COMS 1010 - Chapter 13
analogy
a comparison of two things that highlight the points of similarity
strategies for ordering key points
1) place your strongest points first and last and your weakest or least familiar ideas in the middle 2) if your audience needs current information, give them the info early 3) if you're going to run out of time, present your strongest points first in your speech
rules for outlining a presentation
1) use letters and numbers 2) divide sub points logically 3) keep the outline consistent in design and grammatical structure
signpost
a connective that consists of short phrases that, like a sign on the highway, tells or reminds listeners where they are in the organizational structure of a presentation; "First..." "Next..." "Finally..."
internal preview
a connective that identifies, in advance, the key points of a presentation or section in a specific order; "Today I will tell you about A, B, and C..."
internal summary
a connective that signals the end of a major section of a presentation and reinforces important ideas; "Today I have told you about A, B, and C"
transition
a connective that uses a word, number, brief phrase, or sentence to help a speaker move from one key point or section of a presentation to another; "In addition to...", "On the other hand..."
preliminary outline
a first draft outline that puts the major pieces of a presentation in a clear and logical order
central idea
a sentence that summarizes the key points of a presentation
secondary source
a source that reports, repeats, or summarizes information from one or more other sources
definition
a statement that explains or clarifies the meaning of a word, phrase, or concept
fact
a verifiable observation, experience, or event known to be true
speech framer
a visual model for organizing presentation content that provides a place for every component of a presentation while encouraging experimentation and creativity
example
a word or phrase that refers to a specific case or instance in order to make large or abstract ideas concrete and understandable
story
an account or report about something that has happened
comprehensive outline
an all-inclusive presentation framework that follows established outlining rules
description
an explanation that creates a mental image in the minds of listeners by providing details about causes, effects, historical background information, and characteristics
space arrangement
an organizational pattern in which key points are arranged in terms of their location or physical relationship to one another
time arrangement
an organizational pattern that arranges key points and message content according to time or calendar dates
compare-contrast arrangement
an organizational pattern that demonstrates how two things are similar or different
topical arrangement
an organizational pattern that divides a large topic into smaller sub topics in order to describe specific reasons, characteristics, or techniques
cause and effect arrangement
an organizational pattern that presents a cause and its resulting effects or details the effects that result from a specific cause
mind mapping
and organization technique that uses a hodgepodge of words, phrases, lists, circles, and errors in order to encourage the free flow of ideas and help define the relationship among ideas
problem-solution arrangement
and organizational pattern that describes a harmful or difficult situation (the problem) and then offers a plan (the solution) to solve the problem
eight types of supporting material
facts statistics testimony definitions descriptions analogies examples stories
supporting material
ideas and information that help explain and/or advance a presentation's purpose and key points
primacy effect
our tendency to recall the first item in a sequence; the reason why audiences often recall a presentation's introduction
recency effect
our tendency to recall the last item in a sequence; the reason why audiences often recall a presentation's conclusion
key points
points that represent the most important issues or main ideas in a presentation
testimony
statements or opinions that someone has spoken or written
primary source
the document, testimony, or publication in which new information first appears
content
the ideas, information, and opinions included in a message
connectives
the internal previews, summaries, transitions, and signposts that help connect key components of a presentation
speaking outline
the outline used by a speaker to deliver a presentation; it may be short and simple or a complex and detailed outline including significant supporting material
documentation
the practice of citing the sources of supporting material in writing or orally in a presentation
statistics
the results from collecting, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data
oral footnote
the spoken citation that includes enough information for listeners to find the original sources
organization
the way you arrange the content of your presentation into a clear and orderly sequence
valid supporting material
well-founded, justified, and accurate
biased
when an opinion is so slanted in one direction that it may not be objective or fair