Connect questions

In a population of cats, the phenotypic frequency of black cats is 91%, and the phenotypic frequency of white cats is 9%. Assuming that black (B) is dominant and white (b) is recessive, identify the appropriate frequency for each of the following for a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 1. Allele frequency of b. 2. Allele frequency of B. 3. Genotype frequency of BB. 4. Genotype frequency of Bb.

1. 0.3 2. 0.7 3. 0.49 4. 0.42

Which of the following species is most likely to be monogamous? - An antelope species where the young are born very matured - A mouse species whose young only feed off of its mother's milk - A bird species where females give birth and males defend the nest while the young mature - An insect species where virtually no parental care is given All of the above species are likely to be monogamous

A bird species where females give birth and males defend the nest while the young mature

Identify whether the organisms shown here are products of artificial selection or natural selection. - zebras - corn - bulldogs - dandelions - wolves - poison ivy - thoroughbred horses - cattle

Natural selection: - zebras - dandelions - wolves - poison ivy Artificial Selection: - corn - bulldogs - thoroughbred horses - cattle

How can natural selection favor the evolution of sterile workers in eusocial insect colonies? - The sterile workers can still reproduce asexually - The sterile workers are more related to their siblings than they would be their offspring - The sterile workers identify and kill other bees that don't share their genes - The sterile workers teach behaviors to each offspring that is passed down through generations - The sterile workers have no predators, so they are likely to live longer than the reproductive members of the colon

The sterile workers are more related to their siblings than they would be their offspring

Any behavior that benefits another individual at a cost of the individual acting is an example of ______

altruism

In some populations the drive is to mate with individuals that are phenotypically different at a variety of loci. This leads to large numbers of heterozygotes and is called - neutral theory. - disassortative mating. - shifting balance theory. - bottleneck effect. - founder effect.

disassortative mating.

The reproductive success of any individual can be quantified by _____

fitness

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium conditions for populations of organisms result in: - polymorphic alleles. - assortive mating. - natural selection. - maintenance of recessive alleles in the gene pool. - no evolutionary changes.

no evolutionary changes.

Environmental conditions often favor one ______ over another

phenotype

Which one of the following is not an agent of evolutionary change? - mutation - gene flow - random mating - genetic drift - selection

random mating

A benefit of this unselfish behavior may be ______, where other individuals are more likely to help unselfish individuals in the future

reciprocity

Fitness is a _____ concept because the success of one individual is determined by the success of others

relative

By evaluating and selecting mates with superior qualities, an animal can increase its correct - reproductive success. - learning. - competitive strategies. - foraging efficiency. - length of life.

reproductive success.

Check each of the following investigations that would be considered the study of behavioral ecology. - Measuring the mutation rate of a non-coding gene - Investigating whether a falcon feeds at night or during the day - Measuring whether female lions were more attracted to male lions who defended their territory - Investigating whether vocalization in a frog species increases the reproductive output of the frogs - Measuring how high the mouths of giraffes can reach in a tree

- Measuring whether female lions were more attracted to male lions who defended their territory - Investigating whether vocalization in a frog species increases the reproductive output of the frogs

Check each of the following statements that describe likely advantages of group living in societies. - Individuals may pass on advantageous genes to other members of the group - Members of the group may communicate the location of food to other members - Individuals may warn other members of nearby predators - Individuals are less likely to contract diseases as members in groups - Cooperative hunting may allow the group to subdue larger prey

- Members of the group may communicate the location of food to other members - Individuals may warn other members of nearby predators - Cooperative hunting may allow the group to subdue larger prey

Consider a population of birds where three phenotypes exist. Red birds leave 10 offspring in the next generation, reddish orange birds leave 8 offspring, and orange birds leave 2 offspring. Based on this information, indicate whether the following statements are true or false. 1. The relative fitness of red birds is 0.5. 2. The relative fitness of orange birds is 0.2. 3. The difference in fitness between red and reddish orange birds is 0.1. 4. The difference in fitness between reddish orange birds and orange birds is 0.6. 5. Natural selection would favor red birds over orange birds.

1. false 2. true 3. false 4. true 5. true

Indicate true or false that the following populations meet the basic requirements of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 1. A small and isolated population of seals living in a stable environment with no genetic mutations. 2. A large population of fish where females mate with males based on size. 3. A population of birds with no genetic mutations that often mate with members of neighboring bird populations. 4. A large and isolated population of squirrels in a relatively stable environment in which no genetic mutations are occurring and mating between males and females is random. 5. A small population of spiders living in an environment that strongly favors larger individuals.

1. false (small population) 2. false (mating is not random) 3. false (gene flow among population) 4. true 5. false (small population and natural selection occurring)

Consider a population of lizards where there is variation in jaw size. Check which of the following types of selection could result in an increase in the proportion of lizards with large jaws - Disruptive selection - Directional selection - Stabilizing selection

Disruptive and directional selection

Why is genetic polymorphism important to evolution? - Individual variability provides the raw material for natural selection to act on. - Genes cannot mutate unless they are polymorphic. - Only heterozygous individuals are selected for natural populations. - Genetic polymorphism is not important to evolution.

Individual variability provides the raw material for natural selection to act on.

Which of the following statements about disruptive selection is false? - It involves multi-gene inheritance. - It results in polymorphism. - It results in a bimodal distribution of phenotypes within a population. - It increases heterozygosity within the population. - It selects against individuals with intermediate phenotypes.

It increases heterozygosity within the population.

