CPCE Vocab

Research Question

a question used to focus the purpose of a scientific investigation and the procedures used to complete it

Stratified Random Sampling

a sampling design in which the population is divided into several subpopulations, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum

Skewness

an asymmetrical distribution with data points that do not cluster symmetrically around a mean

Causal Research Question

attempts to determine the cause-and-effect relationship among variables.

Diffusion of Treatment

change in the response of participants in a particular condition because of information that the participants gained about other research conditions from participants in those other conditions

Demand Characteristics

clues participants discover about the purpose of a study that suggest how they should respond

Authoritarian Parenting Style

"Autocratic" restrictive, lack expressions of warmth, exert control over children thru physical punishment, require children to follow absolute standards of behavior and life choices. Children will be either submissive or rebellious. Lower levels of achievement and responsibility

Authoritative Parenting Style

"Democratic" "Egalitarian" Parents display moderate control and explain reasoning behind decisions to help children understand the important factors that go into decision making and regulating behavior. These children have the best outcomes: independent, assertive, responsible.

John B. Waston

"Father of American Behaviorism" Believed Psychology should only be what can be measured or observed. Development involves learning associations between stimuli and responses. "Little Albert" Experiment

Permissive Parenting Style

"Laissez-Faire" Parents display little control and at most, moderate warmth. Children usually become self-centered, aggressive, low achieving, lack social responsibility

Uninvolved Parenting Style

"Unengaged" Parents show little interest. Indifferent or rejecting towards them. In extreme is neglect These children fare the worst. Left to raise themselves.

Personality Assessment

(Evaluative Procedures) Standardized tests (eg. MMPI), projective tests (eg. TAT), interest inventories (eg. STRONG)

Ability Assessment

(Evaluative Procedures) achievement tests (eg. WRAT), aptitude tests (eg. SAT), intelligence tests (eg. WISC)

Clinical Interviewing

(Evaluative Procedures) structured, semi-structured, unstructured

Ethical challenges relating to counseling competency

-obligation to build knowledge, awareness, and skills to work with culturally diverse clientele -must be aware of both the strengths and challenges of traditional counseling theories and must familiarize themselves with indigenous healing practices -even though counselors should only practice within their competency level, it is unlikely for any counselor to be familiar with all cultures, and they should "stretch the boundaries" to learn more about other cultures -make client referrals when the setting cannot provide properly and the setting cannot or will not change its policies and procedures to cater to the client -educators must be properly trained in social and cultural diversity issues and implement a culturally sensitive and advocacy-based curriculum -must consider client cultural idioms of distress and cultural bias among practitioners when evaluating client symptomology and providing clinical diagnoses -researchers must consider culture throughout the process, including involving a representative sample, avoiding harm in data collection, and interpreting data in a culturally sensitive manner

Communication patterns

-people who are not fluent in the dominant language may be marginalized and prevented from accessing resources that might otherwise be available -people who speak english as a second language may be more comfortable expressing themselves in their native language, and counselors should encourage clients to use the most comfortable language; must be aware of community resources for them -nonverbal communication can be very different between cultures

Kich (1992) Multiracial ID development model

1. 3-10--awareness and dissonance 2. 8-late adolescence--struggle for acceptance 3. adulthood--self-acceptance and assertion of an interracial identity

Allport's (1979) five stages of prejudice

1. Antilocution--the sharing of harmful vies with those who have the same belief system, whether they are known to the person or not; is only discussion, no actions 2. Avoidance--purposely trying to not be around disliked persons 3. Discrimination--purposely making sure individuals do not have access to resources for a better quality of life 4. Physical attack--acting either overtly violent or with violent undertones when in a high-pressure situation against a targeted group 5. Extermination--a focused effort to demolish certain groups of people (genocide, etc)

McCarn and Fassinger (1996) gay identity development model

1. Awareness--at an individual level, the individual feel different. There is also acknowledgment at a group level of sexual orientations other than heterosexual 2. Exploration--individuals begin to have strong same-sex attractions and seek to belong, on a group level, by seeking information about others who identify as gay 3. Deepening Commitment--individuals in this status confirm their gay identity at an individual level and actively commit to a gay identity at a group level 4. Identity Integration--individuals at this status internalize their gay identity and integrate it with other aspects of their identity. At a group level, there is synthesis of the gay culture into self-identity

Helm's (1995) People of Color Racial Identity Development Model

1. Conformity--Individuals of color may embrace racial stereotypes, blaming people of color for their problems. Individuals at this status may not socialize with other people of color. There is no awareness of racism 2. Dissonance--Individuals in this status experience a crisis that increases their awareness that racism exists. Conflict may lead individuals of color to appreciate aspects of their respective racial groups and distrust the dominant racial group 3. Immersion/Emersion--Similarly to Cross's model, individuals in this status actively reject White culture and have increased racial pride, retreating in their own racial group practices 4. Internalization--Individuals increasingly identify with individuals or other oppressed identities and develop an individualized racial self-concept. Individuals interact with Whites with more flexibility and objectivity 5. Integrative Awareness--Individuals develop a more complex view of all racial groups and work to eliminate all forms of oppression

Cass (1979) gay gay identity development model

1. Conscious Awareness--individuals in this stage feel different and note that they may not be heterosexual 2. Identity Comparison--this stage represents the initial attempts individuals may make as they accept or reject various aspects of a gay identity. Three possible responses might be rejecting a gay identity and seeking to be heterosexual, passing as heterosexual while working toward accepting a gay identity, or rejecting traditional societal views of being gay while still accepting a gay identity 3. Identity Tolerance--in this stage, which is similar to the Immersion/Emersion statuses of racial identity development models and the Embeddedness/Emanation and Moratorium/Equilibrium stages of feminist identity development models, there is some movement to retreat into the culture. Specifically, individuals desire to connect with other sexual minorities and distance themselves from heterosexuals. 4. Identity acceptance--there is a movement toward a more active commitment to the gay community, beyond simple tolerance of it 5. Identity Pride--there is stronger commitment to an active gay identity with some activism 6. Identity Synthesis--A gay identity is integrated with other cultural identities

Helm's (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model

1. Contact--Whites in this status are unaware that racism exists and deny race plays a role in their interactions with others 2. Disintegration--this status refers to when Whites become uncomfortable with the notion of racial superiority. Similarly to the second status of minority racial identity development models, there is a radicalized even that increases Whites' awareness that racism exists, creating feelings of anxiety, guild, and/or anger 3. Reintegration--Whites that experience this status typically try to lessen the anxiety experience in the Disintegration status and demonstrate intolerance and anger toward those of different racial groups 4. Pseudo-Independence--Alternately, Whites may more toward this status whereas they address conflict by making a superficial commitment to racism issues. However, there are often discrepancies between attitudes and behaviors toward other racial groups: they do not "walk the walk." 5. Immersion/Emersion--Whites in this status renew their efforts to address racism and redefine their "whiteness." This status involves increased self-reflection and self-understanding of individuals' role in perpetuating racial privilege 6. Autonomy--This final status is one of advocacy for Whites: White strive to relinquish some of they White privilege and dismantle the racial status quo

Whiston 5-step process for evaluating counseling outcomes

1. Define the evaluation study focus 2. Determine the evaluation design 3. Select participants 4. Select assessments 5. Analyze data

Five Types of Crisis

1. Developmental Crisis - caused by normal life experiences. (Birth, job change) 2. Environmental Crisis - caused by natural or human-caused events affecting multiple people. (hurricanes, war) 3. Existential Crisis - caused by realizations of personal meaning and purpose. (Questioning the meaning of a career) 4. Situational Crisis - caused by an event that is shocking and traumatic. (rape, loss of a loved one) 5. Psychiatric Crisis - caused by metal health/substance abuse problems. (psychosis, drug addiction)

