Conditioned Emotional Response, Operant Conditioning, Reinforcement

operant

any behavior that is voluntary

punishment

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

reinforcement

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

primary reinforcer

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

vicarious conditioning

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching a reaction of another person

conditioned taste aversion

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

conditioned emotional response (CER)

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

Law of Effect

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by and unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated

cognitive perspective

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

stimulus substitution

original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

biological preparedness

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

operant conditioning

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

punishment by application

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

punishment by removal

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

positive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus