CONTENT TEST

*Which of the following number lines shows the solution to the inequality -x+5<-1/3x+17? a. <------(-18)====> b. <====(-16)-----> c. <====(-9)------> d. <------(-8)====>

Correct Response A Objective 0007. One way to solve the inequality is to first add 1/3x to both sides of the inequality sign and then subtract 5 from both sides of the inequality sign. The resulting inequality is -2/3x<12. The next step is to multiply each side by -3/2 and with the inequality symbol from <to>, which must be done when multiplying both sides of an inequality by a negative number. The final solution is x>-18. This is graphed by placing an open dot at -18 (since -18 is not in the solution set) with shading to the right, as shown in response A.

*Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows. (look at paper) In the diagram above, BC | DE. What is the measure of /__2? a. 125° 140° 150° 165°

Correct Response A Objective 0012. /_6 is supplementary to the 140° angle, so /_6=180-140 = 40°. Likewise, /_1 is supplementary to the 165° angle, so /_1=180-165 = 15°. Since lines BC and DE are parallel, corresponding angles three and six are congruent, so /_3=40°. The sum of the interior angles in a triangleIs 180°, so /_1+/_2+/_3=15+/_2+40=180. Solving the equation gives the degree measure of /_2 as 180-15-40=125°.

In a democratic system, active participation by informed citizens is generally most effective in helping achieve which of the following goals? a. holding elected representatives accountable to their constituents b. developing a comprehensive policy proposal for party platforms c. facilitating consensus building among politically diverse groups d. minimizing the effects of social and economic inequalities

Correct Response A Objective 0016. By using their fundamental right to vote, citizens in a democratic system hold elected officials accountable through their ability to replace representatives who fail to support constituents' interests. Active citizens may also directly contact representatives and influence their actions through meetings, petitions, letter-writing campaigns, letters to the editor, and organized rallies.

*Which of the following questions would be most appropriate for a first grade teacher to ask as part of a lesson on phonemic blending? a. what letter begins the word fish? b. what word and I trying to say: /f//i/ sh/? c. what whole word does /f/.../ish/ make? d. how many sounds do you hear in the word fish?

Correct Response B Objective 0001. A phoneme is a single unit of sound in the sound system of a language. The three individual phonemes /f/ /i/ /sh/ produce the word fish when they are blended together. The ability to orally blend the individual phonemes of a spoken word together to say the word is prerequisite to the development of the beginning phonics skill of sounding out and blending the letters of printed words.

*As the concluding activity for unit on tall tales, a third grade teacher plans to have students compose original tall tales and post them on the class blog. Students will then read their classmates tall tales and post comments. To ensure that students comments are constructive, the teacher should engage students in which of the following activities? a. Reviewing the common elements of traditional tall tales b. Creating a five point scale students can use to rate the tall tales c. Rereading the tall tales that students read during the unit d. Working with students to develop guidelines for providing feedback

Correct Response D Objective 0005. Prior to commenting on classmates writing, students need to know how to make constructive comments. The teacher would want to guide students in developing guidelines for providing feedback that is constructive. When students are directly involved in developing such skills, they are more invested in using them.

*Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows/ Given that the shape formed by the pattern block above is one unit, what fraction of a unit is the shaded figure? a. 1/6 b. 3/6 c. 1/5 d/ 3/8

Correct Response D Objective 0009. The whole is represented by the trapezoid and 5 triangles. Three triangles can fill the trapezoid, so there are 3+5 equal triangular parts to make up the whole shape. The trapezoid represents 3 of the 8 parts, so it is 3/8 of a unit.

A teacher has students modeling the integers from 2 through 20 by creating rectangular arrays using square tiles. The students notice that some numbers can be modeled using different arrays; for example, 8 can be modeled with a 2 by 4 array and a 1 by 8 array. If only one array is possible for a given integer n, where n>1, then it must be true that n is: a. Odd b. Even c. Composite d. Prime

Correct Response D Objective 0010. If only one array is possible for a given integer, the number must have only two factors. Prime numbers have exactly 2 factors: the prime number itself and one.

Activity in which of the following areas contributes most to the Illinois economy? a. manufacturing b. tourism c. energy d. agriculture

Correct Response A Objective 0017. The manufacturing industry is a major contributor to the economy in Illinois, second only to the state's service industries. The sector includes the construction of machinery, tools, and equipment, food-processing industries; and chemical manufacturing.

Which of the following situations best illustrate the concept of voluntary exchange in a market economy? a. a company offers a job seeker an hourly rate that the potential employee accepts in return for his labor b. a store owner pays taxes to the local government in return for protection by local law enforcement and other benefits c. an individual accepts financial support offered by family members in order to pursue a professional degree d. a manufacturer decides to produce less of a particular product after the price of the product declines due to oversupply

Correct Response A Objective 0017. Voluntary exchange is the free and willing exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers. These transactions occur in a way that leaves both buyer and seller better off after the exchange than before. When an individual who is seeking a job agrees to sell his or her labor to an employer who is willing to pay the individual for his or her work, a voluntary exchange has taken place.

*Which of the following options best describes what melody refers to in a musical composition? a. a steady recurring beat b. the cadence of lyrics c. a series of tones d. the volume of sounds

Correct Response C Objective 0020. In music, melody refers to a series or sequence of tones or pitches that typically add up to a distinct musical phrase.

*A fifth grade teacher regularly uses drama activities to teach social studies content. In one activity the students portray delegates to the constitutional convention and debate different ways of structuring the government. This approach is most effective for accomplishing which of the following goals? a. Illustrating the differences between the politics of different eras b. reinforcing the chronology of important events in U.S. history c. Promoting an understanding of the actions of historical figures b. Emphasizing the duty as citizens to voice opinions and their representatives

Correct Response C Objective 0020. Playing the role of historical figures allows the student actors to attain a better understanding of the historical figures because the students have to research and learn about the figures. By using that knowledge to inform their debate, the students are likely to increase their understanding of the figures

*Information about the location and environment of a particular cultural group in premodern Europe would most likely provide a researcher with the greatest insight into the group's: a. demographic characteristics b. social organization c. economic activities d. family structure

Correct Response C Objective 0018. Knowledge of the location and environment of a premodern cultural group would provide information about the natural resources that were available to the group for subsistence and trade. This in turn would offer a researcher insights into the kinds of activities carried out by the group to secure food, provide clothing and shelter, and meet other needs.

*Which of the following visual art techniques is most appropriate for first grade students to use a. batiking b. wood block printing c. stamping d. engraving

Stamping is a printmaking technique in which objects such as fruits and vegetables are dipped in printing ink and pressed onto a support. For young children, stamping is a safe technique provided the ink is water soluble and nontoxic. Stamping can help students learn about elements of art such as a color or shape, and encourages experimentation and self-expression.

A third grade teacher is working with a group of students who have achieved grade- level benchmarks for accuracy and rate but who need to improve their prosody. The teacher plans a sequence of fluency lessons designed to address the students' needs. Which of the following activities would be most effective for the teacher to use first in this sequence of instruction? a. teacher modeling by reading a target passage aloud b. teacher and student choral reading a target passage together aloud c. teacher and student taking turns echo reading a target passage aloud d. students taking turns partner reading a target passage to each other aloud

Correct Response A Objective 0002. An important component of fluency is prosody, or reading with expression and proper phrasing. Research has shown that one reason students cannot read fluently is that they have not heard fluent reading. Fluency instruction should therefore begin with an example of expressive reading by a fluent reader as students see the text and follow along. This modeling helps show students that reading should sound like natural speech before they are asked to read the passage themselves.

Which of the following research questions most clearly focuses on the geographic concept of place? a. What physical characteristics distinguish the Andes Mountains from the Rocky Mountains? b. What are the primary causes and effects of desertification in the Sahel region of Africa? c. What is the most efficient way to transport oranges that are grown in Florida to other parts of the United States? d. In what ways have Eastern and Western Europe become more similar since the fall of the Soviet Union?

Correct Response A Objective 0018. In geography, the term place refers to the physical and human characteristics of a location. All places have physical and cultural attributes that distinguish then from other places. The physical characteristics of a place are its natural environment, including for example bodies of water, landforms, climate, soils, natural vegetation, and animal life.

*The substantial diversity observed in the behavioral norms, values, beliefs, interests, and tastes of individuals and groups can best be understood as a result of differences in: a. socialization b. economic status c. cognition d. social control

Correct Response A Objective 0018. The lifelong process of learning and teaching the norms, customs, and beliefs of a cultural group is called socialization. This process, which takes place in families, schools, and other social institutions and settings, perpetuates particular beliefs and practices within a group over time and perpetuates differences among groups. Similarly, individuals within a large group can be socialized to different norms and practices characteristics of their family, class, religion, or other subgroup.

Much of the art of the Renaissance served primarily which of the following purposes? a. reflecting religious values b. providing lighthearted entertainment c. spreading political propagande d. celebrating individual spirit

Correct Response A Objective 0019. The art of the Renaissance was notable for many reasons, including using new techniques, an interest in classical forms, and an interest in science and the natural world. Much of the subject matter was religious in nature, though, because Christianity was integral to European culture during the Renaissance.

*During the Elizabeth era in England, the plays of William Shakespeare served primarily which of the following purposes? a. entertaining the public b. teaching moral lessons c. promoting political leaders d. debunking historical inaccuracies

Correct Response A Objective 0019. William Shakespeare's plays are generally grouped into three categories: tragedies, comedies, and histories. All of his plays incorporate some elements of each category, an all were intended to entertain a public that was fascinated with the theater.

Which of the following tactics is an important defensive strategy to teach students and lead of games because of its common use an invasion for territorial type games (e.g., basketball, field hockey, soccer)? a. Containing, reducing, or denying open space while the opposition is on the move b. Attempting to move in the direction of the goal or basket and attacking the end zone c. Moving to open space and sharing or creating open-space or pathways for passes d. Following behind the offensive player closest to the end zone, goal, or basket

Correct Response A Objective 0021. Containing, reducing, and denying space while the opposition is invading one's territory are key tactical objectives in invasion or territory type games. Defensive strategies such as positioning and repositioning, closing up and blocking space, attempting to prevent forward progress of the ball, and anticipating a pass and moving into its pathway can be used to reduce or deny space of the offense. One way to promote student understanding of this concept is to ask students to pretend to be an obstacle or a fence that will cause an offensive player to slow down, change direction, or take more time to reach their ultimate destination (e.g., end zone, goal, net).

*One goal of a second grade physical activities unit is to reinforce the fundamental motor skills and basic concepts of rhythm that students have been taught. Which of the following instructional approaches is likely to be most appropriate to use as a culminating activity to promote and reinforce second grade students' understanding of rhythmic movement? a. Providing small groups of students with choices of music with simple tempos and asking each group to design a basic dance sequence set to music b. Asking students to demonstrate with a partner how to throw and catch with a beanbag or ball according to a rhythm the students verbalize or stomp out c. Setting up mats and asking students to practice tucked forward and backwards rolls, concentrating on rhythmic movement and sequential transfer of weight d. Using a marching beat and challenging students to jump rope individually and rhythmically in time to the beat for as long as possible without stepping on the rope

Correct Response A Objective 0021. Providing small groups of students with music with simple tempos and asking the groups to design a basic dance sequence set to music promote students integration of locomotor skills (e.g., forward and backward steps, leaps, hops, jumps, slides) and nonlocomotor movements (e.g., turns, bends, balances), as well as their ability to identify rhythmic elements, follow a simple beat, and move rhythmically as a group to music. By providing students with opportunities to explore the previously introduced knowledge and skills in a physical, creative way in a cooperative group setting, the teacher fosters students enjoyment and learning through movement, which aids in comprehension and retention of skill in working memory.

*Which of the following physical activities would be most effective for developing and improving students' visual tracking skills and hand-eye coordination? a. volleyball balloons to partners using paddles b. individually dribbling foam soccer balls around cones c. playing hopscotch with small groups of peers d. forming round, narrow, wide, and curved body shaped with a partner

Correct Response A Objective 0021. Volleying balloons with paddles back and forth to partners would be most effective for providing students with practice of hand eye coordination and visual tracking skills, key standards K-2 physical education. Encouraging students to focus their eyes on the balloon helps promote students visual tracking skills. Through this activity, students gain practice in coordinating control of eye movement with hand movement to ensure that the timing of the paddle meeting the balloon produces an effective strike toward the target (the partner).

*Use the information below to answer the question that follows. In a fitness lesson, an elementary school class learns that the physical activity guidelines for Americans, published by the US Department of health and human Services, recommend that children participate daily in 60 minutes of mostly aerobic activity. The teacher defines aerobic, discusses examples of aerobic activity with the class, then asks students to complete the following steps. Step one: In your fitness journal list three kinds of aerobic activities you like to do Step two: Next to each activity write down how many times you should engage in that activity each week Which of the following fitness principles does step two address? a. Frequency of activity b. Intensity of activity c. Time or duration of activity d. Type of activity

Correct Response A Objective 0022. The FITT principles for fitness training- frequency, intensity, type, and time (or duration) of exercise -are often used to establish guidelines for aerobic or cardiorespiratory activity. Determining how many times to engage in physical activity each week (e.g. three sessions per week, five per week) addresses the frequency principle

During a Nutrition lesson students work individually planning family lunch menus. One student lunch menu is shown below. -Ground turkey, cheese, and onion in flour tortillas with shredded iceberg lettuce and fresh salsa -Black beans -Carrot sticks -Banana slices -Low fat milk -Ginger snap cookies Which of the following modifications to this lunch plan will most improved its nutritional value? a. Substituting spinach for the iceberg lettuce and whole-grain tortillas for the flour tortillas b. Substituting green beans for the black beans and water for the low-fat milk c. Substituting ground chicken for the ground turkey and tomato slices for the fresh salsa d. Substituting pineapple slices for the banana slices and orange juice for the low-fat milk

Correct Response A Objective 0023. Substituting spinach for the iceberg lettuce would improve the nutritional value of the meal because spinach has nearly twice as much protein and fiber as lettuce, and much more calcium, iron, potassium, and vitamins A and C. Whole grain tortillas are typically significantly lower in fat, salt, and calories than refined flour tortillas. Whole grain foods provide a slow, steady energy supply. Choosing whole over refined grains helps reduce risks associated with type II diabetes and aids weight management.

