Connect Practice Quizzes
hyoid
A coroner determines the cause of death to be strangulation because this delicate bone is fractured. Which bone is this?
reduce or inhibit transmission across the synapse.
A decrease in the number of voltage-gated Ca2+ ion channels in the presynaptic terminal would...
block sensory input into the CNS
A local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na+. The use of this anesthetic will
stimulus strength
A local potential increases or decreases in proportion to
smell
A major source of sensory input into the limbic system is the sense of __________.
frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases.
A neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is...
fibula
A patient in a skiing accident is told that the lateral side of the ankle joint has been crushed. The bone that has been injured is the __________.
medulla
A patient with a traumatic head injury may exhibit vomiting as a result of irritation of nuclei in the ____
temporal
A person who has cerebrospinal fluid draining from the ear probably has a fracture of the __________ bone
coordinate movement
A primary function of the cerebellum is to ____ interpret sound coordinate movement control body temperature regulate consciousness regulate sleep patterns
medulla
A small lesion in the brainstem which resulted in a rapid heart rate, intense vasoconstriction, and elevated blood pressure would probably be located in the ____
depolarization
Acetylcholine binds to a membrane bound receptor and causes ligand-gated sodium channels to open and results in
do not
Actin and myosin ____ shorten during contraction
epinephrine
Adrenergic receptors can be activated by
proprioceptors
All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT __________. Pacinian corpuscles proprioceptors Ruffini end organs Merkel disks Meissner corpuscles
physiologist
An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a/an _________blank.
hypothalamus
Anna has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures, which means she may have a dysfunction of the ____
3,1,4,2
Arrange the following in correct sequence: (1) Autonomic ganglia and ganglionic synapse (2) Synapse with target tissues (3) Preganglionic neuron (4) Postganglionic neuron
Sarcolemma, T tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+
Arrange these structures as they participate in excitation-contraction. T tubules, sarcolemma, Ca2+, sarcoplasmic reticulum
ascending
Ascending or descending: Spinoreticular tract
ascending
Ascending or descending: Spinothalamic tract
descending
Ascending or descending: Tectospinal tract
descending
Ascending or descending: corticospinal tract
ascending
Ascending or descending: fasciculus gracilis
descending
Ascending or descending: rubrospinal tract
ganglia
Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in
ventricles of the brain
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by tissue in the walls and roofs of the ________
sympathetic branch of ANS
Chain ganglia are part of the ____
two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors
Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes... (what neurons and effectors)
a splanchnic nerve
Consider the following situation: Sympathetic preganglionic axons enter a sympathetic chain ganglia. In order for these axons to reach collateral ganglia, they must now travel through...
inability of the muscle fiber to respond to nervous stimulation
Curare blocks acetylcholine receptors at the motor end plate. This would result in...
Phrenic nerves
Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening? Median nerves Phrenic nerves Lumbar nerves Sciatic nerves Radial nerves
voltage gated sodium ion channels
Depolarization causes _________ to open
upper and lower motor neurons
Descending pathways consist of ____
Both activation and inactivation gates are open
Each voltage-gated Na+ channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?
muscarinic receptors
Effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from postganglionic neurons have...
two neurons in series to connect the CNS to the effector.
Efferent neurons of the ANS utilize...
each muscle fiber
Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that surrounds...
a branch of an axon from the nerve
Every muscle fiber receives...
production of an action potential in the sarcolemma
Excitation-contraction coupling begins with...
association
Fibers connecting areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere are __________ fibers
microglia
Frank has a microbial infection attacking his brain. Which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time?
size of muscle fibers
Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the
narrower
I band and H zones become ____ during contraction
premotor area
If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action?
movement
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of ______
nerves
If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut _____
prefrontal area
Impulses that initiate motivation and forethought originate in the ________
spinal cord through the brainstem to the thalamus
In an ascending pathway, axons of the secondary neuron travel from the...
elevated permeability to K+ during repolarization
In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because there is prolonged...
nuclei
In the CNS, clusters of gray matter containing cell bodies are called ____
columns, horns
In the spinal cord, white matter is organized into ___ and gray matter into ____
continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane
Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in
a slight shaking of the hands or head
Lesions of the basal nuclei could cause...
maximal contraction
Optimal actin and myosin overlap will produce...
pelvic; lower colon and reproductive glands
Parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the sacral region of the spinal cord course through _________blank nerves that innervate the _________blank.
sympathetic
Preganglionic fibers from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the _________blank division of the ANS.
cell body
Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in ____
A band
Remains constant in length in a sarcomere during contraction
golgi tendon reflex
Sam is curling very heavy weights and suddenly drops them. Which reflex forced this action by Sam to prevent tendon damage?
brachial
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the __________ plexus.
sacral
Spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the __________ plexus.
inhibitory, alpha motor neurons
Stimulation of the Golgi tendon organs result in which of the following changes in the reflex arc? stimulation of an ____ neuron and decreased action potentials in __ ____ ___
The number of EPSPs in relation to the number of IPSPs
Suppose both excitatory and inhibitory neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron. What determines if an action potential is initiated in the postsynaptic neuron?
