings, shows that it's okay to have those feelings, and provides a means of addressing them constructively
Responding to storytelling
How people respond to her stories is important because it affects the self verification process
Accommodation
How we adjust to communication behavior to the other party. Allows us to respond to the needs of the other party whether it be for privacy or empathy.
david bohm
Human relationships are essentially collaborative activities and a process of creation; in many listening instances we are blocked from fully understanding the other because our need to protect ourselves and their meanings argued when we communicate lack an ability to truly listen to others without bias and without trying to influence others
listening
Hypothetical constructs, something you know exists but you can't actually see it; many dimensions
active experimentation
Identifies our need for hands-on learning
Self verification example
If you think you're funny, Then you're more likely to tell personal stories that reflect the funny things that you did or that happen to you in the past week
Nonverbal disconfirming messages
Ignoring people, Talking about them as if they were not there, or excluding them from conversations
intrapersonal information flow model
Illustrates the fundamental elements of cognitive processing that occurred during the listening process
The Listening Concepts Inventory was developed by
Imhof and Janusik
Listening concepts inventory
Imhof and Janusik; tests of their new measurements found that the students they surveyed Believe listening and listening behaviors are based on for central beliefs about the role of listening: organizing information, Building relationships, Learning/integrating information, And critiquing Messages
personality Traits
Inborn/inherited, Stable, stylistic - driven, is a predisposition
Negative social support
Include feeling obligated to the support giver, losing self esteem, drawing more attention to the problem, and feeling inadequate. Overprotectiveness from the supporter is another example
Generic responses/ back channel
Include nonverbal actions such as nodding and vocalizations such as: mhm and uh huh; to show that we are actually listening
Emotional bin
Includes attitudes, values, and beliefs that guide how you live your life
Boys friendship
Inclusive and group oriented
individualistic cultures
Independence, individual expression, self-reliance; USA
Committed couples
Individuals in close relationships are important sources of feedback in our interactions with the social world.
Interviewing - stage two
Information gathering- 1. briefly outline the purpose and goals of the interview 2. ask questions 3. take brief notes 3. be respectful 4. listen for truthfulness, accuracy, omissions, Contradictions 5. avoid prejudice
Culture and commitment
Intercultural relationships face difficulties in relation to expectations. For example, Americans focus on fairness and equity while Koreans take for granted their marriage partner and still remain in their relationship. As a result they do not track the types of commitments or obligations that an American couple would
Input failure
Involve incorrectly perceiving or interpreting information. When an organization miss reads market research or feedback from employees or other important parties, the organization suffers from input failure
Social network support
Involves maintaining ongoing relationships, Either a network of friends and family or the network of colleagues Business, Or coworkers
Personal issues
Issues that are personal and based on emotions. What an organization or individual takes the time to listen, It tends to call me emotional mind
John has high conversational sensitivity, so what can one assume about his emotional intelligence?
John is likely to have high emotional intelligence.
Evidence driven
Jurors actively listen to one another, engaging argumentation, openly debating the validity of the evidence
orientation phase
Jurors take a few minutes to decompress from the events of the trial and get to know one another more
family orientation schemata
Knowledge structures that represent the external world of the family and provide a basis for interpreting what other family members say and do
blaming language
Language that focuses to blame and responsibility on another person, Like "You make me so mad"
Mechanical bin
Learned behaviors; everyday tasks that's our condition and habitual
personality States
Learned, adaptive, content driven, is situational The effect that the external environment has on us; parts of our personality that are shaped by experiences with the environment and the people within it
Polarization
Less cognitively complex see people in bipolar dimensions like: Smart/stupid, mean/nice.
Reward good behavior
Let them know they've done a good job of listening
Dating/initiating romantic relationships
Listening and dating is the opening line; Women often feel threatened by a men's opening lines, While men do not care
Be a good role model
Listening closely and without criticism is important for building trust. Avoid giving out too much advice, Denying feelings, jumping to conclusions, interruptions, or brushing children off
What is one of the primary goals of instituting a Listening Across the Curriculum program?
Listening education should consist of more than one class.
physiology of listening
Listening to his abilities can be caused by both physiological and neurological dysfunctions with the auditory system
Adolescent friendships
Loyalty, trust, and emotional support; appreciate differences in friends versus yourself, as kids, they make fun of people who are lesser than them, But as adolescents we except differences
External attributions
Luck, I guessed right AND task difficulty, this project is unreasonable
Relationship functions
Maintaining interaction, maintaining liking, Maintaining intimacy, Conflict resolution, Emotional support
A local agency wants to create a television advertisement giving viewers five instructions for how to prepare for flu season. Which of the following suggestions would you give the agency for designing an effective advertisement?
Make sure that the announcer speaks slowly.
Avoidance predispositions
Make you feel comfortable
Listening responses to conflict
Marital stability can be maintained when there are five positive behaviors to each negative behavior, for communication (including poor listening) are related to increased negativity.
self-disclosure
May first come to trust others and Open up to them, Tell them something personal or private. Families high in Communication orientation encourage this
Reframing
Mediator reframes the message so it is more acceptable for the opposing party
Long-term memory
Memories of language, Events, Lessons, Other information are all storage. This memory can recall and use that recalled information so your logical reasoning capacities as well as abilities to synthesize and analyze information are all involved
Men are more confrontational in their listening and women listen collaboratively
Men are more comfortable challenging the teachers comments and engaging in classroom discussions, while women discuss little groups and want an exact answer
The Integrative Listening Model
Mental stimulus, Awareness, Translation, Evaluation, Recall, Response, Stay connected and motivated
schema- based distortions
Misremembering information
Avoiders
More likely to withdraw from listening, likely because the act of really listening carries with it the expectation of verse bonds
Conditioned anxiety
Most likely manifesting itself as sweaty palms, hyperventilation, or nausea
turn-taking
Not only taking turns during talking, But also how dynamic and/or polite family members are when they listen
Responsiveness
Occurs as you respond to your partners disclosure in a way that validates the other person and shows caring and understanding; this encourages additional disclosure, Which helps to further established a close and intimate relationship
Intimacy avoidance
Occurs when the partner avoids or withdraws from us let me try to confide in them, they don't want us to self disclose to them
schemata and attending
Once you decide to attend to something, Your schema for that thing triggers a set of expectations for the incoming information. This helps with prioritizing information so you focus your energy and about is the most important
Model failure
One incoming information sales to fit with expectations or fit into the listeners existing schema. The listener may make inappropriate inferences or reach the wrong conclusions about the information. In companies, this happens when the organization focuses more on its own ideas and products need been on the changing trends, Like not making fuel efficient SUVs for family when gasoline prices skyrocket
Confirming messages
One of the Important ways in which the identities we seek to construct are maintained. These messages imply an acceptance of and by others
family story role
One of the primary ways that families and family members make sense of everyday, as well as difficult, events, create a sense of individual and group identity, Remember, connect generations, And established guidelines for family behavior. With so many important functions, storytelling is a significant but still understudied communicative process for the family
Asking children to paraphrase
Orally or written, good listening requires the ability to analyze and summarize information
Listening safe zones
Organization uses type of listening that creates an atmosphere in which information can be exchanged freely and solutions emerge
memory and organization
Organize memory and away work can be recalled like how information about people it stored in a different category that information about objects. The category of people will have sex, stereotypes, race, values, beliefs, attitudes
fisher's phases
Orientation, conflict, reinforcement
When scripts are broken
Other family members may see that Break as a threat to family stability and attempt to bring that family member back into line
As we grew up listening to the tales, our lives are influenced in many ways
Our self concept is shaped, our notion of individual choice is developed, Our perception of our individual power is formed, and our view of community/ our place in it is molded.
Susan Scott
Our successes and failures are built one conversation at a time and the conversation is the relationship. When our conversation slow or stop, our relationships are weakened.
Listening skills that mediators use
Paraphrasing, Reframing, reviewing
Perspective and parent- teen interactions
Parents see Lines of communication as open or extremely open while teenagers see them as open or somewhat open. sex doesn't get talked about.
Role definition
Parents think that in order to be successful, And Their children must have the same views and values that they have
dismissing parents
Parents who are not comfortable with emotion coaching, they tried to be helpful and make their children feel better by ignoring the child's emotions
assisting in the understanding of conversations and listener perceptions
Part of the effect of Conversations come in the transmission of cultural values, Conversations reveal the frames, story themes, and the words used to explain the world around us
Instinctive bin
Physiological functioning of the human system; you don't have to think about how to sneeze, You just do it.
Which scholar indicated that regular viewers of court programming, when called for jury duty, will expect the judge in their courtroom to act like the judges seen on television?
Podlas
Investigate interviewing
Police officer asking witnesses questions and listening to answer; officer must ask A free flowing response question so the witness does not integrate extra information into their answer
emotional schemata
Pre dispose us to experience some emotions over others towards certain people
Action techniques
Probing, confrontation, interpretation, Information giving, and instructions
Problem solving
Problematic if someone jumps to solving the situation before listening to all sides of the issue
Decoding deficit
Problems and decoding verbal and nonverbal communication. Couples assume that they know more about their partner than they actually do, which leads to assumptions and false interpretations of the spouses message
Directive support
Providing nonrequested types of coping behaviors or solutions for the recipient of the support.
Perceptual screens
Psychological filters that affect how you perceive the stimulus. If you associate the train with something scary then it is unpleasant. Once information is in the system, then we store the information appropriately
learning (listening) organization
Purpose, mission, culture, climate, Social support, leadership, and listening
The person known as the "Father of Listening" is
Ralph Nichols
Learning to manage emotions
The appropriate expression of emotions, possible reactions to others positive and negative emotions, the nature of emotional expression, and the types of situations that are likely to elicit emotions
inquiry
The art to ask questions
temporal lobe
The auditory area of the brain, retrieves and retains a message in a coordinated way
Confusion over acceptance
The best listening occurs when we accept people just the way they are and except their views. Parents think that if they listen then they don't have to except their childs view
Boundary management
The decisions we make about what information and feelings we will share with others and our awareness of the potential cost of sharing that information
Conversation orientation
The degree to which a family encourages its members to participate in unrestricted discussions about a wide variety of subjects. If your family has a height conversation orientation, you grew up interacting frequently and embraced open and direct conversations regardless of how controversial the topic was
effect of values on schemata
The more the information is linked to strong values, beliefs, or attitudes you hold, The more motivated you will be to focus your attention on it. It can affect what information you choose to move from short-term to long-term memory
absent other
The person on the other end of the technological connection (phone, computer, etc)
case themes
The stories of the trial have a theme, as important as the key facts of the case; jurors Will pay more attention to some evidence and testimony of a more compelling story and we will work harder to make that evidence fit with the story
schemata and listening
The way we process information in four ways human information processing is dynamic, what happens to the information during the listening process, incorporate the context of the listening event, and assisting in the understanding of conversations and listener perceptions
Green listening
True supportive listening, type that involves listening to the person from where he is, Not where we want him to be; AKA empathetic listening
Individual receiver apprehension
Type of anxiety that impairs our ability to manage information. Experience anxiety or anger or antipathy when facing interaction. Those who are highly receiver apprehensive do not want to listen because they tend to be intellectually inflexible and fear having to comprehend complex or abstract information
Confrontation
Use to Address inconsistencies or discrepancies in a persons statements, behaviors, Or in between both. "you say you don't want to hurt anyone, but you shot the window twice"
Reviewing
Use when an extended silence occurs during discussion, review major issues or scenes that have been discussed-getting back on track
Verbal signals
Used to clarify the relationships between ideas
Teacher immediacy
Verbal and nonverbal behaviors reduce the distance between teachers and students. More personal connection
organizational lecture cues
Verbal signals, transitional statements, summary statements
reflective observation
Watching
The researchers who recently identified individual listening style preferences are
Watson and Barker
False consensus
When group members think they agree what actually they don't (12 angry men)
Willingness to listen
When one is ready to listen, the other is not ready to talk. The information that a teenager is willing to share is dependent upon the relationship they have with both their parents and peers.
Emotional support
When the stress and emotional pain often stems from the invalidation of the self, Either directly= rejection by a valued other, or indirectly= failing at something connected to one self-concept
Listening noises
When we are not cognitively engaged in the conversation and say mhm and uh huh. This deceives the speaker.
nonaccomodation
When we engage in behavior that is someway either exclude the other party or makes them feel excluded.
Validation
When we engage in behaviors that enhance our partners self-esteem and show we except and have confidence in them
Nonverbal confirming messages
When we include others in our conversations
Social support
When we receive sensitive social support, It tends to make us feel better and we can more effectively address our problems. It is the most desired and essential type of support we seek from our close relationship partners
Women in committed relationships
When women share their problems and experiences, the conversation is viewed as a means of expressing empathetic Communication- they are looking for understanding from their partner
Conformity orientation
Where a family stresses the importance of having the same attitudes, values, and beliefs. If your family is high in conformity orientation, it stresses the importance of hierarchy and clear rules- no deviation from family norms and expectations- usually avoids conflict
Scholars __________ and __________ use a tree as a metaphor to describe the different types of listening.
Wolvin / Coakley
pseudo self- disclosure
fake self- disclosure that is used to Attempt to manipulate or control people
You are dating someone from an individualistic culture. Which of the following best describes your partner's self-disclosure?
You are likely to hear about your partner's accomplishments.
Empathetic responsiveness
You feel with the person and engage in perspective taking
Allow children to look away
You should make eye contact, but when children look away it is for a concentration and aids in formulating a response
When listening to impassioned speeches from her classmates, Zoe can usually identify classmates' moods and sometimes assumes the joy or concern displayed by her classmates. Which listening style preference would best describe Zoe?
Zoe is a People-oriented listener.
Studying listening in the family context can be difficult because
family make-up varies widely today
extrinsic listening
its going to be on the exam
One nonverbal way in which patients might indicate to a physician that they are about to make an important disclosure is by
a long pause while talking
Doctors who do NOT develop ongoing relationships with their patients will likely experience higher
job burnout
critical comprehension
to listen with an open mind; to be aware of biases and recognize that everyone has a unique perspective
measuring listening
abstract- cannot see it
what happens to the information during the listening process
accounts for the effective culture on how listeners you and subsequently interpret information, listeners need to be aware of their own cultural values as well as others
Judy having a conversation with her mother. Her mother is discussing why it is important to have a specific time set aside each day to complete homework. Judy acknowledges her mother's points and can see that her mother feels passionately about the subject, but, even after asking directly, Judy doesn't understand why her mother is so concerned about homework. In this scenario, which level of listening would best describe Judy?
active
informational support
addresses how corporations share and provide information
During deliberations Brynn states, "They just don't understand the crime because they are men." Brynn's statement can BEST be described as an example of
affective conflict
Which of the following pieces of advice would help John be a better listening model for his younger siblings?
allow children to look away
mediation and binding arbitration
alternative despite resolution
occupational schemata
another type of people schemata; like determine which jobs hold the most respect.. different in every country
Communicators tend to model communication behaviors after
anyone we observe communicating
consumeristic approach
as consumers of medicine, patients were expected to actively participate in their health
According to Gassmann and Grawe, the best therapists are able to
asses patients strengths
Dorian knows that her mother has failing eye sight and some trouble seeing while driving. Dorian thinks it may be time to limit her mother's access to her car. However, Dorian knows that bringing up this issue to her brothers will cause everyone to argue. Dorian decides not to mention the issue. Dorian has most demonstrated which of the following?
avoidance
Listening is important as adolescent friendships develop because at that stage, adolescents are learning
to understand emotional differences between friends
According to your textbook, listening is an important competency for which two of the following?
communication and life
According to research by Greitemeyer, students who listen to prosocial music are most likely to engage in which of the following activities?
community service
social support
based on the social relationships or networks that we develop
what to do as a patient
be aware of your schemata, come prepared, be assertive, make sure you have the physicians full attention, use the information-verifying skills
Individuals that value providing emotional support are likely to
be more popular
Stage one of an attorney-client interview is primarily focused on which of the following?
building rapport
In terms of the doctor-patient relationship, adolescents and adults differ on the importance of __________ when sharing health information.
confidentiality
Based on the definition of listening proposed by the International Listening Association, after receiving a spoken or nonverbal message, we next
construct meaning from the message
The principle that indicates people engage in conversation to get the maximum amount of information possible, while acknowledging conversation partners are doing the same, is called the principle of
cooperation
checking for understanding
counselor does a verbal check to determine if they have identified the primary issues troubling a patient
When an organization fails to live up to its stated values, it exhibits
culture gaps
Tanner and Elijah are walking to class. Tanner's phone rings, and Tanner answers the phone instead of answering Elijah's question. Tanner continues talking to his mother on the phone, and Elijah is quiet as they walk the rest of the way to class. Tanner's answering of his phone instead of conversing with Elijah has caused
caller hegemony
Classrooms in low-context cultures are more likely to focus on
clearly organized presentations
Family members' abilities to work together during the joint telling of a story to integrate the story into a larger whole is referred to as
coherence
The study of biologically-based personality traits and their effects on communication is
communibiology
Barkley claims that her grandfather will give her a higher sum of money for her birthday if her grade point average stays above a 2.9. Barkley's grandfather doing this will most likely provide
extrinsic motivation
Jade is vocal about his feelings and thinks aloud when solving a problem. Jade would be best classified as a(n)
extrovert
mission
declaration of the purpose that should answer 6 questions: 1. who are we? 2. what are the basic needs for the problems for which we exist? 3. how do we respond to these needs? 4. how should we respond to key stakeholders? 5. core values? 6. what makes us unique?
The purpose of an organization
describes what the organization exists to do
phonomena
designed to help kids with language problems; computer games that help kids differentiate phonemes
The third step in the QuEST model addresses
determining the best plan for treatment
The type of listening that helps us identify if we are in harm's way after hearing a sound is
discriminative
voice of medicine
doctors rely on the data of physical exams and other medical tests, they discuss symptoms, results, medication and do not listen to the voice of the life-world
paternalist approach
doctors viewed as godlike individuals that dispensed good health
mozart effect
does not actually increase intelligence, but makes people happier for the moment, and there might be short term gains in spatial-temporal reasoning
organization
dynamic system in which people engage in a collective effort for goal accomplishments
reflection
echoing, restating, paraphrasing
A counselor is most likely to be called to assist in Alternative Dispute Resolution for which type of dispute?
emotionally-oriented
sociability
empathetic response: express sympathetic responses to others and believe in perception taking egocentric: respond, but not empathetic and don't pick up emotional cues
traits
enduring personal qualities or attributes that influence behavior across sit
A 2008 Gallup poll identified which of the following as one of the top five most trusted professions in the United States?
engineers
empathetic listening
essence of good listening, human connection, use empathy to reach across the space between us
In Judy Brownell's HURIER model of listening, the "E" stands for
evaluating
listening fidelity
examined through literal comprehension; what the receiver actually processes and what the sender actually delivers
Saying, "This project was too detailed for the amount of time we had!" is a(n) __________ attribution
external
When teachers address poor classroom performance in girls, the teachers usually attribute
external causes
computer meditated communication
focus of another growing body of research. Plays an important function in our professional, educational, and personal lives; texting, computers, phone calls, emails, Social media
instrumental support
focus on doing tasks and favors
organizational social support
focuses on the informational functions of supportive communication and the role that co-workers play in assisting one another in defining and making sense of their work environment
kolb's experimental learning model
four stage learning process w/ 2 dimensions: 1. concrete experience (sensing/feeling) and abstract conceptualization (thinking) 2. active experimentation (doing) and reflective observation (watching)
Which country below had students who reported the highest interaction involvement scores in the research presented in your textbook?
germany
An individual with low interaction involvement is most likely to
have difficulty choosing conversation strategies
Professor Williams looks across the room throughout his lecture, walking around with a wireless microphone attached so that the whole class can hear him, no matter where he is. Professor Williams usually incorporates a few jokes throughout the lecture, as well. According to research, students with receiver apprehension who are in Professor Williams' class will likely respond by
having less receiver apprehension
Friendships in children 5-8 years old are likely to be based on behaviors demonstrating
helpfulness
Jane is talking on her phone to her mother while walking to her next class. She has an exam the class, so she also is trying to look at vocabulary flash cards as she walks. In this situation, Martha is experiencing which of the following?
high cognitive load
If Ilsa listens and processes a message almost identical to the message that was being sent to her, one could say Ilsa has which of the following?
high listening fidelity
conversational sensitivity
how attentive and responsive you are to your conversation partners. high sensitivity= pick up social cues
people schemata
how we perceive individuals
time listening
hurried interactions, communicative time management
A construct that one knows exists but cannot see what called what?
hypothetical
literal comprehension
in order to build and use this, denotative meaning must be there first. There needs to be a base knowledge in order to understand the subject
nurturing support
includes emotional, esteem, and social network support
action-facilitating support
includes instrumental and informational support
The use of technology has ____________ our overall communication time and ___________ overall time spent speaking and listening. a. increased / increased
increased, decreased
collaboration
indicates employees work together in a selfless manner
alignment
indicates the organization is listening to the needs and values of employees and working with those needs
A non-profit organization decided to let its employees find out about its bankruptcy filings through a local newspaper article. This decision is linked to which form of social support?
information
A hospital sends out surveys to its employees, who reply with feedback that the food service is not adequately meeting their needs. The hospital installs a coffee and pastry cart in the main lobby, even though the employees were indicating that changes were needed in cafeteria options. The hospital is experiencing __________ failure.