*Use the lesson plan below to answer the question that follows. Grade: third Subject: Chinese lion dance 1. Read aloud with students a photo essay story about a Chinese American boys preparation for dancing in his first Chinese lion dance, a traditional dance that is performed by two dancers in a large lion costume as part of Chinese new year celebrations. Discuss the purpose of the dance, which is to scare away evil spirits and bring good luck for the new year. 2. Locate China on a world map. Discuss immigration from China to the United States and how people bring cultural traditions with them when they move. 3. Watch a video showing a lion dance performed in China during New Year's celebrations. Have students describe the movements of dancers bodies and legs in terms of shapes and energies. Have students work in pairs to practice movements they describe, imagine they are the head or the tale of the lion dance costume, and provide each other with feedback on movement qualities. 4. Have students create Lion Dance masks from paper plates and crafts material and create their own Lion Dance using the masks and the movements they developed after watching the video. Which of the following statements best explains what the teacher most likely wanted the students to take away from the lesson? a. Universal themes recur in dances created by cultures throughout the world b. Dance can be used to express ideas and values that are important to a cultural group c. In some cultures dance is used as a form of celebration not a form of artistic expression d. Dance has a long and significant role throughout history of all cultures

Correct Response B Competency 0019. Learning about the Chinese lion dance will encourage students to understand that dances may be created for specific purposes in a culture and can be used to symbolize and re-create historical and cultural stories and legends. They will see that people in Chinese communities use the lion dance to celebrate but also to express their connections to their historical past and beliefs and traditions that are important in China and Chinese cultural communities and other places in the world.

*Use the illustration below to answer the question that follows (look at paper) The relationship involved in the moment of the dance activity shown in the illustration must reflects the use of: a. contrasting line and elevation b. balance and complementary shapes c. light energy and focus d. symmetry and sharp texture

Correct Response B Competency 0020. Parallel lines connect the different shapes formed by the dancers bodies, creating complementary shapes, and the dancers positions help balance each other.

*Students in a fifth grade class are beginning to learn about decimals. The teacher wants students to develop a conceptual understanding of the fractional equivalent of common decimal numbers involving the tenths place, an example of which is show below. 0.2=2/10=1/5 0.4=4/10=2/5 0.5=5/10=1/2 Which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in helping students develop this understanding? a. using long division to convert the fractions to decimals b. representing the decimals using an area model based on a 1-by-10 grid c. making connections between the concept of a decimal and a percent d. setting up a proportion involving each fraction and its decimal equivalent

Correct Response B Objective 0008. Of the responses given, the most effective way for the students to develop a conceptual understanding of the equivalence between the decimals and the fractions would be to use a 1-by-10 grid to represent each decimal. Due to previous knowledge of fractions and the use of area models for representing their values, the students are likely to understand how the decimal notation relates to the concept of a fraction.

*Political systems grounded in communist ideology are most often characterized by: a. minimal focus of economic goals b. low levels of individual freedom c. a decentralized approach to governing d. limited and weak bureaucracies

Correct Response B Objective 0017. A primary characteristic of communist political ideology is that capital and the means of production are owned and operated by society rather than private individuals and business. In practice, this has placed governments in control of most or all aspects of economic life, as well as other elements if society. Maintaining this level of control has contributed to loss of individual freedoms in varying degrees in countries that have implemented communist ideology.

Increased economic prosperity in China would be expected to benefit the United States mainly because a more prosperous China would: a. facilitate the removal of trade barriers that dampen the U.S. economic growth b. offer U.S. firms greater opportunities to expand their markets c. reduce the frequency and severity of domestic business cycle fluctuations d. promote increased specialized and efficiency of the U.S. labor force

Correct Response B Objective 0017. China and the United States have the world's two largest economies and are important trading partners. China is the third largest market for U.S. exports and the most populous country in the world. Increased prosperity in China would be expected to increase consumer demand in that country, providing opportunities for the expansion of U.S. exports to and business interests in China.

In the U.S. political process, an important role of political parties is to: a. promote consistency in state and national decision making b. clarify the philosophical and policy choices available to voters c. ensure that free and fair exchange procedures are followed d. help ensure smooth and peaceful transitions of power

Correct Response B Objective 0017. Political parties in the United States draw together people who have similar points of view about government and social issues. By competing in elections and mobilizing citizens behind particular visions of government and society, parties offer voters clear and meaningful choices in governance.

*The worldwide expansion of Internet availability and access that has occurred in recent decades in most strongly associated with which of the following changes? a. reduced disparities in standards of living for individuals and families in different parts of the world b. increased access to diverse information, ideas, and perspectives for people across the globe c. reduce political, educational, and religious differences among populations in different world regions d. increased regional and global cooperation to address common economic and security issues

Correct Response B Objective 0018. The internet and communications satellites have made worldwide personal and mass communication immediate and relatively easily accessible. The internet makes information from all areas of the world available instantaneously in other areas of the world and provides a means to access diverse information, ideas, and perspectives that was not available before the advent of the internet.

During a unit on pollution, a teacher in an upper elementary school classroom leads a students discussion about an article in the local newspaper on a decision to ban swimming and other recreational activities in a local pond that was found to contain a high level of pollutants. The class shows great interest, and the teacher engages students in research projects related to the problem of the polluted pond. The class will be divided into small groups, with each group responsible for researching a relevant topic. The teacher can best promote students' social science inquiry skills by taking which of the following actions first? a. leading the class in brainstorming ideas about possible causes and effects of the pollution found in the pond b. helping students in each group define one or more essential questions they would like to answer about the pond c. having students with prior personal experience of the pong talk to the rest of the class about their experiences d. assigning students specific roles in their group's research of the pond that reflect their current academic strengths

Correct Response B Objective 0018. To focus students' research activities in ant project, it is important that they first determine the questions they wish to answer. With specific questions, students will be better able to select appropriate resources and organize and analyze the information they collect in meaningful ways.

*Use the lesson plan below to answer the question that follows. Grade: third Subject: Chinese lion dance 1. Read aloud with students a photo essay story about a Chinese American boys preparation for dancing in his first Chinese lion dance, a traditional dance that is performed by two dancers in a large lion costume as part of Chinese new year celebrations. Discuss the purpose of the dance, which is to scare away evil spirits and bring good luck for the new year. 2. Locate China on a world map. Discuss immigration from China to the United States and how people bring cultural traditions with them when they move. 3. Watch a video showing a lion dance performed in China during New Year's celebrations. Have students describe the movements of dancers bodies and legs in terms of shapes and energies. Have students work in pairs to practice movements they describe, imagine they are the head or the tale of the lion dance costume, and provide each other with feedback on movement qualities. 4. Have students create Lion Dance masks from paper plates and crafts material and create their own Lion Dance using the masks and the movements they developed after watching the video. Step three in the lesson plan is most likely to contribute to students development of which the phone skills important for other academic disciplines a. Pattern recognition in mathematics b. Observing a scientific inquiry c. Use of rhythm and writing poetry d. Visual design and painting

Correct Response B Objective 0019. Asking students to focus on analyzing movement qualities such as body shapes and energies requires them to practice skills and observations. They will engage that skill both in watching and analyzing the video as part of assessing each others movements to provide feedback. Scientific inquiry starts with observation.

Which of the following exercises would most likely encourage fourth-grade students' exploration of personal feelings? a. working with another student to create a papier-mache sculpture of a pumpkin b. creating a pencil drawing of a family member of friend c. viewing a famous painting and trying to replicate it with tempera plants d. writing a poem about why a favorite color is favorite

Correct Response B Objective 0019. Self-expression of personal feelings are important ways children develop. Drawing a portrait of a family member or friend is likely going to result in the student's considering experiences and memories the student had shared with the subject, and the student will likely make the connection between creative expression and emotional experience.

*During a physical activity, students travel through a obstacle course that includes "tunnels' that go under benches and between mats, "rivers" marked by long jump ropes, "mountains" of foam blocks, and "twisted trails" marked by cones. In this movement activity, students are primarily exploring: a. effort awareness concepts such as strong and light force and fast and slow time b. spatial awareness concepts such as pathways, levels, and relationships to objects c. body awareness concepts such as identification of body shapes d. balance and weight transfer concepts such as center of gravity and base of support

Correct Response B Objective 0021. In this activity, students explore pathways by moving along straight, curved, or twisted zigzag routes through the obstacle course. Students with various levels: low (crawling), middle to high (climbing), and high (jumping) levels. Students explore relationships to objects or equipment by going to tunnels, under benches, between mats ropes, over foam blocks, and around cones.

*Moderate to vigorous physical activity contributes to a decreased risk of coronary artery disease by: a. reducing the heart's stroke volume required to oxygenate blood b. strengthening the heart muscle and increasing its pumping capacity c. lowering the body's metabolic rate both at rest and during exercise d. increasing the thickness of artery walls, reducing the chance of atherosclerosis

Correct Response B Objective 0022. Like any muscle, the heart becomes stronger as a result of physical activity. As it grows stronger, the heart's stroke volume increases, permitting the heart to pump more blood with each beat. Conditioning the heart muscle allows an active individual to continue working at high levels of cardiac output with less strain. A physically active individual's resting rate is also lower than that of an inactive individual, because less effort is needed to pump blood.

*Use the illustration below to answer the question that follows. (look at paper) After a light aerobic warm-up, students find space on a mat and perform the exercise shown on both sides of their bodies. This is a beneficial exercise for students to perform as part of a basic fitness workout primarily because it: a. enhances knee and hip flexion in the stretched leg b. increases core strength in the abdominals and lower back c. strengthens the chest by pulling the shoulders slightly out of alignment d. destabilizes the lower back, allowing maximum range of motion

Correct Response B Objective 0022. The opposite arm and leg raise, done from a hands-and-knees position, involves raising one arm off the floor while raising the opposite leg at the same time. For optimal efficiency, the student keeps the core tight and the spine neutrally aligned. The exercise helps train the muscles of the abdomen, back, buttocks, hips, shoulders and legs and is especially effective for core strengthening. The exercise helps train the muscle of the trunk to provide stability and balance, while also enhancing the flexibility of the erector spinae (lower-back muscles) and abdominals. It is a classic core exercise that emphasizes lower back strength and balance.

*During a fitness activity, students walk halfway around an outdoor track, then jog halfway around the track, and then run halfway again around the track. After completing each of the three sections, students check their breathing and pulse and describe them with words such as slow, easy, fast, average, and heavy. This type of activity is particularly effective for: a. promoting students' ability to differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic activity b. increasing students awareness of variable levels of cardiorespiratory exercise intensity c. teaching students techniques for determining appropriate target heart-rate zones for aerobic activity d. enhancing students ability to distinguish among the movement concepts of effort, force, and speed

Correct Response B Objective 0022. This fitness activity is likely to help develop students awareness of the different levels of exercise intensity. the body's response to these levels, and how to adjust exercise intensity, During the walking phase, students are likely to note comfortable breathing and easy or easy to moderate effort as they move at an active or "heart healthy" level of 50 to 70 percent of maximum heart rate. During the jogging and running phases, student are likely to note rapid or vigorous breathing and moderate to heavy exertion. Students learn how to self-monitor physical activity effort and exercise intensity, which in turn helps foster their understanding of fitness principles and ability to establish individualized health-related fitness goals such as improving basic endurance, muscle tone, and aerobic performance.

Use the information below to answer the question that follows. Elementary school students are working in cooperative learning groups and using the decision making process below. decision making process: 1. Identify the challenge or problem 2. Generate possible options 3. Weigh the consequences of alternative options 4. Choose the best option 5. Evaluate the decision Each group applies the steps in the model to a hypothetical health related problem that requires a decision to be made. Which of the following tasks should be carried out during step two? a. Thinking about potential short-term and long-term outcomes of various options and courses of action b. Gathering information and considering what resources are needed or available for a possible courses of action c. Trying to anticipate what could go wrong and acknowledge that all decisions have an element of chance or risk d. Creating an action plan and developing criteria in a strategy for evaluating the best option and its effectiveness

Correct Response B Objective 0023. Once students have clearly defined the issue or problem, they're ready to start thinking of possible options or courses of action for addressing the issue. To do this effectively, students must first collect pertinent information. This task involves determining what information is needed, the best sources of information, and how to access the information. Students must also consider types of resources- information, time, money, personnel, equipment, or supplies- that may be needed to implement alternative decisions or options. By considering these factors, students can identify possible courses of actions that are likely to be successful, given the information, resources, and time available. In this step of the decision making process students generate possible and desirable options.

*An elementary school teacher wants to use a set of student-developed classroom rules to illustrate how laws can help protect individual freedoms. Which of the following classroom rules would best serve this purpose? a. raise your hand if you have a question b. work and play safely c. listen respectfully while others are speaking d. always do your best

Correct Response C Objective 0016. Encouraging students to create and abide by a rule to listen respectfully while others are speaking provides with with an understanding of the right of all individuals to freedom of speech. Following this classroom rule can encourage students to understand that freedom of speech protects not only their own right to express themselves but also the right of others to speak and be heard.

*The system of checks and balances as described in Articles I, II, and III of the U.S. Constitution was developed as a means to: a. limit the federal government's ability to impose its will on the states b. ensure all individuals and groups equal protection of the laws c. prevent political power from consolidating in any one branch of government d. clarify the relationship between majority rule and individual rights

Correct Response C Objective 0016. In Article I, II, and III of the U.S. Constitution, powers are divided among three branches of government: the congress, the president, and the courts, with each branch given different powers (to create, administer, or enforce laws). Within this system, the framers identified various ways for each branch to check or stop the actions of the other branches and thus prevent and single branch from becoming too powerful.

*An individual decides to develop a personal budget. After determining monthly income from all sources, the individual's next step in budget development process should be to: a. establish priorities for nonessential purchases (e.g. movies, eating out). b. calculate current credit debt c. identify fixed monthly expenses (e.g., rent, automobile payments) d. define a monthly goal for saving

Correct Response C Objective 0017. Creating a budget is a process for managing expenses to stay within the limits of one's income. After calculating total monthly income, an individual first needs to determine how much of that income must be used to meet all fixed, or required, monthly expenses. Only then can the individual determine how much money is available for other spending or for saving.

In the contemporary debate in the United States regarding the environment, controversy most often arises as a result of diverse perspectives of the: a. roles and responsibilities of local and state agencies versus federal agencies b. human costs associated with high levels of air, water, and land pollution c. scope of the governments power to regulate business and the economy d. culpability of individuals versus industries for creating environmental problems

Correct Response C Objective 0017. Environmental regulations often increase the cost to industries of doing business and can complicate construction, production, and other aspects of business. Supporters of environmental regulation argue that the benefits are worth the costs of increased government interference in private business. Opponents argue that environmental regulations is beyond the scope of government and inhibits the free and innovative development of private enterprise.

*A researcher would fine a physical map most useful for identifying: a. major climate zones in Southeast Asia b. the location of oil and gas reserves in Eastern Europe c. the location of major rivers and lakes in Africa d. annual rainfall totals in South Africa

Correct Response C Objective 0018. Physical maps can contain much of the same data shown on political maps, but the main purpose of a physical map is it show landforms (e.g., deserts, mountains), elevation, and bodies of water. Of the response options provided, a physical map would be most useful for locating the major rivers and lakes in Africa.

Use the following score excerpts to answer the question that follows. (look at paper) Which of the following elements of music occurs in measure 3? a. treble clef b. whole note c. quarter rest d. time signature

Correct Response C Objective 0020. A quarter rest resembles a vertical squiggly line.

Over the course of the elementary school years (grades K-6) physical coordination And balance improves and students become more proficient catching, throwing, kicking, and striking. In addition to practice, which of the following developments exerts the most significant influence on these motor abilities? a. a widening of the boy's base of support b. achievement of maximum growth of the long bones c. maturation of the body's nervous system d. an upward shift in the body's center of gravity

Correct Response C Objective 0021. As the nervous system develops during childhood, improvements in motor unit recruitment, neuron firing frequency, and neural myelination occur, which act together to enhance neuromuscular performance. As neural and muscular systems develop and become integrated, students develop the ability to improve fitness levels and perform complex sports skills. Motor control patterns such as those used in catching, throwing, kicking, and striking are refined and reinforced, enabling students to manipulate objects with greater coordination and biomechanical efficiency.

*In individualized strengthening programs, which of the following practices is most important for students to use to ensure that their muscles and other tissues undergo restoration and repair? a. drinking lots of water and sports drinks and taking vitamins on a daily basis b. performing static stretching exercises before any vigorous activity c. taking a day off between strengthening sessions and getting adequate rest d. consuming a high-protein, high-carbohydrate, no-fat diet to build muscle to bulk

Correct Response C Objective 0022. Following any form of fitness training, the body goes through a process pf rebuilding, and replenishing energy reserve consumed by the exercise. Exercising too frequently or too intensely hinders the body's ability to recover and become stronger. It is especially important to take time off between muscular strengthening sessions to allow muscles to recover and give the body time to repair tiny muscle tears or other damage. For example, a strengthening program that works major muscle groups could be performed three or four days each week with a day's rest between sessions.

Smooth muscle is involved in which of the following body actions? a. extending the legs while jumping b. moving blood through the heart c. digesting the nutrients in a meal d. swinging the arms to propel an object

Correct Response C Objective 0022. Smooth muscle, which controls slow, involuntary movements in the body, is found in the walls of the intestines, stomach, and arteries. The smooth muscle walls of the stomach and intestines contract involuntarily to break down and move food through the digestive tract.

*During a lesson on interpersonal communication skills, the class discusses the role of assertive communication. Which of the following descriptions accurately characterizes assertive communication? a. Articulating one's expectations clearly and giving directions on what needs to be done and how b. Using facial expressions, gestures, and body language to reinforce ones verbal message c. Expressing one's needs, wants, and feelings in a firm, confident, but nonaggressive way d. Paraphrasing what the conversation partner has just said to check understanding

Correct Response C Objective 0023. Assertive Communication is an effective way of expressing how one feels. Assertiveness often involves having a strong senseI of self worth and the confidence to communicate one's needs and wants and in a direct, respectful, and firm way. Assertive communication is clear, non-blaming, and honest. Students can benefit from learning how to use assertive communication to express strong feelings, opinions, and emotions verbally in a nonaggressive, forthright, and respectful way.

During the nutrition lesson students examine empty boxes of different brands of granola bars. The teacher tells the students that since one serving of each type of granola bar has approximately the same number of grams, the bars are equals servings. The teacher challenges students to find the product with the least amount of fat per bar. Which of the following strategies should students use to determine which type of granola bar contains the least amount of fat? a. Finding a package whose nutrition facts label list "0 g" next to "trans fat" b. Examining each package to learn how it's manufactured defines terms related to fat content c. Comparing the "percent daily value" of "total fat" showing on each package's nutrition facts label d. comparing amounts of milk, fructose, and other potential sources of fat in each packages list of ingrediants

Correct Response C Objective 0023. To find a granola bar with the least amount of fat per serving student should compare the "percent daily value" of "total fat" shown on each packages nutrition facts label. Daily value for each nutrient are based on public health experts recommendations. The nutrients listed first on a nutrition facts label are those that US citizens generally eat an adequate or excessive amounts. These include total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and polyunsaturated fat and monounsaturated fat. By comparing the percentages of total fat students can quickly determine the bar with the least fat.

Given that the fraction a/b is expressed in lowest terms and a/b=0.64, what is a/b-1? a. 2/5 b. 64/99 c. 33/50 d. 2/3

Correct Response D Objective 0009. It is given that a/b=0.64 and is expressed in lowest terms. Therefore, a/b=64/100=16/25. Hence, a=16 and b=25. It follows that a/b-1=16/25-1=16/24=2/3.

As part of a unit of consumer economics, a fifth-grade teacher plans to have groups of students conduct online research into a new electronic toy. Upon completing their work, each group will make a decision about whether the toy is worth the cost and explain their reasoning. The teacher can best use this activity to enhance students' skills as consumers by promoting the groups to emphasize which of the following strategies? a. investigating the history of the company that manufactures the toy and its previous success with similar products b. searching online for the best price for the toy and comparing that price to the prices of older electronic toys c. examining the approaches used to market the toy and discussing their effectiveness and appropriateness d. comparing descriptions of the toy on the manufacturer's Web site with reviews by objective reviewers on other sites

Correct Response D Objective 0017. An important part of consumer awareness is developing the ability to evaluate advertising claims about a product. Carefully reading manufacturers' claims and comparing that information to the experiences of actual product users and other objective reviewers provides insight into the accuracy and completeness of the manufacturers' information. Objective reviews can provide many types of information about a product, such as durability, quality of components, and how well the product serves its intended purposes. This kinds of information helps consumers make good choices about purchases.

*Use the map below to answer the question that follows. (look at paper) Which numbered area in the map is an isthmus? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

Correct Response D Objective 0018. An isthmus is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger land masses and separates two bodies of water. In the map, only the option label "4" exhibits these characteristics.

*A second grade teacher wants to use a method of student self-evaluation to assess art exercises. Which of the following approaches would be most effective with this age group? a. encouraging students to think about their progress throughout the year and then listening to their thoughts during one-on-one interview sessions b. requiring students to rate their comprehension of each exercise on a four-point scale and giving them regular feedback on the accuracy of their ratings c. assigning students exercises to discuss with their parents and tracking the progress of the discussions through parent-teacher conferences and informal phone calls d. asking students to fill out a worksheet after each exercise and address prompts such as "What I enjoyed most" and "Something interesting I learned"

Correct Response D Objective 0019. Worksheets are an effective way for a teacher to engage younger students in reflecting openly on an activity. The prompts should be direct and engaging and make the students feel like their feedback is valued.

*A third grade class works in small groups to create short dances expressing poems they have read. In the final activity of the lesson each group will performance its dance for the rest of the class. When the class is seated to watch the performances, which the following actions by the teacher would be most appropriate? a. Inviting students to describe other dance performances they have seen and what they liked about them b. Explaining the role of personal and cultural perspectives in creating and interpreting both poetry and dance c. Asking students to brainstorm a list of body shapes and movements they might choose to express words in the problems d. Discussing audience skills of observing quietly and attentively and showing appreciation at proper times

Correct Response D Objective 0020. Awareness of the role of audience members and is an important aspect of learning to respond to a dance performance. As students develop their understanding of the ability to attentively observed a dance performance, without exhibiting distracting behavior, they will develop their abilities to notice and appreciate various aspects of the performance. They should understand that respect for the performance is demonstrated through quiet attention and the expression of appreciation at appropriate times.

*Which of the following activities is most likely to stimulate children's understanding of the visual arts element known as form a. Creating a blueprint design of the favorite building b. Making a linear perspective drawing c. Creating a painting with a fixed surface texture d. Making the sculpture using inflated balloons

Correct Response D Objective 0020. In the visual arts the term form generally refers to an object's shape and structure. One might speak of the illusion of form in painted objects on two-dimensional painting surfaces, but a more readily accessible way to convey an understanding of form would be to create a three-dimensional sculpture. In that case, students can manipulate and see form as they create.

*During an outdoor activity elementary school students practice jumping and landing for distance in sand. Which of the following techniques is an essential element of the horizontal job? a. Keeping the knees locked in preparation for the jump b. Extending the arms backward as the body propels forward c. Bringing the arms down to the sides during the flight phase d. Bending the hips knees and ankles on landing

Correct Response D Objective 0021. For horizontal jump, students start with the knees bent, arms back, feet shoulder width apart, with a slight forward lean. The arms swing forward and the legs forcefully propel the body forward in a stretch position. Upon landing, the hips, knees, and ankles are flexed, feet shoulder width apart, and the arms are in front of the body for balance.

Use the information below to answer the question that follows. In a health lesson, a sixth-grade class lists negative long-term health effects of particular lifestyle behaviors. One of the lists is shown below. -cardiomyopathy (stretching and drooping of the heart muscle) -arrhythmia (problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat) -buildup of fatty deposits in the liver -disruption of neurotransmitter balance in the brain, which can cause depression and memory loss Which of the following lifestyles practices is most closely associated with these negative effects on personal health? a. consuming excessive amounts of fatty foods b. smoking or using tobacco products c. using anabolic steroids or growth hormone d. drinking excessive amounts of alcohol

Correct Response D Objective 0022. The long term health effects of drinking alcohol include cardiomyopathy, which is stretching and drooping of the heart muscle, myocarditis or inflammation of the heart muscle, and arrhythmia, which refers to an irregular heartbeat. Consuming alcohol raises blood pressure and blood lipids. Excess levels of alcohol cause the liver to accumulate fat; a fatty liver can lead to inflammation of the liver, or hepatitis. A liver that has become clogged with fat cannot perform efficiently. Alcohol can also cause the brains neurotransmitters to relay information slowly and disrupt neurotransmitter balance, which can trigger mood and behavioral changes, including depression, agitation, and memory loss. Long-term heavy drinking can cause alterations in neurons, including reductions in the size of brain cells.

*An elementary school teacher is teaching a lesson on responsible onlooker behavior in bullying situations. The teacher emphasizes to students that onlooker behavior can encourage or discourage bullying behavior. Which of the following topics would be most important to focus on during this lesson? a. Techniques for avoiding bullies and potential bullying situations b. Long term psychological effects of witnessing bullying but doing nothing c. Conditions that might make some students more prone bullying d. Interventions that students can use when they witness bullying

Correct Response D Objective 0023. According to best practice and skill-based health education, the teacher should introduce students to strategies that they can use to intervene when they witnessed bullying. For example, students could learn onlookers are accountable for their behavior in bullying situations and should take some action to stop the bullying. An onlooker who feels safe controlling the bully can assertively remind the bully of rules for prohibiting bullying or simply tell the bully to stop. An onlooker who does not feel safe confronting the bully can tell an adult immediately. Students could also be taught to distinguish between "tattling" done simply to get someone in trouble and "telling" what should be done when someone's actions are unsafe or hurtful.