chain or collateral ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons can synapse where?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Sympathetic stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of ___
cutaneous sensations on the opposite side of his body below the level of injury
Terrance is told by his physician that he has lesions on one side of his spinal cord, which cut the lateral spinothalamic tract. Therefore, Terrance will have an inability to perceive...
completion of repolarization before another action potential
The absolute refractory period assures
prevent the person from falling
The adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to
decussation
The anatomical crossing over of neurons from left to right
sternum
The anterior boundary of the "rib cage" is/are the ____
temporal lobe
The auditory cortex is located in the
frontal and parietal lobes
The central sulcus separates the _____
intended movements with actual movements
The cerebellum functions as a comparator. This means that the cerebellum compares
nerve tracts of white matter beneath the cerebral cortex
The cerebral medulla consists of many
hydroxyapatite crystals
The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of ____
unconscious movements
The extrapyramidal system maintains control of...
Decussation of the pyramids into two hemispheres
The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the
atlas
The first cervical vertebrae is the ___
the cerebrum and diencephalon
The limbic system involves various neural connections between ______
nicotinic receptors
The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia have...
multipolar
The motor neurons responsible for making a fist are _____
1,2,3,4,5
The muscles of the back contract to straighten so that you sit at a more erect posture and subsequently the muscles are suddenly stretched as you nod off. Which of the following best represents the sequence of events when you start to nod off? (1) Muscles of the back are stretched.(2) The muscle spindle is stretched.(3) Action potentials in sensory neurons of the muscle spindles increase.(4) Action potentials in alpha motor neurons of skeletal muscle fibers increase.(5) Skeletal muscle of the back contract
visceroreceptors
The pain a person experiences with acute appendicitis results from stimulating nerve endings called ________
postganglionic axons near the organs they innervate
The parasympathetic nervous system is characterized by short...
there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+
The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to K+ because...
fasiculus gracilis
The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the __________.
larger
The primary motor area contains a ___ area for control of the hands and fingers than control of the arm and elbow
parietal
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the _________blank lobe.
descending motor
The pyramids of the medulla contain ____ tracts
muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic.
The receptor molecules of the ANS may be....
thoracic
The ribs articulate with the __________ vertebrae
CNS
The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system conveys action potentials to the
white ramus communicans
The short connection between a spinal nerve and a sympathetic chain ganglion through which preganglionic neurons pass is called the _________blank.
intervertebral foramen
The site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column is the _____
number of sensory receptors
The size of various regions of the primary somatic sensory cortex is proportional to the __________ in that area of the body.
only motor fibers
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ____
hypothalamus
Thirteen year-old Austin exhibits retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive gland development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. Which part of Austin's brain is most likely involved?
long and thin
Thoracic vertebrae have ... spinous processes.
Spinocerebellar tract
Tract carrying proprioception and a comparator function
Fasciculus cuneatus
Tract carrying vibration from upper limbs
meissner corpuscles
What detects two point discrimination
cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
What is found in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord?
epidural space
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?
excitatory
When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+ an _____ postsynaptic potential will result
calcium ions diffuse into the presynaptic terminal through voltage-gated ion channels.
When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal,
special
When people smoke cigarettes, they damage some of their taste buds. Which type of sense has been damaged by the smoking?
axillary
When someone taps you on your shoulder, they stimulate the __________ nerve
spatial summation occurs
When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron,
organ physiology
Which branch of physiology would study the effects of sunbathing on the skin?
vagus
Which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
controlling the ANS
Which of the following activities is NOT associated with the cerebrum? Interpreting smell and taste Controlling the autonomic nervous system Initiating voluntary movements Making moral judgments Writing poetry
a clock radio coming on in the morning
Which of the following activities would stimulate the reticular formation?
vomer and ethmoid
Which of the following bones form the nasal septum?
inferior nasal conchae
Which of the following bones forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
hypothalamus
Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?
vestibulocochlear
Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory? Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Hypoglossal (XII) Trochlear (IV) Facial (VI) Trigeminal (V)
the action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane
Which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of a muscle twitch? Muscle fibers shorten. Cross-bridges form, move, release, and reform many times. The action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane. Ca2+ are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. All of these events occur in the lag phase.