input
__________ is the art of asking questions.
inquiry
Information pertaining to the act of blinking when your eyes need moisture would fall in which bin?
instinctive
Which of the following methods of teaching gives students the greatest amount of control over their own learning?
integrated
In the Intrapersonal Information Flow model, when internal stimuli prevent one from listening, they become
internal noise
In her career choices, Pilar desires to be a part of "something bigger than herself" so she can contribute to the larger whole. Pilar's desire demonstrates an
intrinsic attribute
Levi decides he wants to purchase a home because it will be a good investment. He visits a house with a realtor and decides to place an offer. His realtor suggests that he look at more houses or do more research on the surrounding community, but Levi tells his realtor, "I just got a good feeling from this house." Levi would be best described as a(n)
intuitor
speech intelligibility
involves a sender and a listener who processes the signal to arrive at some level of understanding
judgment/perception
judge: value time and use it effectively, organize and plan, need structure, gets everything accomplished before fun Perception: curious, flexible, you keeping options open, make delays in decision-making, very spontaneous
voir dire
jury selection
race and ethnicity
language differences lead to miscommunication or no communication; affect who its prescriptions and certain health diagnosis's; overall attractiveness (inside and out) determines care
Kara tells a story about a rude postal service employee who "practically threw a package" into the office and ran out of the building. Sydney, who is listening to the story, says, "Kara, the mail carriers have a whole office building to deliver to. I think your story is a bit insensitive." Which of the following is Kara most likely to feel?
less self verified
Families that value expressiveness are
likely to be cohesive
human information processing is dynamic
listeners actively seek to make connections in their minds, decide what is relevant and irrelevant, incorporate new material being counter into information banks, and make connections between new information and existing schema that is influenced by all their life experiences
appreciative listening
listening for enjoyment
comprehensive listening
listening for understanding the message; pay attention to every little thing- take in all context
Discriminative listening
listening to distinguish surroundings, sounds, language, pitch; make the decision of whether to tune in or not; critical for survival
Comprehensive listening is most important in which context of juror listening?
listening to judge instructions
speaker effect
listening to the pitch, precision, and patterns of emphasis
Which of the following pieces of evidence would likely be the most influential to a jury?
live witness testimony
Hernando says, "If we don't conduct standardized testing, our school systems will not be able to evaluate progress as compared to other schools." This is an example of a __________ statement
loss-framed
Sadie found it difficult to get over her first impression of a recent lunch date. Sadie thought her lunch date was dressed inappropriately and was rude by being late. Even though the lunch conversation was interesting, Sadie felt like her instincts were right about this person, and she plans not to date this person again. Sadie could be best described as having
low cognitive complexity
Not feeling free to share opinions with other members of the family reflects a __________ orientation.
low conversation
Which of the following is an effect of receiver apprehension in the classroom?
lower test scores
Which of the following is an assumption reflected in the two-way symmetrical model?
managing perceptions of various viewpoints
relation
maxim that says we believe the information we get is going to be relevant to the purpose of the interaction as well as the flow of conversation
Quality
maxim that says we expect the other person to tell us the truth or at least what she believes to be the truth
Manner
maxim that says we expect the speaker to be brief, orderly, and clear. It assumes that we have the same level of ability and knowledge about the language we use to converse
Quantity
maxim that says we expect the speaker to give us useful information that we don't already know without overwhelming us too much information
connotative meaning
meaning that we give ourselves for words, our own definitions of words
A physician who spends more time discussing x-ray results and treatment options rather than asking what issues might have caused the injury is focusing on the voice of
medicine
Gender
men and women are treated differently in the classrooms, advantage of boys over girls: boys get more attention, detailed instructions, praise for intellectual content
The family therapist that suggests conversations are about listening and parents are in charge is
michael nichols
effect of culture
misunderstandings happen when people have different ideas about the nature of the illness, how you act in health care situations, and how the illness reflects on people in the community
prosocial music
more likely to engage in positive behaviors
Which of the following types of Alternative Dispute Resolution provides the greatest control over level of outcome?
negotiation
The receiver specifically has control when offering
nondirective support
According to your textbook, a good critical listener knows that the majority of a message comes from the speaker's
nonverbal behavior
Providing a means to incorporate the context of the listening event
of the world around them, Sometimes making sense of the situation is very easy because an interaction or event goes the way schematics script says it should go
Regarding family conflict, which of the following is an intangible conflict element in the fight between two siblings who both need to borrow the family car?