Ethical decision making

1. Identify the problem 2. study pertinent codes of ethics and research 3. reflect on the principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and fidelity. 4. consult with other professionals 5. maintain and awareness of your emotions to ensure that emotions do not cloud your judgement. 6. include the client in the decision-making process whenever feasible. 7. decide how you would like to see the situation resolved and brainstorm courses of action. 8. examine the possible consequences for all courses of action and then select the one you would like to take. 9. Assess your chosen course of action. 10. Take action

Root (1990) multiracial ID development model

1. Individual accepts identity assigned by society 2. Individual identifies with both racial groups 3. Individual identifies with a single group 4. Individual identifies with multiracial group

Three levels of racism

1. Individual--individual perspective that another race is less intelligence, inferior, and so on; these beliefs maintain the status quo and can be unconscious and conscious 2. institutional--racism perpetrated by institutions such as businesses and government (double whammy as it oppresses minorities and benefits whites) 3. Cultural--devaluing cultural artifacts (art, media, religion) that do not approximate White cultural values.

Weinberg, Williams, and Pryor (1994) Bisexual identity development

1. Initial confusion--individual sin this status may experience anxiety about their sexual identity. They are attracted to both sexes and display discomfort about selecting a gay or heterosexual identity 2. Finding and Applying the Label of Bisexuality--Individuals become more comfortable with being attracted to both sexes and select the "bisexual" label 3. Settling into the Identity--individuals' increased acceptance of a bisexual identity 4. Continued Uncertainty--this final satis may occur for some individuals and is characterized by individuals feeling intermittent uncertainty about their bisexual identity

Family Development

1. Leaving home 2. Joining Families thru marriage 3. Welcoming Children into the Family 4. Raising Adolescents 5. Launching 6. Later Family Life

Harriman (1994) model of White racial identity

1. Naiveté--This initial stage is characterized y Whites categorizing others by racial groups and receiving and transmitting messages about power and privilege 2. Acceptance--Whites in this status believe that there is an equal opportunity for all racial groups, although they hold White values as the gold standard for others to follow 3. Resistance--Similarly to Helms's 1995 Disintegration status, Whites in the status experience conflict and anxiety about their beliefs of equal opportunity, as they engage in significant and meaningful cross-racial interactions 4. Redefinition--This status involves a self-reflection process about Whites' ethnic identity membership. Whites in this status increase their understand of their ethnic identities independent of their attitudes toward other racial/ethnic groups 5. Internalization--In this final status, Whites define themselves independently of their anxiety and resistance of earlier stages

Normal Play Categories

1. Nonsocial activity: preschool years. Play by themselves, wander around, observe others. But don't play with others in same activity 2. Parallel Play: play near each other, sometimes doing same activity but not together. 3. Associative Play: engaged in separate activities children talk and comment on each others play. 4. Cooperative Play: Play with each other to attain common goal.

Racial Interaction Theory (Helms 1995)

1. Parallel interactions--both individuals are at similar racial identity statuses, resulting in more harmonious race-based communications. In counseling, the counselor and client will either address or avoid racial discussions 2. Regressive interactions--One individual (typically the one with more social power) is at a lower racial identity status than the other individual. This creates frustration and leads to early termination in a counseling setting 3. Progressive interactions--ONe individual of a high social power exhibiting a more advanced racial identity status than the other individual. This creates an interaction whereby race and culture may be address in a counseling, facilitating the racial identity development process for both individuals

Downing and Roush (1985) feminist identity development model

1. Passive acceptance--this stage refers to women internalizing traditional gender roles and societal views of women. Women in this stage often do not interact with women who identify as feminist 2. Revelation--women move into this stage if they experience an event of sexism so salient that it calls into their awareness that their development is hindered in some way. This event, or series of events, may lead to dualistic thinking 3. Embeddedness-Emanation--this stage is best characterized by women developing a support network with other women to deal with negative feelings of the Revelation stage. Toward the end of the stage, women remain guarded in their interactions with men 4. Synthesis--women in this stage integrate evolving feminist principles with other personal and cultural values. Events deemed previously as solely caused by sexism are re-examined to consider other causes as well 5. Active Commitment--this stage involves women advocating for other women and working to eradicate sexism