Increased concentration of Ca2+ around the myofibrils
Which of the following helps explain the increased tension seen in multiple wave summation? Increased motor unit recruitment Increased concentration of Ca2+ around the myofibrils Exposure of more active sites on myosin myofilaments The breakdown of elastic elements in the cell Decreased stimulus frequency
provides oxygen to CNS
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid? Provides oxygen to CNS tissue Provides nutrients to CNS tissue Provides a protective cushion around the CNS Protects the brain from rapid, jarring head movements
control the heart rate
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum? Coordinate control of voluntary movements Help in the maintenance of muscle tone Control the heart rate Control skeletal muscles to maintain balance Control of posture, locomotion, and fine motor coordination
dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs
Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic effect? Constriction of the pupils of the eye Contraction of the urinary bladder Decreased heart rate Dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs Increased gastric secretions
they bind to troponin
Which of the following is NOT a property of the myosin head? They form cross-bridges with the active sites of actin. They have a hinge region to bend and straighten. They bind to troponin. They have ATPase activity. They bind to ATP.
enteric bipolar neuron
Which of the following is NOT a type of enteric neuron? Enteric interneuron Enteric sensory neuron Enteric bipolar neuron Enteric motor neuron
corticospinal tract
Which of the following is a descending pathway in the spinal cord? Fasciculus gracilis Corticospinal tract Spinothalamic tract Spinoreticular tract
lateral spinothalamic tract
Which of the following is an ascending pathway in the spinal cord? Lateral spinothalamic tract Rubrospinal tract Lateral corticospinal tract Tectospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract
central nervous system
Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?
postganglionic sympathetic
Which of the following neurons is most likely to be adrenergic? -Preganglionic sympathetic -Preganglionic parasympathetic -Postganglionic sympathetic -Postganglionic parasympathetic -Postganglionic somatic motor
Increased motility of the digestive tract
Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic system is stimulated? Increased blood pressure Increased motility of the digestive tract Increased metabolism Increased heart rate Decreased motility of the digestive tract
Ruffini end organs
Which of the following receptor type is mismatched with its sensation? Merkel disks - light touch Pacinian corpuscles - vibration Meissner corpuscles - two-point discrimination Ruffini end organs - temperature Hair follicle receptors - slight bending of the hair
Depolarization causes voltage-gated Na+ channels to open
Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells? When Na+ channels open, K+ channels close. The sodium-potassium pump moves Na+ into the cell. Depolarization causes voltage-gated Na+ channels to open. Ligand-gated Na+ channels are opened by high extracellular Ca2+ levels. Proteins tend to diffuse out of the cell.
1
Which of the following statements is true? 1. The sympathetic division diverges more than the parasympathetic division. 2. Increased parasympathetic activity is consistent with increased physical activity. 3. One division of the ANS is always stimulatory, and the other is always inhibitory. 4. Structures receiving both dual autonomic innervation are regulated equally by both divisions. 5. There is dual innervation of all organs.
Glial cells produce action potentials for skeletal muscles.
Which of the following statements regarding glial cells is false? Glial cells serve as the major supporting tissue in the CNS. Glial cells form part of the blood-brain barrier. Glial cells produce action potentials for skeletal muscles. Glial cells form myelin sheaths around some axons. Glial cells produce cerebrospinal fluid.
cardiovascular
Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?
spinoreticular tract
Which of the following tract is mismatched with its description? Spinotectal tract - visual reflexes Fasciculus cuneatus - vibration from upper body half Spinoreticular tract - light touch Spinocerebellar tract - proprioception Spinocerebellar tract - comparator function
balance impairment
Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum? Loss of general sensation Balance impairment No heartbeat Increased sex drive No conscious thought
pectoralis major
Which of the organs listed below is not directly innervated by the autonomic nervous system? -heart -sweat gland -arrector pili of hair follicle -pectoralis major
interneuron
Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?
medulla
Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?
filum terminale
Which structure anchors the thecal sac and conus medullaris to the coccyx?
pons, medulla
Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?
autonomic
Which type of nerve would cause a blood vessel to constrict?
corpus callosum
a band of commissural fibers that connects the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebral hemisphere.
foramen
a hole for a blood vessel
myofilament
a protein strand composed of actin or myosin.
organ
a structure composed of several tissue types
T tubules
conduct action potentials deep into the muscle fiber
cartilage
contains chondrocytes located in lacunae
I band
contains only actin
merkel disks
detects light touch
Pacinian corpuscles
detects vibration
neuromodulator
is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.
M line
middle of the H zone
isotonic contraction
muscle produces constant tension during contraction
appositional growth
new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.
mechanoreceptor
responds to compression of the receptor
Spinotectal tract
sensory tract providing visual reflexes
skeletal and cardiac
striated muscle fibers are
Z disk
structure between adjacent sarcomeres
endoneurium
surrounds individual axons and their Schwann cells
conus medullaris
tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement
sympathetic, parasympathetic
the ____ division diverges more than the ____ division of the ANS
complete tetanus
the condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations.
proximal
the shoulder is ___ to the elbow
myosin
thick filament
actin
thin myofilament
sympathetic
what division of the ANS has the preganglionic cell body located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord.
thalamus
Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the ___
hyperpolarize
Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to K+. You would expect his cells to _______
Oligodendrocytes
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?
postsynaptic membrane
NT cause the production of action potentials in the ______
medulla, spinal cord, hypothalamus
Name three places that autonomic reflexes might be integrated in...
responsiveness
Nerve cells generate electrical signals in response to changes in the environment. This is an example of _________blank.
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a/an ___
trigeminal
Maggie has her wisdom teeth removed, and later has difficulty with chewing and cannot feel sensations to the side of her face. This is likely caused by the numbing of the __________ nerve.