one sibling is the first born
To take good notes is to listen for
organizational lecture cues
Grice's maxim of manner guides a speaker to be
organized
One responsive technique used during active listening to show understanding of a speaker's message and feelings is called
paraphrasing
According to the predominant approach to counseling, the person in a counseling relationship who can best determine the way to solve a patient's problem is
patient
collaborative approach
patients and physicians working together towards good health
culture
pattern of shared basic assumptions that was learned by a group as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid, and therefore, taught new members, as the correct way to see, think and feel in relation to those problems.
Low context cultures
pay more attention to verbal expression rather than nonverbal cues; want precise and exact answers
multidimensional listening
paying attention to more than just the message- it requires multiple dimensions (dimension tests)
emotional intelligence
people who are more conversational sensitive have a higher emotional intelligence. identify emotions, facilitate thought, manage emotions, understand emotions
organizational climate
perception of how things are in an organization. a response to the culture of an organization
The ability to assign meaning to another person's behavior is
perceptiveness
In the Awareness stage of the Listening MATERRS model, deciding to not attend to your professor's message on social networking because you believe she is too old to really understand new technologies would be best described as which of the following?
personal bias
communibiology
personality and communication are intertwined; our communication behaviors are effected by biology
About 91 percent of questions asked during a health interview are asked by the
physician
If one sees the world in black and white, people as good or bad, and friends as happy or sad, one is engaging in
polarization
kinesthetic learner
prefer demonstration or physical involvement
Research indicates that most telecommuters
prefer knowing less about day-to-day operating information than people on-site
auditory learner
prefer spoken information
visual learner
prefer to see, observe, write down info
Seth listens to his cubicle mate in order to show interest and sustain a helpful work relationship, and Seth listens to his department coordinator in order to receive instruction. These different motives for listening are described in which aspect of the Systems Model?
presage
motivation
proactive listener; reasons to listen;
listening, writing, and oral communication across the curriculum
programs developed to help students hone their communication skills so they will be effective communicators when they enter the workplace
organizational concepts
purpose, mission, culture, climate
open-ended questions
questions or comments that encourage us to continue speaking
Which of the following is NOT an action technique?
reinforcement
Frederico is taking a vegetable gardening class because he wants to know more about growing his own food to be environmentally sustainable. Fiona is taking the class for college credit. On the first day of class, Frederico likely feels more __________ toward the class than Fiona.
relevance
Which of the following is NOT one of Grice's maxims?
relevance
Concrete experience
rely on concrete facts
A listener who is emotionally mature will also be better at
responsible speaking
Barrett is saying "Hmm..." and nodding his head as his client talks about her lunch date before the start of their appointment. Which level of listening most accurately describes Barrett's behavior in this communication act?
responsive
After her partner discloses information about a conflict at work, Margo says, "I think what you are saying is important, and you really do have a point. I'd like to hear more." Margo is demonstrating
responsiveness
While he was at lunch with his officemate, John broke eye contact to look at the passing dessert tray, but then looked back a few seconds later. Based on research on listener participation, what is John's officemate likely to do after John broke eye contact?
restart sentence
A cognitive structure consisting of representations of some defined area is a
schema
Donna is re-telling a story about a recent restaurant experience. The food she received at the restaurant was not prepared how she ordered it, and the restaurant smelled of fish. Donna does not plan to return to the restaurant. When Donna's friend asks about the cleanliness of the restaurant and the wait staff, Donna doesn't remember specific details and says, "Oh, I feel like everything was just dirty. It was just so bad." Donna's response to her friend includes
schema-based distortion
memory storage and recall
schemata helps decide when a message is complete and can be stored in memory or when you need to keep a category open until you gain sufficient information to formulate a working schema. The very way we perceive information affects how we store and recall any message
schemata and memory
schemata the facts to memory stage of listening by us identify information that she restored or forgotten, organize information in our memories, and aid us in recalling information
Problem focused support
seek support to solve a problem
How individuals construct their own social worlds is known as
self varification
sensing/ intuiting
sensors: practical and more interested in the here and now, Less interested in hypothetical futures. They trust her own senses and personal experiences and rely on these to perceive whats around them intuitors: abstract, more imaginative than practical. Greater trust in there imagination than their senses; hunch
A negotiator discloses information about his elderly father to a man threatening suicide. The negotiator is using a(n)
sharing response
The impressions that we form of others are called
social perception
Marcus is analyzing how an instructor's speaking skills and initial credibility can affect a student's listening skills in the classroom. Marcus' studies are analyzing which element of listening comprehension?