*Obesity places children at a heightened risk for which of the following health conditions? a. anemia and low bone density b. kidney and pancreas damage c. premature closing of long bone growth plates d. high blood pressure and insulin resistance

Correct Response D Objective 0023. Obesity can have harmful effects on the body in a variety of ways. Children who are obese are often at increased risk for high blood pressure and impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance. Obesity is also considered a risk factor for high cholesterol, high triglycerides, and low HDL ("good") cholesterol. In one study, 70 percent of children who were obese had at least one cardiovascular disease risk factor, while 39 percent had two or more.

*Use the information below to answer the question follows. During a fifth grade health lesson students review the following health risk scenarios: -Your friends want you to join them skateboarding at the parking lot despite several no skateboarding notices -Your friends dare you to jump from a rope swing into the river below - Your friends want you to drink a can of beer Students role play strategies such as suggesting an alternative group activity, walking or riding away, making an excuse to go home, and finding support from someone else who does not want to participate. These role-plays are particularly effective in fostering students awareness and use of: a. Goal setting and decision making skills b. Conflict management and resolution techniques c. Reverse the pressure techniques d. Negotiation and refusal skills

Correct Response D Objective 0023. Suggesting an alternative Group activity, saying no, walking or riding away, making an excuse or blaming parents for having to go home, and finding an ally and someone else who does not want to participate in risky behavior are examples of negotiation and refusal skills that students can use to avoid and prevent personal health risks. By rehearsing negotiation and refusal skills in a supportive environment, students gain valuable practice in applying the skills and build the confidence needed to use the skills in actual risks situations.

A first grade teacher provides students with an activity sheet with pictures of common objects on it, along with write -on lines beneath each picture. The teacher displays a flash card with the letter d on it and says to the students, "Which objects on your sheet begins with the letter d?" Write the letter d under the picture whose name begins with /d/." Which of the following areas of early literacy is most directly supported by this activity? a. invented spelling b. phonemic awareness c. basic concept of print d. letter-sound correspondence

Correct response D Objective 0002. The activity requires students to think about the sound a letter makes, name an object, identify the initial sound in the object's name, connect that sound to a letter, and then write the letter. This connection of sounds to letters represents basic letter-sound correspondence skill, which is the first step in beginning phonics instruction.

*Reading research conducted using scientific based research methods has identified which of the following areas as one of the five essential components of an effective reading instruction program? a. vocabulary development b. letter formation c. book-handling skills d. spelling skills

a. vocabulary development Objective 0001. Convergent scientifically based reading research identifies the following five essential components of an effective reading instruction program: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text comprehension. The five components are interrelated; they cannot be taught in isolation, though at certain stages of reading development one mat be emphasized more than another.

A first grade teacher is looking for a decodable text to give to a small group of students to reinforce their word-reading development. The students have already received instruction in single consonants, consonant blends, and short vowel sounds. The students have also been taught basic high-frequency grade-level sight words. Which of the following sentences could be included in a decodable text that is appropriate for these students? a. Jon gets a hit with his bat and runs fast. b. The mouse cannot rest with the cat here. c. Jill lies with her pets on the red carpet. d. Dave sat with his mom on the bench.

Correct Response A Objective 0002. Decodable text is an integral part of research based, systematic phonics instruction. For a text to be decodable, it should contain only words whose letter sounds have already been learned or words that are irregular but have been taught as sight words. The sentence "Jon gets a hit with his bat and runs fast" contains only single consonants, short vowels, the final consonant blend st, and the high frequency words a, with, and his.

A third grade teacher is planning to conduct a close reading of a nonfiction historical narrative. The teacher is selecting general-academic and content-specific words from the text to teach explicitly to the class during the reading. Which of the following prereading strategies would best address the linguistic needs of an emerging-level English language learner in the class? a. selecting Tier One words from the text to preteach to the student explicitly b. providing the student with a vocabulary notebook for writing unknown words c. having the student look through the text and identify unfamiliar words by circling them d. giving instruction in dictionary usage and letting the student practice looking up words from the text

Correct Response A Objective 0003. Research suggests that a beneficial differentiation strategies for supporting English language learners text comprehension is explicit instruction in the meanings of basic English words. These words are referred to this tier 1 words and are generally familiar to native English speakers. Thus, English language learners will most likely need explicit instructions in those words, while native English speakers will not.

A fourth-grade teacher describes to students how to recognize various text organizational structures (e.g., cause/effect, comparison/contrast, problem/solution) and how to use text structure to aid in reading comprehension. The teacher then models how to apply the text-structure strategy with a passage from an informational social studies text. Which of the following steps should the teacher take next in this lesson? a. providing guided practice of the skill with a different text b. assessing understanding of the passage through text-dependent questions c. providing independent practice of the skill on the same text d. having the students apply skill to a different text using think-aloud

Correct Response A Objective 0003. The ability to describe the overall structure of a text is a fourth-grade standard in the Illinois Learning Standard for English Language Arts and Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science and Technical Subjects. Use of this knowledge is beneficial to the understanding of informational text, as it can help students monitor comprehension by organizing the information about which they are reading. Regarding the order of the steps the teacher should take in explaining this comprehension strategy, research-based instruction in comprehension strategies include the following components and in this general sequence: explicit description of the strategy, teacher modeling, guided practice, and independent practice.

Use the graphic below from an informational text to answer the question that follows (look on phone at pizza picture) pig & grass= pepperoni on pizza tomato plant, tomato juice=tomato sauce on pizza grass, cow, milk=cheese on pizza dough, flour, wheat seeds=wheat crust on pizza mushrooms, decomposing leaves, plant=mushroom on pizza A fourth grade class is engaged in a unit study about food chains. During the unit, the students have also been learning how to interpret graphics and informational texts. Which of the following questions would be most effective for the teacher to ask to help students interpret the graphic below? a. What role do plants and animals play in the future? b. Which foods are important to include in a balanced diet? c. Where do farmers raise the wheat used to make pizza crust? d. Why is important to know what is in the food that we eat?

Correct Response A Objective 0004. Interpretation of graphic features is key to understanding many types of informal text. To fully understand graphics, students need instruction in the meanings of symbols and design elements. In this graphic, the arrows help develop the overall message. All of the many cycles depicted with arrows originate with plants, move through various steps that sometimes include an animal, and arrive at the pizza in the center.

A sixth grade teacher wants to promote students ability to use writing to develop and express their understanding of content area concepts and skills. Which of the following strategies should the teacher use first for this purpose? a. Having students regularly perform quick writes in response to a content area learning activities and discuss their writing with a partner b. Providing for students reference examples of text types that question, critique, and analyze the content area concepts c. Assigning to students independent research projects for which they can choose a focus from recent content area topics of study d. Assigning students to write and present orally a response paper at the conclusion of the units of study and content areas

Correct Response A Objective 0005. As they move into the upper grades, students need to learn skills associated with academic and disciplined specific writing, such as how to express higher level concepts and how to develop questions about and responses to learned material. Quick writes and partner discussions are nonthreatening ways to ease students into practicing these new writing skills. Through these activities, students gain experience in the academic language and structures required by content area writing. While circulating around the room listening to the partner discussions, the teacher can obtain valuable data relevant to students abilities in and conceptual understanding of content area writing.

*To help fifth grade students remember when to cite sources in their research reports, a teacher provides students with the list below. Give credit to a source when you: 1. quote another person spoken or written words 2. paraphrase another person spoken or written words 3. use facts or statistics that are not common knowledge 4. use another person's idea or opinion 5. Which of the following phrases should be added to the list? a. Include reproductions of photographs or illustrations from a website b. Retell folktale, legend, or myth that is not attributed to any author c. Document results from scientific experiments that you conducted d. Provide information that most readers will consider to be factual

Correct Response A Objective 0005. Photographs and illustrations from print and nonprint sources must be cited. Students should be reminded that visual texts found on the Internet are protected by intellectual property laws; the ease of access provided by the Internet does not mean that materials found there can be used without giving proper credit to the source.

*Fourth grade students are working in small groups to research and write informative essays on related topics. While gathering information from teacher selected texts, students write down relevant keywords in their definitions. The students then post these words on the chart displayed in front of the classroom. Students can refer to the chart when drafting their essay. This activity will benefit students writing development primarily by: a. Scaffolding students academic vocabulary growth b. Providing opportunities to use research techniques c. Promoting essential note-taking skills d. Helping students narrow broad topics

Correct Response A Objective 0005. Writing effective information and explanatory text requires strong academic vocabulary knowledge. For students to develop and write explanatory texts, they need to be comfortable using vocabulary related to their topic. The students in this class are involved in group research on similar and related topics and are able to co-create a chart of academic vocabulary that would likely appear in many of the finished research papers. This informal word collection activity helps all students expand their working vocabulary related to their topics.

During morning meeting in a first grade class, students and their teacher discuss the days posted schedule and the teacher tells students that they should check the schedule periodically during the day. As the day progresses, several students who have listening challenges appeared to be unaware of upcoming transitions. Despite the teachers verbal reminders, the students have difficulty beginning transitions in a timely manner. To help the students better anticipate the teachers verbal reminders and transition successfully to new activities, the teacher should implement which of the following strategies? a. Adding clear visual prompts to the posted schedule b. Having class buddies guide the students through transitions c. Providing copies of the schedule to the students d. Reviewing this schedule with all students throughout the day

Correct Response A Objective 0006. Students who have listening challenges will be better able to make successful transitions and act on the teachers verbal reminders about upcoming transitions if they are also prompted by visual cues on the posted schedule. By placing simple images and or easily understood symbols next to each activity on the schedule the teacher can help all students prepare themselves mentally and physically for transition.

*The graph of which of the following functions will cross the x-axis in exactly two places? a. y=-2(x-5)^5+3 b. y=4(x+2)^2+0 c. y=-3(x+4)^2-2 d. y=5(x-3)^2+1

Correct Response A Objective 0007. The vertex form of the quadratic equation, y=a(x-h)^2, indicates the direction the problem will open and the vertex location. If the value of (a) is negative, the parabola opens downward, and if it is positive, it opens upward. The value of K determines the placement of the vertex above or below the X axis; positive K will be above the X axis and negative K will be below. To cross the X axis exactly 2 times, the parabola must have the vertex above the X axis and open downward or have the vertex below the x-axis and open upward. The equation y=-2(x-5)^2+3 has an a-value of -2, so the parabola open downward, and a K value of +3, so the vertex is above the X axis; thus it will cross the X axis exactly 2 times.

*A car and a truck traveled towards the same bus station during the same time. Both vehicles traveled at a constant rate of speed. The car traveled at a faster speed than the truck, but started from a point further away from the bus station. Which of the following graphs best models the situation? (look at paper)

Correct Response A Objective 0010. The graph shows the relationship between time and the distance from the station. The car should start at a further distance away from the bus station so it's graph should have a higher y-intercept. The car should travel at a faster speed, so the slope of its line should be steeper. Both vehicles are traveling towards the bus station so both lines should decrease over time. The graph that correctly shows all this information is the graph in response A.

To find the height of the tree, a student placed a 3 foot stick 6 inches vertically into the ground and measured the shadow to be 1 foot long. The shadow of the tree measures 66 inches long. Which of the following is closest to the height of the tree? a. 14 feet b. 17 feet c. 19 feet d. 26 feet

Correct Response A Objective 0012. Drawing a quick diagram of the situation shows that two similar triangles are formed since they each share at least two angles of equal measure. Because the triangles are similar, corresponding sides are proportional and a proportion can be set up relating the length of the shadows and heights of the stick and the tree. The stick is 6 inches, or 0.5 foot, deep into the ground, so the exposed height of the stick is (3-0.5)feet=2.5 feet. The shadow length of the tree is 66 inches. Converting 66 inches to feet by dividing 12 inches/foot, the length of the tree shadow is 5.5 feet. The resulting proportion is written below. height of stick/shadow length of stick=height of tree/shadow length of tree Letting x= the height fo the tree and substituting the given numerical values into the proportion gives the following: 2.5feet/1foot=x feet/5.5feet x feet=2.5feetx5.5feet=13.75feet, which is the height of the tree. This answer is the closest to 14 feet.

While researching bacterial growth in 1928, Alexander Fleming observed that the presence of the specific type of mold resulted in the death of bacterial colonies that came in contact with the mold. This discovery led directly to which of the following advances? a. the use of antibodies such as penicillin for the treatment of infection b. The germ theory of disease and the importance of hand washing c. The development of vaccines as a way to prevent the acquisition of disease d. The process of pasteurization as a way to eliminate bacteria and yeast and milk

Correct Response A Objective 0013. Alexander Fleming conducted scientific research that showed that the mold could produce a chemical (an anabiotic) that kills bacteria. This provided the foundation needed for the effective treatment and cure for many types of bacterial illnesses. Additional scientific research coupled with technological advances resulted in the development of methods to produce antibodies on large-scale basis and make them widely available. This process reflects the fact that science and technology are interdependent and can have far-reaching effects on society.

*Which of the following teacher demonstrations would be the most effective way to introduce the concept of mechanical energy to elementary school students? a. rolling a model car down a ramp to the floor b. combining vinegar and baking soda to produce a "volcano" c. lighting an incandescent light bulb with a potato battery d. rubbing a balloon against woolen fabric and then "sticking" it to a wall

Correct Response A Objective 0015. Mechanical energy relates to the energy an object has due to its motion or position. A model car rolling down a ramp will move from a stationary position at the top of the ramp to a new position on the floor.

In an introductory unit on electricity, fourth-grade students are investigating how to connect wires between a battery and an LED clock in order to start the clock. In their first attempt, a working group has attached one electrical wire between the negative terminal of a batter and the positive terminal of the clock. Another electrical wire connects the negative terminal of the clock to the positive terminal of the battery. The clock fails to work. Which of the following actions can the students take to increase the likelihood that their clock will start working? a. adding an additional battery in series to increase the voltage of the circuit setup b. connecting a simple switch between the battery and the clock c. increasing the length and thickness of the wires used in the circuit d. rewiring the circuit so that each electrical wire connects two terminals of the same change

Correct Response A Objective 0015. The students have a connected the battery to the LED clock correctly. The electrons will flow from the negative terminal of the battery through the clock and back to the positive terminal of the battery. The most likely reason that the clock fails to work in the simple circuit set up by the students is that more power is needed. This additional power can be supplied by attaching an additional battery to the circuit.

The term spring tide refers to a high tide that is slightly higher in the depth than average and a low tide that is slightly lower in depth than average. Earth is most likely to experience a spring tide when the: a. sun, moon, and earth are situated in a straight line b. sun, moon, and earth form a right angle c. moon is in the first and third quarter phases d. moon is farthest from earth during its orbit

Correct Response A Objective 0015. When the sun, moon, and Earth are aligned in a straight line, the gravitational pull of the sun is added to that of the moon, leading to higher than average high tides and lower than average low tides on Earth. This alignment and the associated spring tides occur during both new moon and full moon phases.

According to current research in the field of reading, which of the following strategies would be most effective in developing students' academic language knowledge? a. limiting social language in the classroom and requiring students to use formal English b. promoting students' engagement in wide reading with opportunities to discuss and write about the texts c. providing students with opportunities to determine word meaning through contextual analysis d. diagramming complex sentences that exemplify carious language structures

Correct Response B Objective 0003. Academic language refers to the vocabulary and language structures used in oral and written academic discourse. Explicit instruction in academic language is necessary, but to truly gain an understanding of new vocabulary and language structures, students must see these elements more than once and in different contexts and have opportunities to use academic language in their speaking and writing. Extensive and diverse (wide) reading in class and as in independent activity provides these contexts.

A sixth grade class is learning about rocks as part of a science unit of Earth's systems. The teacher has assigned students to read the passage below. Magma is hot, molten material that moves deep beneath Earth's crust. When magma moves upward toward Earth's surface, it cools and hardens. As it cools, elements within the magma combine into various minerals. Given enough space to grow, these minerals form visible crystal shapes as the magma cools. If the magma cools slowly, the crystals can grow very large. Magma that cools rapidly, during a volcanic eruption for example, will turn into a rock called basalt that has very small crystals only visible with a microscope. Which of the following student responses to the passage most clearly suggest to the teacher that the student is applying inferential comprehension skills? a. Magma is melted material that hardens into crystals as it cools. b. Large crystals would take a long time to form from the magma. c. Magma is an extremely hot liquid when it is flowing toward the surface. d. Rocks with small crystals cooled more quickly than those with large crystals.

Correct Response B Objective 0003. Inference requires "reading between the lines"- using information from the tect to reach an idea that is not directly stated in the text but is likely true. In this case, the text stated that small mineral crystals form when magma coos quickly; it is therefore a reasonable inference that large crystals form when magma cools more slowly, allowing time for larger crystals to develop. A student who is able to apply inferential comprehension skills to a text has acquired a more complex level of comprehension than a simple, explicit understanding and is better able to understand and analyze increasingly more complex texts.

*Several fifth grade students appear eager to participate in class discussions, but they are unable to formulate a response to questions when called upon. As the first step towards helping the students the teacher post on the wall chart several starter sentences that the students can use when responding to discussion questions. Which of the following steps should the teacher take next to promote the student's participation in class discussions? a. Informing the students of discussion topics in advance b. Increasing the amount of time the teacher waits for students responses c. Giving students bonus points for participation in discussion d. Having the students write down responses for a classmate to read aloud

Correct Response B Objective 0006. The teachers initial step of posting starter sentences for reference will help the students determine the direction they intend to take with their responses. By increasing wait time for students responses, the teacher gives students the opportunity to develop focused comments and thus to contribute to considered, thoughtful discussion.

A forest ranger is monitoring the population of an invasive insect that has recently arrived from another continent. The ranger estimates the population, P, will double every five years. If the current population in the forest is 2,000 insects, which of the following equations can be used to estimate the population in the forest, n, years from the present? a. P=10n+2000 b. P=(2000)2^0.2n c. P=5n^2+2000 d. P=(2000)2^5n

Correct Response B Objective 0007. Growth that doubles every several years is characteristic of exponential functions. After 5 years, the population will be P=(2000)2; after 10 years, P=(2000)2x2=(2000)2^3. This is described by the function P=(2000)2^0.2n, as can be seen by substituting n=5, n=10, and n=15 into the function.

*Which of the following number representations would be most appropriate for introducing concepts and principles associated with positive and negative integers? a. area model b. number line c. pattern blocks d. tape diagram

Correct Response B Objective 0008. A number line is an effective tool for teaching students about positive and negative numbers, since numbers greater than zero are located to the right of zero, and numbers less than zero are located to the left of zero. The number line also provides an excellent representation of the absolute value of a positive or negative integer along with operations involving adding and subtracting positive and negative integers.

Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows. <-|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|-> 200 250 268 300 A teacher is working with students on using a number line to represent numbers. As part of the activity, the teacher emphasizes how the numbers relate to benchmarks, as shown in the diagram above. This activity will most likely support the student's development of which of the following number concepts? a. skip counting b. rounding numbers c. extending patterns d. solving proportions

Correct Response B Objective 0008. Placement of the number on a number line as shown clearly indicates how "close" a given number is to a benchmark. This representation makes it clear that 268 is closer to 300 than it is to 200, and closer to 250 than to 300 and will support the student's development of the concept of rounding.

A student was confused as to where to place the decimal point in the result of the product 24.5x0.02. Which of the following activities would best help the student understand decimal point placement when finding the product of two decimal numbers? a. Practicing counting decimal places in decimal numerals b. Converting decimals to fractions equivalents and finding the fraction products c. Finding decimal products on a calculator and recording the result d. Adding zeros to the decimal numerals so that they have the same number of decimal places

Correct Response B Objective 0009. By converting the decimals to their fraction equivalents, the decimal problem 24.5×0.02 becomes 245/10x 2/100. After multiplying fractions, the student will understand that the result must be a decimal that has the digits to the thousands place: 245/10x2/100=490/1000= 0.490.

A student consistently simplifies algebraic expressions as shown below. 2x+3x+5=20 10x=20 x=2 This work provides the most direct evidence that this student does not understand which of the following mathematical concepts? a. Commutative property of multiplication b. Distributive property of multiplication over addition c. Division as the inverse of multiplication d. Associative property of multiplication and addition

Correct Response B Objective 0010. In mathematics all operations must be justified using fundamental properties. There is no mathematical justification for adding 2x+ 3X +5 to get 10x, because the operation does not follow from the principles of arithmetic. To simplify 2x+ 3X apply the distributive property to factor the expression x(2+3)=x(5)=5x. Since the student simply added all of the terms on the left of the equation, one can conclude from the evidence that the student does not understand the distributive property.

Use the table below to answer the question that follows. Number of lbs. of potatoes | Number of lbs. of carrots x y 0 37 10 32 20 27 30 22 40 17 The table above shows the relationship between x, the number of pounds of potatoes and y, the number of pounds of carrots, a chef can purchase for $18.50 at a local vegetable market. Which of the following equation's best models the data in the table a. y=37-5x b. x+2y=74 c. x+10=y-5 d. 10x-5y=37

Correct Response B Objective 0010. The data shown in the table follow a linear pattern. The slope can be found using change in y/change in x. The slope for the table is 22-27/30-20=-5/10=-0.5. The Y intercept for the table is 37, as indicated by the data point (0,37). The equation that models the data table is y=-0.5x+37. Transforming this equation to standard form, first add 0.5X to both sides and next multiply the equation by 2: y=-0.5x+37->0.5x+y=37->2(0.5x+y=37->x+2y=74.

*A rectangular garden is to be enclosed with 48 feet of fencing. The ratio of length to width of the garden needs to be 5:3. What is the area of the garden if all the fencing must be used? a. 90 Square feet b. 135 Square feet c. 215 Square feet d. 540 Square feet

Correct Response B Objective 0011. The length and width of the garden can be represented by 5x and 3x respectively. The perimeter of the garden is 2(5x+3x)=2(8x)=16x. Solving the equation 16x=48 results in x=3. The length of the garden is 5(3)=15 and the width is 3(3)=9. To find the area, multiply length by width: 15x9=135 square feet.

*Use the graph below to answer the question that follows. (look at paper) Quadrilateral ABCD is reflected over the x-axis and then translated 3 units to the left. What are the coordinates of the image point D' after the transformation? a. (7,5) b. (-7,-5) c. (1,5) d. (-1,-5)

Correct Response B Objective 0012. The original location of point D is (-4,5). A reflection over the X axis is a flip down over the horizontal axis. The x-coordinate will stay the same and the y coordinate will be multiplied by -1. The new location of point D will be at (-4, -5). Translating to the left three units will change the x-coordinate, decreasing it by three and the y-coordinate will stay the same. The final location of the image point D' will be (-7, -5).

A third grade teacher has developed an activity to support the unit on the water cycle. Stations representing various components of the water cycle have been set up in different areas of the classroom. Students will rotate through the different stations and act out each of the different states of water using simple costumes and movements. Which additional action by the students will most effectively promote their understanding of the water cycle? a. Making posters listing terms relevant to the water cycle such as evaporation condensation precipitation b. Charting their paths as they move from station to station on a diagram of the water cycle c. Circling on handouts of the water cycle the types of precipitation most often observed in their local area d. Writing the physical properties of water (e.g. freezing point, density) on a large poster of the water cycle

Correct Response B Objective 0013. Key to understanding the cycle such as the water cycle is comprehending how one event leads to the next step in the cycle. Charting their paths on the diagram of the water cycle as they move from station to station allows students to see and understand the sequence of events in the water cycle (e.g. liquid water moves into vapor state, then condenses, falling as rain or snow).

*Use the diagram of a maple seed below to answer the question that follows. (look at paper) As shown in the diagram, maple trees produce seeds with each seed attached to an elongated flat structure. Which of the following explanations best describes the function of these specialized structures? a. keeping the seed afloat of they land in water b. dispersing the seeds across a large area c. protecting the seeds from ingestion by animals d. storing vital nutrients required by the seeds

Correct Response B Objective 0013. The structure of the seed is closely related to its mode of dispersal. The winglike structures attached to each seed are able to catch the wind effectively and carry the seed away from the parent tree.

*Elementary school students are learning about the various classes of animals with backbones. Their teacher also was trying to encourage the students science reasoning skills. Which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in helping students learn to develop arguments from evidence? a. Providing a matching game in which students match the photo of a specific animal with an anatomy term b. Asking students to make a claim about animals classification and to give the reasons for their assertion c. Showing a video that introduces students to representative animals from each of the biological classes d. Surveying student ideas about specific animal classifications and organizing the results into a data table

Correct Response B Objective 0014. An activity that requires students to back up their explanations with evidence challenges students to think scientifically into develop reasonable opinions based in fact. In this case, students could further practice this skill by explaining to classmates why they would classify an organism as a member of the specific class of animals such as a reptile or mammal.

*Third grade students are excited to be making a model volcano, which will erupt as a result of a simple acid-base reaction. Which of the following is the most important safety procedure to have in place prior to this activity? a. Latex gloves should be worn during this activity b. Students should be wearing protective eye gear c. A fire extinguisher should be readily accessible to the teacher d. Students should work with a partner for this lab experience

Correct Response B Objective 0014. Students should wear protective eye gear when there is a chance of projectiles being emitted or a chemical splash occurring near them. Even though the volcanic reaction is produced using common household ingredients, they still need to be considered as potential eye irritants.

*A substance that has a fixed volume, is virtually incomprehensible, and takes the shape of its container is most likely a: a. solid b. liquid c. gas d. plasma

Correct Response B Objective 0015. Liquids have a definition volume, but no definite shape. At the molecular level, liquid molecules are close enough to each other to be affected by intermolecular forces, but far enough apart that some movement of molecules occur. The intermolecular forces that keep the molecules close to each other give the liquid its definite volume, while the movement of molecules accounts for the ability of the liquid to take the shape of its container.

*In addition to providing structural support, cell walls in plants also: a. serve as a storage area for sugars used in the production of ATP b. enable cells to withstand significant internal water pressure without rupturing c. contain large quantities of chloroplast for use in photosynthesis d. keep gases such an oxygen and carbon dioxide from diffusing into the cell

Correct Response B Objective 0015. Some of the plant's structural rigidity is due to water pressure (or turgor pressure) in the stem and leaf cells. As water enters a plant cell by osmosis, the water pressure inside the cell increases and the cell expands. It is the presence of the cell wall that keeps the plant cell from expanding to the point of rupturing.

Read the excerpt below from Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" (1863); then answer the question that follows. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus for so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. In this excerpt, "the great task remaining before us" refers to the struggle to preserve the Union and: a. maintain a government based on laws b. fulfill the promise of equality c. expand the cope of individual liberties d. affirm states' rights

Correct Response B Objective 0016. In the "Gettysburg Address", Abraham Lincoln reminded listeners that the nation was created based on the proposition that all men are created equal. He proclaimed that the Civil War was a struggle to preserve the national union and along with it a commitment to the principle of human equality.