Poston (1990) Multiracial ID development model

1. Personal Identity--Sense of self with no racial/ethnic awareness 2. Choice of Group Categorization--Child is pressure to identify with one group 3. Enmeshment/Denial--Individual is confused by single identity choice 4. Appreciation--Individual values multiple backgrounds, but identifies with single identity 5. Integration--Individual identifies with and has integrated multiple backgrounds

Poll and Smith (2003) spiritual identity development model

1. Pre-Awareness--individuals in this status do not view spirituality as salient in their lives 2. Awakening--this status refers to the notion that individuals become aware of themselves as spiritual beings after a spiritual event or conflict 3. Recognition--spirituality is integrated throughout life experiences. Individuals begin to develop spiritual practices 4. Integration--Spirituality is synthesized with the overall self-concept during this final status

Jacobs (1992) Multiracial ID Development model

1. Pre-color Constancy--play and experimentation with color 2. Post-Color Constancy--Biracial able and racial awareness 3. Biracial Identity

Cross's Nigrescence model

1. Preencounter--pre-experiencing of a racial event; race or anti-Black attitudes are not viewed as important by the Black individual 2. Encounter--a specific experience, or encounter, that prompts the Black individual to begin to notice and question his or her racial identity 3. Immersion-Emersion--a response to conflict and anxiety from the Encounter status, which prompts the individual to retreat and embrace symbols and artifacts of Black identity and then develop a more sophisticated Black identity 4. Internalization--The Black individual is more accepting of his racial identity and integrates it with other cultural identities (like gender, sexual orientation, etc...) 5. Internalization-Commitment--Represented by the individual being an advocate for Black issues

Stages of Human Development

1. Prenatal Period (Conception-Birth) 2. Infancy (Birth-2 yrs) 3. Toddlerhood (2-3 yrs) 4. Early Childhood (3-5 yrs) 5. Middle Childhood (6-12 yrs) 6. Adolescence (13-19 yrs) 7. Young Adulthood (19-30 yrs) 8. Middle Adulthood (30-60 yrs) 9. Late Adulthood (60-75 yrs) 10. Old Age (75+)

Derwin and Ponterotto (1995) Multiracial ID Development model

1. Preschool-5--awareness of differences in physical appearances 2. Entry into school--Defines self on the basis of physical appearance 3. Pre-adolescence--awareness of biracial status 4. Adolescence--Pressure to identify with one racial heritage 5. College-emerging adult--affiliation with one racial heritage with movement toward biracial awareness 6. Adulthood--Biracial awareness and integration

Three laws to protect citizens with disabilities

1. Rehabilitation Act of 1973--Prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in federally sponsored or federal programs 2. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990--Prohibits discrimination of persons with disabilities in employment, public services, telecommunications, and accommodations 3. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004--Provision of nondiscriminatory education process for children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment

Trodden (1989) gay identity development model

1. Sensitization--there is an awareness of same-sex attraction; the individual sees self as different from peers 2. Identity Confusion--this status is characterized by uncertainty about sexual orientation by the individual; there is an awareness of an incongruence between societal assumptions of heterosexual and gay identities 3. Identity Assumption--there is exploration within the gay community, and individual present as gay ("Come out") 4. Commitment--individuals in this status are fully active in the gay community and have a positive gay identity

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor (Birth-2) 2. Preoperational Stage (2-7) 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11) 4. Formal Operational Stage (11+)

Hoffman (2006) feminist identity development model

1. Unexamined Female Identity--this status is similar to Downing and Roush's (1985) Passive Acceptance stage. Involves the acceptance of traditional gender roles for women. 2. Crisis--this stage is similar to Downing and Roush's (1995) Revelation stage in that women become aware of societal discrimination in the form of sexism. This usually occurs because of one or more events. 3. Moratorium/Equilibrium--women in this page are actively committed to a feminist identity search. 4. Achieved Female Identity--this final stage involves the synthesis of new feminist identity with other aspects of identity. Gender self-confidence occurs.

Phinney (1993) multiracial ID development model

1. Unexamined ethnic identity 2. Ethnic identity search moratorium 3. Achieved ethnic identity

Worthington, Bielstein-Savoy, Dillion, and Vernaglia (2002) heterosexual identity development model

1. Unexplored commitment--individuals accept themselves as heterosexual without exploring this identity. They conform to heterosexual norms present in society 2. Active exploration--this status involves a more active identification with heterosexuality and attention to heterosexual privilege (either positive or negative) 3. Diffusion--this status represents a period of no commitment or exploration at the individual or group level 4. Deepening and Commitment--individuals show a greater commitment to their heterosexuality and focus more attention on acknowledging heterosexual privilege and dismantling oppression 5. Synthesis--this final status involves the development of an overall sexual self-concept, which involves solidified attitudes toward self and others' sexual identities

Three characteristics observed in persons with higher resilience

1. espousing hopeful attitudes and world views 2. having a supportive network of family, friends, and so forth 3. having a connected and safe community with sufficient serves available

Several common themes of cultural identity development

1. unawareness or denial of cultural group membership 2. conflict or anxiety when encountering those who differ in cultural identity 3. retreat into one's own cultural group and then cautious interaction with others 4. integration of one's own cultural identity wit other self-identities and other factors 5. advocation for those who belong to cultural group memberships who may experience oppression

Generations

18 documented in US History. Current living generations: General Issue (GI) 1891-1924 Silent Generation 1925 - 1942 Baby Boomer Generation 1943 - 1960 Generation X 1961-1981 Millennials (Generation Y) 1982-2002

Psychosocial Theory of Erik Erikson

1950. Focused on individual's learned social interactions within the environment as a key influence. on ego development. Personality continues to develop through out ones life. Developmental problems are reversible. Ego develops through through psychosocial crisis - Eriksons Eight Stages of Development. Successfully resolving each crisis hold potential for positive growth. Critizized as being ethnocentric and gender biased. Focus on self rather then community.

First discussion of culture in mental health

1960's and 1970's (think Civil Right's movement)

Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California

1974 supreme court case decided that counselors would be legally responsible for failing to take adequate steps to warn third parties about clients who present serious threat to them. If a client threatens to harm an identifiable individual the counselor MUST break confidentiality and tell this individual

Albert Bandura

1977. Developed Social Learning Theory (people learn through observation, imitation, and modeling. Can imitate modeled behavior without any reinforcement)

Ego Development Theory of Jane Loevinger

1979. Theory to explain human personality developmental progression and fixation. 1. Presocial Stage: Babies self differentiate from an outer world. 2. Symbiotic Stage: Differential of self from others. 3. Impulsive Stage: Affirms separate identity; demanding. 4. Self-Protective Stage: Self control; rule-goverened behavior 5. Conformist Stage: Obey rules; strive for acceptance from family. 6. Self-Awareness/Self-Consious Stage: Strive for stability and maturity. 7. Conscientious: Internalize rules, morality. 8. Individualistic: Strive for individuality. Awareness of inner conflict. 9. Autonomous: Strive for self-fulfillment; cope with inner conflict. 10. Integrated: Consolidated identity.

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust

1st Stage Psychosocial Theory of Erik Erikson Birth - 1/2 years old Caretakers responsibility to create trusting environment and positive relationship with baby. Parents are center of child's life. Mistrust occurs when infants are not comforted, encounter unpredictability, or are handled in uncaring way.

Schizophrenia

2 or more psychotic symptoms. Occurring most of the time during a 1 month active period out of at least a 6 month disturbance

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

2nd Stage Psychosocial Theory of Erik Erikson Ages 1/2-3 Use developmental motor and cognitive skills to decide for themselves. Positive interaction with caretakers - develop sense of autonomy. Forceful interaction with caretakers - feelings of shame or doubt over own ability to operate in social environment.

Milestones in Early Language Development

3 months - Smiles when talked to 4 months - Responds to voice by turning head 5 months - cooing 6 months - Babbling, which closely resembles speech 8 months - Repeats syllables 1 yr - shows understanding of some words 1.5 yrs - can produce 50ish one-word utterances 2 yrs - uses some two-word phases 2.5 yrs - Vocabulary of about 500 words 3.0 yrs - A vocabulary of about 1000 words 4.0 yrs - Basic rules of language consistently demonstrated.

Initiative vs. Guilt

3rd Stage Psychosocial Theory of Erik Erikson Ages 3-5 Children display sense of ambition and responsibility. Parents can help foster this by helping set goals and carry out plans without being too controlling (could lead to guilt and inhibition) Family relationships are key social interactions. Children must respect rights of others.

Industry vs. Inferiority

4th Stage Psychosocial Theory of Erik Erikson Ages 6-11 Productivity in work and play is emphasized. Strive for competence. Must master social and academic tasks while learning to cooperate -- otherwise they develop a sense of inferiority, incompetence, and failure. School and neighborhood interactions are important.

Divorce and remarriage

50% of first marriages end in divorce 75-80% remarry 60% of second marriages end in divorce 70% of third and subsequent marriages end in divorce. Women perceive divorce as more stressful then men do but adjust psychologically better. 85% of single households are headed by females. Financial stressors are primary complaint. Problems of divorce children are reduced when parents are cooperative, psychologically healthy, empathetic, cooperative, and openly communicative with children. Negative effects of divorce on children are similar to those effects on children as leaving in high conflict families.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

5th Stage Psychosocial Theory of Erik Erikson Adolescents recognize sense of uniqueness and personal identity and future direction. Peer group interactions are very important. Individual chooses goals and values to establish personal identity. If they don't -- experience confusion and question their purpose and direction.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

6th Stage Psychosocial Theory of Erik Erikson Young adults main task is to establish intimate relationships of love and friendship. Rather then isolation and self-absorbtion. Peer-relationships are central support. Learn to trust one another and trade some independency for intimacy.

Generatively vs. Stagnation

7th Stage Psychosocial Theory of Erik Erikson Middle Adulthood. Family relationships, partners, intimate friendships most important. Future next generation with child rearing. Work productivity is essential to seeking peak of personal achievement. Negative outcomes - reflects feelings of meaninglessness in one's accomplishments.

Integrity vs. Despair

8th Stage Psychosocial Theory of Erik Erikson Old Age. Come to terms with mortality and limitations so they can reflect on life with sense of pride and achievement to face death with dignity. All human kind is social focus. Some may reflect on life with regret and despair.

Noncompliance

A behavioral framework for conceptualizing resistance which offers 3 reasons: Clients do not possess the skills or knowledge for behavioral assignments Negative expectations or thoughts about process or outcomes Undesirable environmental conditions

Hawthorne Effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

Behavioral Counseling Techniques Contingency contracts

A chart or table that lists desired behaviors and whether the desired behaviors were achieved Coupled with reinforcement

US Rehabilitation Act of 1973

A civil rights act, protects individuals with disabilities from being discriminated against or denied equal access to services and opportunities because of their disability. Also known as Section 504.

Standard Deviation

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.

Ethnocentrism

A concept defining a cultural group's belief that it is superior in comparison to all other cultures, that it is the "gold standard." In counseling, this may manifest as a counselor not taking a client's ethnicity into account or being prejudicial.

Spurious Correlation

A correlation which over-represents or underrepresents the actual relationship

NCC

A counselor who has been certified by the NBCC.

Document Summary Form

A data management tool used in qualitative research that is similar to a contact summary sheet but is used to document salient themese and reflections from unobtrusive data sources, such as newsletters or artifacts

Multimodal

A distribution with more than two modes

Bimodal

A distribution with two clear peaks.

Histogram

A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.

Panel Study

A longitudinal study that examines the same set of people each time

Data Display

A management tool used in qualitative research to present organized data in a table format or a figure containing interconnected nodes. May be created for each participant as well as across a sample.

Kurtosis

A measure of the peakedness of a distribution

Eugenics Movement

A method to monitor a person's inborn characteristics and an attempt to keep the Caucasian race "pure" by directing who could marry and reproduce. In this movement, African Americans and European Americans could not intermarry, neither could those who were uneducated or had mental illnesses

Play Therapy

A methodology and not a theory The systemic use of a theoretical model to establish interrpersonal process wherein trained play therapists use therapeutic powers of play to help client prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties to achieve optimal growth and development directive play therapy: therapist chooses toys/activites nondirective play therapy: child guides play

Attenuation

A misleading correlation that occurs when unreliable measures indicate a lower relationship between two variables then actually exsists

Johari window

A model used to describe levels of client awareness. Levels are represented by four quadrants: public self, blind self, private self, unknown self. Unknown self diminishes as an individual self-discloses.

Quota Sampling

A nonprobability sampling technique in which researchers divide the population into groups and then arbitrarily choose participants from each group

Interpretation

A part of the assessment process where the professional counselor assigns meaning to the data yielded by evaluative procedures. Meaning can be derived from the data by comparing an individual to his or her peer group, using a predetermined standard or set criteria, or through a professional counselor's judgment.

Ethnicity

A person's identification with a group of people who have a similar social or cultural background (language, religious preference, close proximity geographically, traditions, gender, or ancestry). Subsets can exist, as well.

Constructivism

A philosophy of learning based on the premise that people construct their own understanding of the world they live in through the reflection on previous experiences and knowledge.

Item analysis

A procedure that involves statistically examining test-taker responses to individual test items with the intent to assess the quality of test items and the test as a whole -- used to eliminate confusing, easy, and difficult questions

Consensual qualitative research

A qualitative research approach that involves researchers selecting participants who are very knowledgeable about a topic and remaining close to data withoout major interpretation with some hope of generalizing to a larger population

Ethnography

A qualitative research method that attempts to understand the beliefs, practices, and behaviors of the culture of study from the perspective of those living within the culture

Participatory action research

A qualitative research tradition that focuses on change of the participants and researcher as a result of qualitative inquiry. Ex: working with a community agency and its clients t move toward improving the agency

Psychological contact

A relationship between the counselor and the client must exist

Simple Random Sampling

A sampling procedure that assures each element in the population of an equal chance of being included in the sample.

Probability Sampling

A sampling techniques in which every member of the population has a known, nonzero probability of selection.

Contact Summary Sheet

A singlepage snapshot of a specific contact, such as an interview or observation. Includes information such as specifics of the contact (date, time setting) and a list of salient these and reflections

Societal regression

A society, like a family, experiencing too much stress can regress it level of differentitation

Chi-square test

A statistical method of testing for an association between two or more categorical or nominal variables, where each variable contains at least categories.

Multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA)

A statistical test similar to an ANCOVA but involving multiple dependant variables.

Multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA)

A statistical test similar to an ANOVA but involving multiple dependant variables.

Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)

A statistical test that includes an independant variable as a covariate, or a variable that needs to be statistically adjusted and controlled in order to look at the relationship of other independant variables and the dependant variable.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

A statistical test that involves having at least one independant variable in a study with three or more group levels.

Wealth

A surplus of social, educational, and/or economic resources

Anxiety control

A theoretical mode for resistance proposed by Freud. Repression of unpleasant in order to preserve self-concept or ability to function

Thin/thick descriptions

A thin description/self-narrative is one that is imposed by others and that the individual internalizes A thick description/self-narrative is complex and detailed and involves the clients interpretations of themselves and the labels put on them by others

Concurrent validity

A type of criterion validity. Relationship between an instrument's results and another currently obteinable criterion. Must be collected at the same time.

