Conditioned Emotional Response, Operant Conditioning, Reinforcement
operant
any behavior that is voluntary
punishment
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
reinforcement
any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
primary reinforcer
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
vicarious conditioning
classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching a reaction of another person
conditioned taste aversion
development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association
conditioned emotional response (CER)
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person
Law of Effect
law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by and unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated
cognitive perspective
modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus
stimulus substitution
original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together
biological preparedness
referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning
operant conditioning
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
punishment by application
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
punishment by removal
the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
positive reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
negative reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus