COMS 1010 - Chapter 13

analogy

a comparison of two things that highlight the points of similarity

strategies for ordering key points

1) place your strongest points first and last and your weakest or least familiar ideas in the middle 2) if your audience needs current information, give them the info early 3) if you're going to run out of time, present your strongest points first in your speech

rules for outlining a presentation

1) use letters and numbers 2) divide sub points logically 3) keep the outline consistent in design and grammatical structure

signpost

a connective that consists of short phrases that, like a sign on the highway, tells or reminds listeners where they are in the organizational structure of a presentation; "First..." "Next..." "Finally..."

internal preview

a connective that identifies, in advance, the key points of a presentation or section in a specific order; "Today I will tell you about A, B, and C..."

internal summary

a connective that signals the end of a major section of a presentation and reinforces important ideas; "Today I have told you about A, B, and C"

transition

a connective that uses a word, number, brief phrase, or sentence to help a speaker move from one key point or section of a presentation to another; "In addition to...", "On the other hand..."

preliminary outline

a first draft outline that puts the major pieces of a presentation in a clear and logical order

central idea

a sentence that summarizes the key points of a presentation

secondary source

a source that reports, repeats, or summarizes information from one or more other sources

definition

a statement that explains or clarifies the meaning of a word, phrase, or concept

fact

a verifiable observation, experience, or event known to be true

speech framer

a visual model for organizing presentation content that provides a place for every component of a presentation while encouraging experimentation and creativity

example

a word or phrase that refers to a specific case or instance in order to make large or abstract ideas concrete and understandable

story

an account or report about something that has happened

comprehensive outline

an all-inclusive presentation framework that follows established outlining rules

description

an explanation that creates a mental image in the minds of listeners by providing details about causes, effects, historical background information, and characteristics

space arrangement

an organizational pattern in which key points are arranged in terms of their location or physical relationship to one another

time arrangement

an organizational pattern that arranges key points and message content according to time or calendar dates

compare-contrast arrangement

an organizational pattern that demonstrates how two things are similar or different

topical arrangement

an organizational pattern that divides a large topic into smaller sub topics in order to describe specific reasons, characteristics, or techniques

cause and effect arrangement

an organizational pattern that presents a cause and its resulting effects or details the effects that result from a specific cause

mind mapping

and organization technique that uses a hodgepodge of words, phrases, lists, circles, and errors in order to encourage the free flow of ideas and help define the relationship among ideas

problem-solution arrangement

and organizational pattern that describes a harmful or difficult situation (the problem) and then offers a plan (the solution) to solve the problem

eight types of supporting material

facts statistics testimony definitions descriptions analogies examples stories

supporting material

ideas and information that help explain and/or advance a presentation's purpose and key points

primacy effect

our tendency to recall the first item in a sequence; the reason why audiences often recall a presentation's introduction

recency effect

our tendency to recall the last item in a sequence; the reason why audiences often recall a presentation's conclusion

key points

points that represent the most important issues or main ideas in a presentation

testimony

statements or opinions that someone has spoken or written

primary source

the document, testimony, or publication in which new information first appears

content

the ideas, information, and opinions included in a message

connectives

the internal previews, summaries, transitions, and signposts that help connect key components of a presentation

speaking outline

the outline used by a speaker to deliver a presentation; it may be short and simple or a complex and detailed outline including significant supporting material

documentation

the practice of citing the sources of supporting material in writing or orally in a presentation

statistics

the results from collecting, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data

oral footnote

the spoken citation that includes enough information for listeners to find the original sources

organization

the way you arrange the content of your presentation into a clear and orderly sequence

valid supporting material

well-founded, justified, and accurate

biased

when an opinion is so slanted in one direction that it may not be objective or fair