Consultation Terms

Triadic-dependent model

-Consists of a consultant, a consultee, and a client. -Consultee seeks advice from an expert (consultant) about a third party. -Client may be an individual, a group, a family, or an organization. -Consultee relies on the consultant for help in resolving the client's problem. -In this model, the consultant is viewed as the expert and the consultee is dependent upon the consultant's advice and recommendations. -The immediate goal of this model is to increase the skills and knowledge of the consultee and implement an intervention plan to achieve change for the client -Counselor and consultee may provide services

Collaborative-interdependent model

-Everyone who participates in the consultation process holds equal authority and depends on the others for their specialized knowledge, making it necessary for each member to contribute to the problem-solving process. -Is ideal for addressing problems that are intricate and involve the larger society -Each person in the group is dependent upon the expertise of other group members in formulating and executing the problem-solving plan.

Collaborative-dependent model

-The consultee relies on consultant for help while both parties contribute their unique background and skills to resolve the problem. -The consultant and consultee establish mutual goals and objectives for the client and develop an intervention plan. -However, the consultee is responsible for implementing the intervention plan.

4 stages of consultation

1. Entry stage - physically and psychologically entering the system & establishing rapport -explore needs -desired outcome -negotiate a contract 2. Diagnosis Stage- gathering info & data, analyzing and defining the problem, possible inventions, clarifying goals 3. Intervention stage-selecting and implementing intervention. Developing and implementing evlauation plan 4. Disengagement stage- consultation process is evaluated, relationships are terminated, create a plan for post consultation

What are the 5 different consultation modes?

1. Prescriptive 2. Provision 3. Initiation 4. Collaboration 5. Mediation

What are the different types of consultation approaches?

1. triadic-dependent model 2. collaborative-dependent model 3. collaborative interdepedent model

Solution-focused collaboration

Collaboration between parents and teachers works on building solutions together based on a strength based approach.

Prescriptive

Consultants share their expertise by presenting response plans to consultees based upon analyses of challenges the consultees are trying to address with third parties such as students. Ex. A teacher has requested assistance from the school counselor with a student who is acting out in her elementary school classroom. The counselor observes the student in the classroom setting and thereafter presents the teacher with a plan for addressing the student's behavior. In this example, the school counselor consultant is providing a strategy to the teacher.

Collaboration

Occurs when consultants and consultees engage in a process of trying to identify possible solutions to problems that consultees are experiencing. This may occur via steps such as defining the problem, identifying prospective solutions, weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the prospective solutions, seeking further information if needed, selecting what appears to be the best solution, implementing the selected solution, evaluating the outcomes, and determining whether the implementation is working or alternative prospective solutions need to be identified. Ex. This consultation process would have occurred if the counselor and the teacher had worked their way through the steps listed above in order to arrive mutually at what appeared to be the best way to respond to the student who was acting out in class.

Consultation models are often "ethnocentric". What does ethnocentric mean?

School counselors adjust models and services to accommodate individuals worldviews and bridge cultural differences.

Mediation

School counselors may find themselves working with two or more individuals who need assistance in resolving disputes. In these encounters, the consultant attempts to keep the lines of communication open between the disputing parties in order to try to achieve a mutually agreed-upon compromise. Consultants may offer suggestions for mutual consideration by the disputants and are not responsible for dictating solutions. Ex. If one student requests that a school counselor help resolve a dispute with another student, the first student is essentially the consultee and the second student the client system. In another case, both students might have been referred to the consultant by an assistant principal who then becomes the consultee.

Initiation

There are times when school counselors who notice circumstances that are not being addressed successfully by prospective consultees will attempt to start consulting relationships when they believe they have something of value to offer. Ex. In the case of the acting-out student described above, this mode would have occurred if the counselor had overheard the teacher complaining about the classroom situation while not asking for any assistance, and the counselor had approached the teacher to start a consulting relationship.

Provision

When consultees are unable or unwilling to apply the strategies that are derived from consultation or recommended by the consultant. In these instances, the consultants may be engaged with the third parties or client systems directly in order to administer the agreed-upon interventions. Ex. if the teacher lacks confidence, experience, or time to personally deliver the plan recommended by the school counselor in the case cited above, and the counselor agrees to appear in the classroom to carry out the plan, then the counselor is a consultant who is engaged in the ________________mode.