*Teacher asks students to use pattern blocks to cover geometric designThis activity plays the foundation for a. Classifying two-dimensionalFigures based on properties b. decomposing polygons into similar shapes c. Identifying lines of symmetry and polygons d. Understanding connections between arithmetic and geometric properties

Correct Response B. Pattern blocks typically consist of an equilateral triangle, a rhombus, a hexagon, and other shapes. These blocks can be used to compose more complicated shapes and also to decompose polygons into similar shapes. Students' natural inclination is to make pictures and designs with pattern blocks helps to build an understanding of how more complex polygons can be decomposed into similar shapes with properties that are easier to analyze and quantify.

*Fourth grade students have read an informational text about types o storms, and they are having a classroom discussion about extreme weather. During the discussion, they work together on the partially completed grid below as they decide which features are characteristic of the various storm types. Extreme Weather Wind Precip. Freezing temp. Floods Damage Hurricane + + - + + Tornado + + - - + Thunderstorm Blizzard This type of activity is most likely to promote students' vocabulary development by strengthening which of the following word-related skills? a. demonstrating understanding of words by relating them to their synonyms b. defining words in relation to the content-area texts they are reading c. analyzing the nuances of meaning between related words d. identifying meaningful examples of new concepts

Correct Response C Objective 0003. The discussion and resulting grid reflect a semantic feature analysis, a strategy for developing vocabulary concepts through categorization. Semantic feature analysis helps students examine concepts that are related and make distinctions between them based on specific criteria. Because they recognize these distinctions, students' understanding of nuances of meaning and connections between the words is enhanced. This strategy strengthens comprehension as well as vocabulary development because it helps students more fully understand the targeted words in relationship to the concepts about which they are reading.

*Which of the following sentences exemplifies the literary device of foreshadowing? a. "Aren't you quick as a bunny!" exclaimed the father a he chased after his son, who had toddled onto the soccer field and was being heartily applauded by spectators. b. On summer nights, the family gathered in the lawn to listen to the steady chirping of crickets and the calls of night birds emerging from deep in the moonlit forest. c. As they are the last of the sandwiches their Aunt Grace had packed from the that morning, they never guessed that their lived were about to change forever. d. "I can't possibly take another step!" exclaimed Lydia as she collapsed onto the overstuffed sofa after a morning run with her faster and younger brother.

Correct Response C Objective 0004. Foreshadowing is used to suggest that certain events will occur later in a narrative without revealing the exact nature of the events. The phrases "they never guessed" and "their lives were about to change forever" indicate to the reader that the characters will experience a life altering event which they have no prior knowledge. The reader's foreknowledge creates suspense by stimulating curiosity about the nature of the event and the nature of its effects.

The sixth grade teacher asks students to prepare a written response to the prompt below. Develop an argument for or against requiring school buses to be equipped with seatbelts. In the argument you must clearly state your claim and provide at least three pieces of evidence to support your claim, including one from a credible source. Conclude with a summary of your claim and a call to action. To guide students in planning their written responses the teacher asks them to read the prompt carefully, highlight the main verbs, and underline the specific components they should include in their argument. To further promote student's ability to write an effective response, which of the following tasks should the teacher asked students to complete next? a. Outlining points to include in their argument b. Drafting a strong position statement c. Identifying an audience for their argument d. Finding credible sources of evidence

Correct Response C Objective 0005. After highlighting main verbs (e.g. state, provide, conclude) and identifying components to include in the argument(stating your claim, three or more pieces of evidence, credible source), the students next logical step would be to identify the audience for the argument. Will the audience be students who ride school buses, parents/guardians of students who ride school buses, the community at large, or school bus manufactures. Once students have decided on the audience to whom they will direct the argument, they will be better able to choose credible sources and supporting evidence that will appeal to that specific audience.

*Fourth grade teacher is conducting A writing conference with the students about the draft in progress the teacher recognizes that one paragraph lacks focus and does not connect to the rest of the draft which of the following approaches by the teacher would most effectively guide the students in revising the draft a. Suggesting transitional words or phrases to link the paragraph to the rest of the draft b. Providing the student with several exemplary drafts to use as models for revision c. Asking the student to state the draft's main idea and the paragraph's main idea d. Having the students create several new drafts by changing the paragraph order

Correct Response C Objective 0005. Writing conferences are intended to promote an open and honest discussion that supports the development of writing in the student as a writer. Reading the students worked aloud to the students can help the student recognize problems in a piece and can lead to a conversation about the message the student wants to convey. The teacher can ask follow-up questions to guide the student toward the need for additional revisions. Such questions will support the students metacognition and promote self-analysis of the work.

*A sixth grade teacher is planning to show students several video clips of an inaugural addresses delivered by past US presidents. The teacher wants to promote students active listening skills as well as facilitating students ability to understand the video clips. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for the teacher to use for this purpose? a. Introducing the video clips with an overview of the history and purpose of presidential inaugural addresses b. Providing for students a reference list of unfamiliar words from the speech along with their definitions c. Pausing the video clips at predetermined intervals for students to talk to a partner about what they heard d. Having students take notes while viewing the video clips and then summarizing and writing what they have learned

Correct Response C Objective 0006. This turn and talk activity helps create a learning environment in which students are encouraged to listen and speak, and it provides a safe way for students to share their thinking. By pausing the video clip periodically and encouraging students to repeat, rephrase, question, and analyze information contained in an inaugural address, the teacher helps students remember to listen carefully and think critically about what they heard.

Second grade students have gathered and organized information for oral reports on the science topic of their choice. Which of the following activities would most effectively enhance student's ability to convey facts and details about their topic during their presentation? a. Ranking the information from most to least significant b. Drafting comprehension questions to ask the audience c. Creating visual representations of important information d. Practicing their oral presentation with a student partner

Correct Response C Objective 0006. When planning to give and oral report, students should decide on and prepare features that will enhance the report presentation. Visual images, whether students created or achieved through technology, provide not only an interesting focus for the audience, but also serves as a reminder to the speaker of information to be shared.

*Given that f(x)=2x+2 and g(x)= x+1/(over)2, what is f(g(x))? a. x+1 b. x+2 c. x+3 d. x+4

Correct Response C Objective 0007. The composite function f(g(x)) is found by replacing the value of x in the function f(x) with g(x) and then simplifying the remaining expression: f(g(x))=2[g(x)]+2=2(x+1/2)+2=x+1+2=x+3.

A standard die is a cube, with each of its six faces showing a different number of dots from 1 to 6. What is the probability of getting a sum of 8 from 2 rolls of a standard die? a. 1/7 b. 1/6 c. 5/36 d. 5/12

Correct Response C Objective 0007. The first roll of the die can result in any number from 1 to 6, which is then paired with the second roll that can also result in and number from 1 to 6. There will be 36 total outcomes. There are 5 ways the two can sum to 8: 2+6, 3+5, 4+4, 5+3, and 6+2. The probability of rolling a sum of 8 is therefore 5/36.

Use the system of equations below to answer the question that follows: -3x+5y=7 6x+2y=-8 Which of the following is a step in solving the system of equations using the method of adding/subtracting equations? a. 8y=22 b. 8y=-15 c. 12y=6 d. 12y=-1

Correct Response C Objective 0007. To solve the system of equations for y by the method of adding/subtracting equations (something referred to as linear combinations), it is necessary that the x-coefficients in each equation are equal in magnitude. This can be achieved by first multiplying the top equation by 2. Adding the two equations together will then result in a single equation containing only the y-variable and a constant term. 2(-3x+5y=7) becomes -6x+10y=14. Adding this equation to the bottom equation results in 12y=6.

*As part of learning the standard multiplication algorithm for multidigit numbers, a student performs computations as shown below. 23=20+3 x16=10+6 ---------- 18 120 30 + 200 ---------- 368 One significant characteristic of this approach is that it directly illustrates properties of place value and: a. the associative law b. inverse operation c. the distributive law d. prime factorization

Correct Response C Objective 0008. The distributive law combines the operations of addition and multiplication and states that a(b+c)=ab+ac. This can also be written as (b+c)a=ac+ab by using the commutative property of addition and multiplication. In the example given, the problem uses the distributive law two times: (20+3)6=6x3+6x20=18+120 and (20+3)10=10x3+10x20. In addition to a solid understanding of place value, understanding the distributive law is key for understanding the standard multiplication algorithm.

*Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows. <---|-------A--|--B----|--C---> 0 1/2 1 A teacher poses the question "Which point on the number best represents 15/28?" A student responds, "I know that 1/2 of 28 is 14, so 15/28 is more than 1/2, and 28/28 would equal 1 whole, so it is less than 1 whole. It must be point B. "This student is most likely using which of the following strategies to solve the problem? a. converting the fraction to its decimal equivalent b. understanding that a larger denominator indicates smaller-sized pieces c. relating the fraction to a benchmark fraction d. rewriting a fraction in terms of a new denominator

Correct Response C Objective 0009. A benchmark fraction is a common fraction that can be used to gain an understanding of the magnitude (i.e., size) of other fractions. The numbers 0, 1/2, and 1 are often used as benchmark fractions to help students gain an understanding of the magnitude of other fractions. In this example, the student is comparing the given fraction to 1/2 and to 1, which are common benchmark fractions.

Use the values shown below to answer the question that follows. A=K/0.5 B=1 1/2 x K C=7/8 of K D=20% of K Given that K is a positive integer, which of the following lists orders the values above from least to greatest? a. A<B<D<C b. A<C<D<B c. D<C<B<A d. D<A<C<B

Correct Response C Objective 0009. The value of A is K/0.5=K/1/2=Kx2=2K. The values of B is 1 1/2xK=1.5xK=1.5K. The value of C is 7/8 of K=7/8xK=0.875xK=0.875K. The value of D is 20% of K=0.2xK=0.2K. Putting these in order from least to greatest, o.2K<0.875K<2K, so D<C<B<A.

Use the problem and student work shown below to answer the question that follows. Simplify: 2x+5=3(x-1) Student work: Step 1: 2x+5-3(x-1)=2x+5-3x+3 Step 2: 2x+5-3x=2x-3x+5+3 Step 3: 2x-3x+5+3=(2-3)x+5+3 Step 4: (2-3)x+5+3=-x+8 Which of the following properties justifies step 2 in the students work? a. associative property b. closure property c. commutative property d. distributive property

Correct Response C Objective 0010. In step 2, the student changed the order of the addends, applying the commutative property: 2x+5-3x+3=2x+5+(-3)+3=2x+(-3x)+5+3=2x-3x+5+3.

A circle graphs is created to represent a bag of colored gumballs that contains four-color groups as follows 24 of the gumballs are red 20% of the gumballs are blue 9/10 of the gumballs are green 1/4 of the gumballs are yellow What is the degree measure of the central angle for this sector of the circle that represents the red gumballs? a. 10° b. 24° c. 36° d. 160°

Correct Response C Objective 0011. The percent of the gumballs that are blue is 20%, the percent green is 9/20=45/100=45%, and the percent yellow is 1/4=25/100=25%. This leaves 10% for the percent that are red: 100-20-45-25 = 10. The sum of the central angles in the circle graph is 360°: 10% of 360 is 10/100×360 = 36.

Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows. (look at paper) The right circular cylinder above, which is closed at both ends, is 3/4 full and contains 144pie cubic centimeters of liquid. What is the surface area of the cylinder? a. 90pie b. 112pie c. 128pie d. 280pie

Correct Response C Objective 0011. The volume of a cylinder can be found by multiplying the area of the base by the height. Since the cylinder is 3/4 full, the equation 3/4(pier^2 x h)=144pie can be used to fund the radius of the base of the cylinder. Solve for r^2 as follows: 3/4(pier^2 x 12)=9pier^r=144pie results in r^2=16, so r=4. To find the surface area, find the circumference of the circular base and multiple that by the height then add on the area of the two circular bases. Cxh=pie(2r)x12=pie(2x4)x12=96pie and pier^2-pie(4)^2=16pie.

Parallelogram ABCD has three of its verticals at A=(0,-4), B=(-4,2), and C=(1,6). What is the slope of side AD of the parallelogram? a. 2/3 b. -3/2 c. 4/5 d. -5/4

Correct Response C Objective 0012. Opposite sides of the parallelogram are parallel and parallel lines have equal slopes. The slope of side AD will be the same as the slope of side BC. To find the slope of side BC, use the coordinates of the two points B and C to find the value of y2-y1/x2-x1=6-2/1-(-4). The slope of AD is 4/5.

*A second grade teacher plans to start a vegetable garden to help students learn about the resources required for plant growth. The teacher uses stakes and strings to mark a 5 foot by 5 foot plot of ground, but determines it would only provide enough space for each student to grow one plant. In order for each student to have enough space to grow two plants, the teacher plans to double the area of the first plot. What will be the total area of the enlarged plot? a. 10 square ft b. 25 square ft c. 50 square ft d. 100 square ft

Correct Response C Objective 0013. The original plot of land is a square, with a length of 5 feet. Using the formula for area in which area=lengthxwidth. The area of this plot is 5 feet by 5 feet in size, or 25 square ft. The enlarge plot, needed to accommodate two plants per student, needs to be double the area of the first plot or, 2×25 square ft. equals 50 square ft.

* As part of a unit about matter, a fourth-grade teacher provides students with a recipe for homemade play dough and sufficient amounts of flour, salt, food coloring, oil, and water to make a batch of the dough. The teacher then asks students to develop a question that could be used as the basis to further investigate the properties of the play dough. Which of the following is the best example of a scientific question that achieves this objective? a. "Why is red play dough better than green play dough?" b. "Why does the dough have a funny smell?" c. "What happens if the amount of oil is changed?" d. "What is the best use for the play dough?"

Correct Response C Objective 0014. A Scientific question is one that is testable and can be answered by observing, measuring, or experimenting. In this case, it would be possible to experiment with using different amounts of oil in the recipe and observing how the properties of the final product are affected by this change.

*Fourth grade students are using cardboard boxes, aluminum foil, paper, and cotton balls to create containers that will slow the rate at which an ice cube melts. Students are asked to write up a simple report about their experiment, including the procedure they used and their results. Several students in the class have learning challenges related to the sequential ordering of processes and ideas. Which of the following strategies could the teacher employ to best support all students in completing the assignment? a. Requiring students to record observations in their class notebooks b. Asking students to summarize the investigation orally rather than in writing c. Providing students with a graphic organizer designed for the activity d. Having students partner with a classmates during the investigation

Correct Response C Objective 0014. A graphic organizer will provide students with a visual representation of information that needs to be recorded during the investigation. One that includes prompts and spaces for recording information and observations for each step of the investigation process will help the students organize their work and facilitate the writing of a lab report.

Two students have worked together to design a science fair project that examines the effect of sugar concentrate on the respiration rate of baker's yeast . They set up three test tubes, each containing one tablespoon of yeast taken from the same package. They measure and add the same amount of filtered apple juice to each test tube. They then add a half teaspoon of sugar to the first test tube, a whole teaspoon of sugar to the second test tube, and two teaspoons of sugar to the third test tube. The students know that respiration will produce gas, so they attach a deflated balloon to the top of each test tube and plan to identify signs of respiration by observing how long is takes the balloons to inflate enough to stand erect. Each test tube is placed in the same sunlit corner of the room to ensure that temperature and light conditions are the same. Which of the following modifications would significantly increase the scientific validity of this experiment? a. selecting a different type of fruit juice to use in each test tube b. using separate packages of yeast for each of the test tubes c. adding a fourth test tube containing only yeast and tap water d. placing a matching set of test tubes in a dark location

Correct Response C Objective 0014. This experiment was designed to test the effect of increasing sugar concentration on the respiration rate of yeast (as identified by the inflation of balloons attached to the test tubes). In order to confirm that the concentrate of sugar affects respiration rate, it is necessary to include an experiment control. An appropriate control for this experiment would be a test tube that contains only yeast and water and no sugar. This control test tube would be treated in the same way as the other test tubes. The purpose of a control in a scientific investigation or experiment is to ensure that the variable being tested (in this case, the effect of sugar concentrate on respiration rate) is the only variable that is altered during the experiment. This increases the reliability of the results obtained from the experiment by ensuring that the observed results are caused by changes to the variable being tested and not by some other uncontrolled factor.

*Students are investigating how water affects plant growth. Each student has a total of five bean seedlings. The seedlings are planted in five separate containers that are placed on a bookshelf beneath a large window. Plants will be watered every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday during a two-week period. During each watering, plant 1 will receive 0.5 mL of water, plant 2 will receive 1.0 mL of water, and plant 3 will receive 1.5 mL of water, and plant 4 will receive 2.0 mL of water, and plant 5 will receive no water. At the end of the two-week period, the amount of plant growth will be determined by subtracting the initial height of the plant from the final height. The students will present the results of their investigation in a line graph that has the dependent variable plotted along the Y axis. Which of the following variables should the student plot along the Y axis of their graph? a. Volume of water b. Mass of each container c. Plant height d. Dates of watering

Correct Response C Objective 0014. When creating a line graph, the independent variable (the quantity that is known) typically is plotted along the X axis and the dependent variable (the variable or conditions that changes according to the values of the independent variable) is plotted along the Y axis. In this case, the amount of growth shown by the plants (as measured by plant height) is the dependent variable and should be plotted along the Y axis.

A third grade teacher has placed everyday objects such as pencils, small blocks, erasers, and toy cars into small covered boxes. The boxes which each contain a single object and have been sealed with tape, are distributed to students. The students are instructed to interact with their box without opening it and then make a claim about its contents. Which of the following changed to this activity would most effectively strengthen students' scientific thinking and reasoning skills? a. having students prepare boxes of their own to give to classmates to investigate b. requiring students to use a laboratory notebook to record the name of the object they think is in their box c. having students identify observations from their investigation of the box that support their claim d. requiring students to investigate multiple boxes before making a claim about a box's contents

Correct Response C Objective 0015. The practice of science is based on conducting investigations and drawing conclusions from experimental data and observations. These scientific conclusions need to be supported by strong empirical evidence. The additional step of having students defend their claim about the contents of the box with evidence from their investigation will strengthen their scientific thinking and reasoning skills.

*Read the excerpt below from an extemporaneous speech delivered by Sojourner Truth at the women's rights convention in Ohio in 1851 then answer the question that follows. I have is much muscle as any man and can do as much work as any man. I have plowed and reaped in husked and chopped and mowed and can any man do more than that? I have heard much about the sexes being equal, I can carry as much as any man and can eat as much too, if I can get it. I am as strong as any man t hat is now. As for intellect all I can say is, if women have a pint and a man have a quart-why can't she have her little pint full? You need not be afraid to give us our rights for fear we will take too much-for we can't take more than our pint will hold. The poor men seem to be all in confusion, and don't know what to do. Why children, ff you have women's rights, give it to her and you will feel better. You will have your own rights, and they won't be so much trouble. A sixth grade teacher plans to have students identify and evaluate the claims and evidence presented in the excerpt. Which of the following students activities would most effectively prepare students to engage in this activity? a. Listening to an audio recording of the entire speech by an actor b. Defining unfamiliar words and expressions found in the excerpt c. Researching biographical and historical information related to the speech d. Comparing and contrasting versions of the speech from various sources

Correct Response C objective 0004. Before they begin to analyze an argument students should ask themselves, "What do I already know about this topic?" While some students may possess background knowledge about Sojourner Truth, her life, and the circumstances in which she gave this speech, other students may not. To best facilitate all students ability to analyze the excerpt effectively student should discuss and share what they already know about Sojourner Truth before reading the speech. Any pertinent contextual information that is not offered by students can be supplemented by the teacher. The instructional strategy will help all students identify and evaluate the claims and evidence presented in the excerpt.

*A 12 foot ladder and an 8 foot ladder are leaning against the side of a house such that each of the ladders forms the same angle with the ground. The 12 foot ladder reaches 9 feet up the side of the house. Which of the following expressions can be used to find how high up the side of the house the 8 foot ladder reaches? a. 12÷(9x8) b. 9÷(12x8) c. (8x9)÷12 d. (9x12)÷8

Correct Response C. The triangles formed by the ladders, the side of the house, and the ground are similar triangles. The sides will be proportionate and can be related with the equation 9/12=X/8, where x represents how high up the side of the house the 8 foot ladder reaches. Solve the equation for X by multiplying both sides by 8.

Use the number line below to answer the question that follows. c a a a |--|-----|-----|-----| <-|-------------------|-> 0 b The diagram above models which of the following equations? a. cx3a=b b. b-a=3+c c. 3(a+c)=b d. b/a=3+c/a

Correct Response D 0010. The line diagram shows the segment b units long divided into 3 segments each a units along with a segment c units long left as the remainder. The result of b/a, or b divided into groups of a, can be modeled by this diagram. The result is 3 remainder c. Since each full group is made up of a segment of the length a units, the remainder c represents c/a or c divided by a of a group. The diagram shows the equation b/a=3+c/a.

Which of the following words would be the most appropriate for a second-grade teacher to use when providing instruction to the students on the closed-syllable pattern VC/CV? a. howling b. brother c. flicker d. public

Correct Response D Objective 0002. In the VC/CV closed syllable pattern, two consonants come between two vowels, and the word is syllabicated between the consonants that adjoin each other. In the VC/CV patter, the first syllable is closed, giving it a short vowel sound. The word public is a syllabicated between the consonants b and i and contains a closed first syllable. Therefore, public would be a good word to use to explain and model the VC/CV syllable pattern in multisyllabic words.

Which of the following word lists could be used to provide upper elementary school students with practice in analyzing words with a common Latin root? a. chronic, synchronize, anachronism b. democracy, demography, pandemic c. headquarters, forehead, heady d. audible, audience, auditorium

Correct Response D Objective 0003. Words with Latin roots are common in English academic vocabulary. Knowledge of the meaning of some of the more prevalent Latin roots can help students with their word-analysis skills when they are deciphering the meaning of unfamiliar multisyllabic words. The Latin root aud, meaning "hear," is used to form audible ("able to be heard"), audience ("people gathered to hear"), and auditorium ("a large room to hold an audience").

*Which of the following elements would most likely be found in a work of science fiction? a. a first person narration that focuses on thoughts and feelings b. a humorous parody of contemporary social codes of behavior c. a nonlinear plot that unfolds in flashback and flash-forward d. a moral conflict between human and nonhuman characters

Correct Response D Objective 0004. Science fiction is a subcategory of fantasy. It may be set during contemporary times, in the past or in the future, on earth or on other planets. It may describe futuristic societies and futuristic technologies. Themes in works of science fiction often involve the conflict between human morality and the amorality demonstrated by extraterrestrial beings and/or artificial intelligence. Science fiction can use the cloak of futuristic fantasy or to offer commentary on contemporary events, as well as to speculate about the future consequences of contemporary human behaviors.

A first grade teacher plans to use the graphic organizer to guide students in identifying and analyzing key ideas and details in an informational text. Which of the following types of graphic organizers would be most appropriate for the teacher to use for this purpose? a. Venn diagram b. KWL chart c. flowchart d. semantic graph

Correct Response D Objective 0004. Semantic maps typically focus on the central theme or topic. Connected words and phrases radiate outward from the central topic. By using the semantic map to organize a visual representation of the way key ideas and details in a text relate to a central topic and to each other, a teacher can effectively promote students comprehension of textual information.

*Several students in elementary school classroom are English language learners. The teacher would like to differentiate instruction to promote development of their ability to comprehend and analyze informational texts. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for the teacher to use for this purpose? a. Encouraging students to ask the teacher questions about what they read b. Pairing the students with peers who share the same home language c. Having the students use a dictionary to translate texts into English d. Providing the students for scaffolding to help them access the texts' content

Correct Response D Objective 0004. Teachers should use a variety of scaffolding strategies to help make informational text comprehensible to English language learners. Examples of effective scaffolding strategies include, but are not limited to, verbal scaffolding (e.g. promoting, questioning, elaborating), procedural scaffolding (e.g. explicit teaching, modeling, providing opportunities for independent practice and application), metacognitive scaffolding (e.g. planning, regulating, evaluating), visual scaffolding, and instructional scaffolding (e.g. using graphic organizers).

Which of the following graphic organizers would be most helpful in supporting second grade students as they write a narrative? a. Semantic map b. Flowchart c. Tree diagram d. Storyboard

Correct Response D Objective 0005. Effective narrative writing typically involves describing a sequence of events. A story board in which students illustrate the narrative events in a series of drawings that are arranged in chronological order would be a helpful tool for students to use during the drafting stage. After placing the major and minor details in order, students can decide which events to highlight and which to eliminate, maintaining a core narrative that is logical and coherent.

A fifth grade teacher wants to promote students use of standard American English grammar during formal presentations. Which of the following initial approaches would be most effective for the teacher to use for this purpose? a. Ensuring that students independent reading materials model correct use of standard American English grammar b. Administering quizzes to assess students understanding of components of standard American English grammar c. Providing students with links to websites that demonstrate how to apply the rules of the standard American English grammar d. Using authentic oral exchanges as opportunities to gently correct students misuse of standard American English grammar

Correct Response D Objective 0006. By using authentic student speech to recognize a student's correct usage or to gently correct the students misuse of standard American English grammar, the teacher can help students understand grammar rules in context. As a result, students are more likely to continue proper usage or self correct a potential grammar error and incorporate proper usage into their speaking.

Read the transcript below of a conversation between a teacher and a first grade student then answer the question that follows. Student: the wind blew my hat off Teacher: there's a very strong breeze today Student :I had to run to get it Teacher: yes I saw you race across the schoolyard Student: every time I got near my hat the breeze blew it away again Teacher: well you're a fast runner and you finally caught it Student: I can race is fast as the breeze Given the evidence in the transcript, the teacher is primarily using the conversation as an opportunity to: a. Introduce the student to concepts related to weather b. Build the students self-confidence c. Determine the students interests outside of school d. Expanded the students vocabulary

Correct Response D Objective 0006. The teacher seizes an impromptu opportunity to be conversationally responsive to the student. By making comments about what the student did and by adding the information about what happened, the teacher encourages the students to continue the conversation. The teacher responds to the student statement by using synonyms (breeze, race, caught) for words the student uses (wind, run, get), thus providing an opportunity for the student to expand his or her vocabulary.

Given the problem 3005/21 and the expression 3005=Ax100x21+Bx10x21+C+Dx1, where A, B, C, and D are all whole numbers less than 10, what is the value of B? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

Correct Response D Objective 0008. Performing the operations 3005/21 using long division results in 143 r 2. This means that 3002=21x(143)+2=21x(100+40+3)+2. The only whole-number value less than 10 that can be used for A is 1, because Ax100 must equal 100. Since Bx10+C has to sum to 43 and both B and C must also be whole number values less than 10, B has to be 4. Note that the standard long division algorithm is a method used to find these values: 3005=2100+840+63+2=1x100x21+4x10x21+3x21+2=1.

Use the information below to answer the question that follows. There are six blocks on a table. A child counts each block while saying the numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6. Which of the following provides the best evidence that the child has developed the concept of cardinality? a. The child can recite the numbers in the proper order. b. The child points to each block while counting them. c. The child can count the blocks after they have been rearranged into a new order. d. The child can state how many blocks are on the table without recounting them.