speaker-related factors
"Men with British accents are more attractive and make much better friends" is best described as a
stereotype
An aspect of family schemata that describes how much family members embrace traditional models of marriage and family life is called
structural traditionalism
organizational culture
study of an organizations way of life, one created by the history of the organization, its leaders, and employees
gender schemata
subcategory of people schemata; traits, occupations, and other information associated with maleness and femaleness
In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Jadic heard the stories of New Orleans locals and felt not just their sorrow, but also anger at how some of the tragedy might have been prevented but was not. Which term best describes Jadic's feelings?
sympathetic responsiveness
Darlene was able to give a description of suspect immediately after she witnessed a crime, but the trial proceedings took a year to begin. Darlene did not remember as much a year later. This variable is a(n)
system variable
Which of the following terms describes what one might do with information that he or she wants to retain and possibly use to develop new schemata?
tag
One of the most important steps to becoming a listening organization is having members
take personal responsibility for solving problems
Which of the following aspects of personality are considered to be most stable?
temperaments
learning style
tendency to choose or express a liking for a certain instructional technique
Which of the following is NOT a reason for inconsistency in verbal and nonverbal messages?
the information is pleasant but the speaker is not
Qi
the life force or energy that resides in the body; health is related to life energy
denotative meaning
the literal meaning of a word- dictionary definition
reevaluate a schema
the stronger the schema the more TAGS will be used
empathy-building statements
therapists acknowledge their clients feelings and indicate that they understand those feelings
critical listening
think about the message, make inferences, and evaluate both the speaker and the message- distinguishing facts from opinions
thinking/feeling
thinker: values logic, truthfulness, and criticism as well as objectivity, Justice, and fairness. Focus on analyzing things in terms of cause and effect, and logic guides their behaviors and actions feeler: need for belonging, value sympathy, empathy, and harmony. More subjective, weighing the relative merits of alternatives. Try to understand people and attend to what matters to others
intrinsic listening
this will help me in my career (inner motivation)
Judgers and Perceivers have bipolar values when it comes to managing
time
role of the college textbook
to help produce additional knowledge of a field or to present what is known and has to be proven about a field
Conversations, by including both an active sender and receiver, are processes that are
transactional
According to survey data, customer service scores are predicted largely by
trust
age
understanding health issues of older adults; "elderspeak" when old people say dear or sweetie, seen as demeaning; less assertive; seen as less than; usually the healthcare provider listens to whomever the old person is with and act like they are not there
microstructure
unfilled pauses and verbal fillers like "um", that are a natural part of the spontaneous lecture. Another part is unfinished sentences and incomplete thoughts
closing arguments
use "planned redundancy" to aid in jurors memories during deliberation
selective reflection
used to identify information that the client seems to be emphasizing or that is emotionally charged
According to Flowerdew, the level of concentration needed is high in academic listening and __________ in conversational listening.
varies
Jury selection is
voir dire
Emotion focused support
want emotional support; hoping distressed others work through their upset by listening to, empathizing with, legitimatizing, and actively supporting their feelings
therapeutic listening
want to show support for someone who is troubled- type pf empathetic listening: 1. focusing attention 2. demonstrating attending behaviors 3. developing a supportive communication climate 4. listening with empathy 5. responding appropriately
marasmus
wasting away disease in infants caused by lack of nonverbal touch btw baby and caregiver
event schemata
what we expect events to be like; like when at a boxing match it is ok if someone says to knock him out- in context
culture gaps
when an organization fails to live by its stated values, more focused on own interests and devalue listening by their actions
Personal relevancy
when you understand the importance of the topic to your personal needs
purpose
why the organization exists
nature of the visit
why you are visiting the doctor and the diagnosis can affect how you listen; if the doctor says you are healthy and to cut down on the fatty foods, then you probably won't cut down
gender
women are more likely to go to the doctor than men; this helps the relationship of the doctor and patient and increases their health
One of Dominic's classmates tells him in a conversation before class that it is her birthday. Dominic says, "Happy Birthday." Then class starts. Dominic used which type of memory in this listening situation before class?
working