Hardy-Weinberg pointed out that the original proportions of the genotypes in a population would remain constant from generation to generation if certain assumptions are met. Which one of the following is not a Hardy-Weinberg condition? - The population is very large. - No gene flow occurs. - No selection occurs. - Random mating occurs. - No polymorphic loci exist in the population.

No polymorphic loci exist in the population.

The idea of inclusive fitness considers fitness to be comprised of an individual's genes passed on to the next generation directly (by the individual) and indirectly (by the individuals relatives). Equal survivorship and reproduction by which group of relatives would constitute the greatest inclusive fitness for an individual? - One full sibling and one offspring - One offspring, one half sibling, and one first cousin - Two full siblings and one first cousin - Five first cousins - Two parents

Two full siblings and one first cousin

In small populations, frequencies of certain alleles may change by chance alone. Such random change in the frequency of alleles is called - mutation. - migration. - genetic drift. - nonrandom mating. - selection.

genetic drift

What is a consequence of mate choice by members of the opposite sex?

intersexual selection

Competition between males fighting for a mate would be considered ________ selection

intrasexual

In disruptive selection, over time - a population goes extinct. - the most extreme outliers of a population are eliminated (e.g., the largest beaks and smallest beaks are eliminated). - the population is strongly selected for in one direction (e.g., larger beak size). - the population is strongly selected for in two directions (e.g., larger beak size and smaller beak size). - a population increases its variation (e.g., a wide selection of all beak sizes).

the population is strongly selected for in two directions (e.g., larger beak size and smaller beak size).

Identify whether the following processes could affect allele frequencies in a population. - Assortative matin - gene flow - disassortative mating - genetic drift - natural selection

yes - assortative mating - disassortative mating no - natural selection - genetic drift - gene flow

For a gene with two alternative alleles, A (with a frequency of p) and B (with a frequency of q), the term in the algebraic form of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the heterozygote genotype frequency is - p2. - q2. - 2pq. - (p+q)2. - 2Aa.

2pq

Identify whether the human characteristics indicated here are acquired or inherited? - widows peak - riding a bike - nearsightedness - opposable thumb - Calluses - Larger muscles by exercising - eye color - language

Acquired characteristics: - riding a bike -calluses - larger muscles by exercising - language Inherited characteristics: -widows peak - nearsightedness - opposable thumbs - eye color

Which of the following is NOT true about artificial selection? - Artificial selection shows that evolutionary change can occur over a short time - Artificial selection shows that natural selection is capable of producing major evolutionary change - Artificial selection occurs when humans selectively breed individuals of a species with desirable traits - Artificial selection results in only minor changes within a species

Artificial selection results in only minor changes within a species

Which of the following statements about the laboratory and field studies on evolution of protective coloration in the guppy (as described in the textbook) is false? - Pike cichlids are only found below waterfalls. - Guppies transferred to pools above waterfalls remained drab if killifish were present there. - Guppy predation was greater in pools below waterfalls than above waterfalls. - Killifish can be found both above and below waterfalls. - Substantial evolutionary changes in guppy populations can occur in as few as several years.

Guppies transferred to pools above waterfalls remained drab if killifish were present there.

Indicate whether the following statements about Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection are true or false. a. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection has been solidly demonstrated. b. The failure to discover fossil intermediates refutes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. c. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is a random process. d. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics. e. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection can explain small changes within species and major differences among species.

a. true b. false c. false d. false e. true

Which of the following would be an example of biological evolution? Check all that apply. 1. A population of mammal developing white fur over time in an arctic environment 2. An increase in the number of individuals with the type O blood phenotype in a small human population by chance 3. One species from the mainland diverging into two distinct species on a group of islands 4. An accumulation of mutations in a cave species that results in the loss of functional eyes 5. A decrease in the frequency of the gene for sickle-cell anemia in a human population from 0.002% to 0.001%

all five

The type of non-random mating that causes the frequencies of particular genotypes to differ greatly from those predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is called - mutation. - migration. - genetic drift. - assortative mating. - selection.

assortative mating

According to Darwin, the different species of finches of the Galapagos Islands were a group of ______ related species evolving from ______ species. - closely; several - distantly; one - closely; one - distantly; several

closely; one

The text discusses sickle-cell anemia, which is a classic example of - founder effect. - genetic bottleneck. - point mutation. - heterozygote advantage. - heterozygosity.

heterozygote advantage.

Gene flow, defined as the movement of genes from one population to another, can take place by migration, as well as - mating with certain trait-containing individuals. - mating with dominant phenotypes. - hybridization between individuals of adjacent populations. - removing the barriers between the populations. - physical movement of genes within an individual by transposons.

hybridization between individuals of adjacent populations.

Unselfish act for a relative is termed __ _____

kin selection

The degree of parental investment required often results in the non-random mating behavior called ___________. - sexual selection - fidelity - mate choice - preferability

mate choice

Favored individuals will generally have ____ surviving offspring than those who are not favored. This is referred to as ______

more; selection

Which of the following best describes a scientific theory? - an educated guess about natural phenomena based on observations - an explanation that fits current evidence and has withstood rigorous testing - a generalization about a group of observations that is applicable under a given set of conditions - an explanation for many observations that has not yet been tested

an explanation that fits current evidence and has withstood rigorous testing

Sometimes a restriction in genetic variability is imposed on populations by natural catastrophes such as flooding, earthquake, etc. The surviving individuals reflect only a small, random genetic sample of the population affected. This process is termed - mutation. - migration. - genetic drift. - assortative mating. - bottleneck effect.

bottleneck effect