Correct Response D Objective 0008. The cardinality of a set corresponds to the number of elements in a set or collections. When counting the number of objects in a collection, the last number the child says indicates the number of elements in the set. A child who can state the number of elements in the set without having to recount them has developed the concept of cardinality.

While learning how to solve subtraction problems by regrouping, a third grade student does the problems as shown below. 23-16=13 34-28=14 In working with the student on solving the problem 26-19=?, it would be most important for the teacher to emphasize that the: a. student should borrow a 1 and change the 2 to a 1 b. numbers should be aligned in columns c. operation of subtraction is the inverse of addition d. value of 26 is equal to 1 ten and 16 ones

Correct Response D Objective 0008. The student is solving the problems by simply taking the absolute value of the difference of the digits in each place value. The student is having difficulty understanding place value. In order to learn to solve these problems by regrouping, it would be most appropriate for the student to use principles of place value to decompose 26 into 10+16-10-9=0+16-9=7.

Given that a and b are positive integers such that a>b, which of the following fraction comparisons must be true? a. a/b < b/a b. a/a+1 < b/b+1 c. b/a+b > a/a+b d. a-1/1 > b-1/b

Correct Response D Objective 0009. The fraction a-1/a is 1/a away from 1 whole. Likewise, the fraction b-1/b is 1/b away from 1 whole. Since a>b, the fraction 1/a<1/b, and the fraction that needs a smaller amount to make 1 whole is the larger fraction. a-1/a is the larger fraction.

Use the student work below to answer the question that follows. 4 3/8- 2 1/2= 4 3/8- 2 4/8= 3 13/8- 2 4/8= 1 9/8= 2 1/8 A student was asked to find the difference between 4 3/8 and 2 1/2. Which of the following activities would best help the student understand the error made in the work shown above? a. Rewriting the fractions and decimals before subtracting b. Reviewing subtraction of fractions with like denominators c. Using number lines to convert improper fractions to mixed numbers d. Drawing area models to rename wholes as sums of unit fractions

Correct Response D Objective 0009. The students error was made in renaming one of the 4 wholes into eighths. Rather than renaming the whole as 8/8, the student renamed it as 10/8, and thus changed 4 3/8 to 3 13/8. The student could benefit from working with area models to convert a whole into a given number of unit fractions.

*Use the diagram below to answer the question that follows. (look at paper) A television stations logo is made up of a circle inscribed in a square, as shown in the diagram above. What is the area of the shaded region of the logo if the circle circumferences 16 pie? a. 64-8pie b. 64-16pie c. 256-16pie d. 256-64pie

Correct Response D Objective 0011. The circumference of the circle, 16pie, is equal to pie times the diameter of the circle. The diameter of the circle is 16, as is the side fo the square. The radius of the circle is half the diameter, or 8. The area of the shaded region can be found by subtracting the area of the circle from the area of the square: 16^2-pie(8^2)=256-64pie.

*Use the graph below to answer the question that follows. (look at paper) The double bar graph shows the weights of the participants of a weight training class. Which of the following is the closest to the percent of the women in the class who weight less than 180 pounds? a. 22% b. 28% c. 38% D. 67%

Correct Response D Objective 0011. The shaded bars represent women in the class, and there are 2+4+4+4+1 = 15 women altogether. There are 4+4+2 women under 180 pounds. The percent of women under 180 pounds is found as follows 4+4+2/15=10=15=66.7%. The percent closest to 66.7% is 67%.

A hotel charges $3325 per week for a room during peak season. Which of the following expressions can be used to determine this cost in dollars per minute? a. 7days/3325 dollars x 24hrs/1 day x 60min/1hr b. 3325dollars/7days x 24hrs/1day x 1hr/60min c. 7days/3325dollars x 1day/24hrs. x 60min./1hr. d. 3325 dollars/7days x 1 day/24hrs. x 1hr/60min.

Correct Response D Objective 0011. To find the number of dollars per minute, start with the information given for dollars per days. Then use conversion fractions until arriving at the desired unit, dollars per minute. The conversion fraction units should cancel out, until left with dollars for the numerator and minutes for the denominator. (see paper)

Second graders are observing plants and animals present in their school environment as part of a life sciences unit. Which of the following activities utilizing education technology would be most appropriate for strengthening the students understanding of these organisms? a. creating nature journals with word processing software in which students record their impressions and observations of the plants and animals b. having students complete a survey about their favorite local plants and animals and then posting the results on a class Web page c. participating in an online scavenger hunt in which students research topics on plants and animals at teacher-selected Web sites and then answer questions d. having students photograph local plants and animals with digital cameras and using the photos to create a class field guide that describes each organism

Correct Response D Objective 0013. Digital cameras are an educational technology tool that is appropriate for second graders. Allowing students to use digital cameras to photograph plants and animals that they see in the school environment will help them capture details of the organisms they are observing and may increase their interest in the subject. Following this activity with the creation of a class field guide that has information about each plant and animal will promote students understanding of each organism's name and characteristics.

As part of the unit about disease prevention, students are learning about how researchers link the presence of a certain strain of bacteria to the occurrence of the specific disease. Which of the following is the strongest evidence that a strain of bacteria is the cause of the particular disease? a. The bacteria are present in abundance in geographic areas where the diseases is prevalent b. The bacteria has been shown to be susceptible to the lethal effects of antibiotics such as penicillin c. The bacteria occur in a higher frequency in children whose parents were exposed to the disease d. The bacteria can be isolated from all individuals exhibiting disease symptoms but not from unaffected individuals

Correct Response D Objective 0013. When researchers attempted to link the presence of the strain of bacteria to the occurrence of the specific disease, they are trying to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. The strongest evidence for the strain of bacteria is the causative agent of the particular disease would be to confirm that the suspected bacteria are present only in individuals exhibiting disease symptoms.

*A species of small bird in known to ride on the back of the elephants. As an elephant moves through fields, insects dislodged from the grasses fly about and are eaten by the bird. While the elephant does not obtain any benefit from the bird's presence, it also is not disturbed by it. The relationship between the small bird and elephant is an example of: a. parasitism b. mutualism c. predation d. commensalism

Correct Response D Objective 0015. Commensalism is a type of symbolic relationship in which one organism benefits, and one is neither benefited nor harmed. In this case, the bird benefits by obtaining food, while the elephant is unharmed and receives no benefit from their relationship.

*A teacher could best use which of the following examples to illustrate the role of government in resolving conflicts? a. defining requirements and procedures for citizenship b. using tax revenues to provide public services c. participating in international organizations d. maintaining a court system that citizens can access

Correct Response D Objective 0016. An essential function of any government is to resolve conflicts between individual citizens and interest groups. Governments create and enforce laws in part to prevent conflict. In addition, court systems provide a process by which citizens and groups can seek to resolve conflicts that do arise.

An entry level English language learner has acquired grade level literacy skills in the home language which of the following features of the home language would be most likely to support the transfer of the basic literacy skills from the students home language to English? a. The home language's writing system is alphabetic as in English b. The vocabulary of the home language share some cognates with English c. The home language includes several phonemes found in English d. The syntax of the home language is similar to that of English

Correct response A Objective 0001. English as an alphabetic language and reading English is based on the alphabetic principle. According to the alphabetic principle, letters and letter combinations represent the speech sound of a language, and there are systematic and predictable relationships between written letters and spoken words. The development of "basic literacy skills" and English is dependent on a student's development of the alphabetic principle. Thus, an English language learner who has already developed the alphabetic principle in the home language will be at a great advantage in learning basic literacy skills in English.

Use the graph below to answer the question that follows Given y=f(x), what is f^-1(2) where f^-1(x) is the inverse function of f(x)? A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6

Correct response A Objective 0007. A function f maps a number from one set (the domain of the function) to another set (the range of the function). If x is a number in the domain, then y=f(x) is a number in the range. This is often written as an ordered pair (x,y). The inverse function, f^(-1), reverses this by mapping the value of y to the value of x. The linear function shown in the graph maps the point 0 to the point 2, i.e., (0,2). The inverse function f^-1 will map the point 2 to the point 0. Therefore, f^-1(2)=0.

A second grade teacher is planning to read aloud a narrative text to students. Which of the following approaches to conducting the read aloud would best strengthen students oral language development, thereby promoting the developmental process of reading acquisitions? a. Asking students to select three unfamiliar words they here as they listen to the story and use them in oral sentences b. Having students use think-pair-share to orally answer a question related to the stories main idea c. Having students take turns re-reading the story aloud after the teacher has modeled reading it expressively d. Asking students to write a short response to a question about the stories main idea and share it aloud

Correct response B Objective 0001. A think-pair-share sets up conversations between students, thereby supporting oral language development. A think-pair-share activity is composed of three steps: 1 students are given time to think about the answer to a question. 2 Students discuss their thoughts with a partner. 3 Partners share their ideas with the entire group. In addition to strengthening students oral language development, text-based discussions such as this support students' development of academic language, vocabulary, and reading comprehension.

*According to research, students generally have the most difficulty learning sound-letter relationships for letters whose sounds are not part of the letters name. For which of the following sets of letter-sound correspondences should a teacher allow more instructional time? a. m-/m/ and n-/n/ b. h-/h/ and w-/w/ c. b-/b/ and d-/d/ d. f-/f/ and s-/s/

Correct response B Objective 0002. Letter sound correspondence refers to the matching of the letters to its corresponding phoneme or phonemes. The sounds represented by the letters H and W are not reflected in the names of these letters. It is therefore likely that students will require more instructional time to make the connection between these letters and the sounds they represent and to correspond the letters with their appropriate sounds.

*Which of the following actions by an elementary school teacher best demonstrates an awareness of the interconnections among literacy skills across the curriculum? a. giving students time for re-reading their content area textbooks and discussing the material with their classmates b. setting aside a weekly time slot for students to visit the school library and check out content area texts the teacher has put on hold for them c. providing students with opportunities to read and write about fiction and nonfiction texts related to concepts they are studying and content area lessons d. obtaining multiple copies of each content related classroom library book so that more students have access to grade level informational text

Correct response C Objective 0001. Effective literacy instruction emphasizes the importance of reading and writing in all content areas. By including both fiction and nonfiction texts and content area instruction, the teacher helps emphasize the interconnections between different areas of the curriculum, while integrating reading and writing activities into content-area lessons also helps students make connections between literacy skills they are developing in English language arts lessons and the literacy skills that support their achievement and other content areas.

The sentences below are from an elementary school student's creative writing piece. The student's spelling in this excerpt is a representative of the student's overall spelling performance. The children new they wood get in truble. The lessens were esey for them to lern. (The children knew they would get in troubleThe lessons were easy for them to learn.) The students spelling is most characteristic of students in which stage of spelling development a. semi phonetics stage b. phonetics stage c. transitional stage d. morphophonemic stage

Correct response C Objective 0001. The spelling characteristics above are typical for a student who is in the transitional spelling stage. The student has moved beyond the phonetic spelling stage and is familiar with more sophisticated orthographic rules and conventions (e.g., le in troulbe, ey in they). The student recognizes each syllable should contain a vowel, although does not always add these letters accurately, and is familiar with the roll of consonant doubling (e.g. "lessens").

Which of the following lists would be the most useful in assessing a first-grade student's grasp of letter-sound correspondences and ability to apply them in decoding a variety of regular closed- syllable words? a. the, with, to, of b. main, beat, coat, foot c. dot, pen, sum, rib d. bat, cat, mat, sat

Correct response C Objective 0002. A closed-syllable word is a word that ends with a consonant and "closes in" the vowel, making it say its short sound. By using the words dot, pen, sum, and rib, the teacher can assess students knowledge of letter-sound correspondences for a variety of consonants and short vowels, as well as their ability to decode regular CVC words.

A fifth grade teacher regularly incorporates technology and instruction for various purposes. In an upcoming lesson, the teacher would like to promote a collaborative classroom environment by having students post a written response to an assigned text in which they reflect on connections they make to the text as they read. The teacher wants students to read and reply to their classmates reflections but would like to be able to screen the responses before students post them. Which of the following forms of technology would best achieve the teachers goal for this activity? a. A class website b. A group email c. A social network d. A group blog

Correct response D Objective 0001. A group blog allows members of the group- in this case, the class- to publish their work with ease, as well as read and respond to other members work. This interaction among the students fosters a collaborative environment. The teacher can use an approval process with the group blog to make sure that nothing is posted prior to the teachers review and to ensure that the students comments for a friendly and supportive.

*At the beginning of the school year, the results of a screening assessment indicate that a first grade student has limited letter identification skills. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for the teacher to use first to promote the students development of letter knowledge? a. showing the student the class alphabet chart, pointing to each letter, and having the student trace the corresponding letter on a letter worksheet b. singing the traditional alphabet song to the student and inviting the student to point to each corresponding letter on an alphabet chart as the teacher sings c. presenting alphabet flash cards to the student, repeating the letters name depicted on each card, and having the students practice reading the cards independently. d. linking letter-name and sound instruction for each unknown letter, and having the student practice forming each target letter while saying its name and sound.

Correct response D Objective 0001. The results of the screening assessment indicate that the student needs instruction and practice in knowing letters' names and recognizing them in print. A student who is entering first grade with limited letter knowledge is at high risk for reading failure, so instruction needs to be targeted and intensive. The teacher should focus on the letters the student had difficulty with on the screening. Research suggests that the development of letter knowledge is best supported by having students connect the name, sound, and visual features of each target letter.