ACA Code of Ethics

A. The Counseling Relationship B. Confidentiality, Privilege Communication, and Privacy C. Professional Responsibility D. Relationships with Other Professionals E. Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation F. Supervision, Training, and Teaching G. Research and Publication H. Resolving Ethical Issues

The ABCDEs of REBT

A: Activating event; any event that elicits negativity or unease B: Belief system; either rational or irrational C: Emotional consequence C IS A RESULT OF BELIEF AND NOT A RESULT OF ACTIVATING EVENT D: Irrational beliefs must be disputed E: Effective philosophy allows people to replace their irrational beliefs with rational beliefs

Key Historical Events--1991

ACA approves the multicultural counseling competency standards Paul Pedersen labels multiculturalism as the "fourth force" in counseling, moving to center stage the importance of culture in counseling (first three are psychodynamic, behaviorism, and humanism-existentialism)

Compassion Fatigue

AKA Secondary Traumatic Stress Reaction. Occurs in helping professionals who experience overwhelming feelings after being exposed to client crisis states (pain and suffering). May experience hoplessness, decrease in pleasure, constant stress/anxiety, pervasive negative attitude.

Alternative form reliability

AKA parallel form reliability aka equivalent form reliability - compares the consistency of scores from two alternative, but equivalent forms of the same test. Measures the same content and are equal in difficulty

Test-retest

AKA temporal stability - determines the relationship between the scores obtained from two different administrations of the same test

Cognitive Therapy

Aaron Beck Emotions and behaviors are a direct result of cognitions If clients can change their cognitions, they can also change negative or harmful feelings and actions Primarily concerned with discerning and restructuring automatic thoughts which are immediate, unhealthy internal cognitions

Differentiation of self

Ability to separate from FOO without cutting self off versus becoming fused

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy 6 Core process

Acceptance of personal experience including a willingness to experience uncomfortable thoughts and emotions Defusion: emotional separation from uncomfortable thought and emotions Present moment awareness: commitment to being in the present moment rather than focusing on the past or future Self as context: awareness of inner thoughts and emotions Values: identifying important personal values Committed action: commitment to taking action and engaging in overt behaviors that lead to valued outcomes

Integration model or Biculturalism

Acculturation model in which individuals identify with both their own culture and that of the host culture

Group tests

Administered to two or more test-takers at a time. Typically use objective scoring methods and have established norms. Economical and simplify test administration and scoring for the examiner. Client responses are more restricted and test administration lacks flexibility.

Role differentiation

Adopting different roles within the group.

Placater

Agree with and try to please everyone; mollify people,are unsure of themselves, often lack self-confidence

No Child Left Behind

Aims to improve the quality of U.S. primary and secondary schools by increasing the accountability standards of states, school districts and schools. Requires states to develop and administer assessments in basic skills to all students.

Vocational and Technical Education Act of 1984

Aka Carl D Perkins Act - provides access to vocational assessment, counseling and placement services for the economically disadvantaged, those with disabilities, individuals entering nontraditional occupations, adults in need of vocational training, single parents, those with limited English proficiency and incarcerated individuals.

Modeling

Albert Bandura Demonstrating how a behavior is performed so that it may be learned and passed on. Effective Modeling has four Components: 1. Attention: Learners must attend to and perceive the model behavior accurately 2. Retention: Learners must process the modeled behavior and store it in memory through visual imagery or verbal coding. 3. Reproduction: Learners must accurately reproduce and practice/reherse behavior 4. Motivation: Internal reinforcement or external reinforcement increases individual's motivation and likelihood of mastering. More effective if modeler is similar to the learner in sex, age, race or have positive attributes Performed live or covertly

Self-Efficacy

Albert Bandura Indivuals confidence in his or her ability to perform a behavior/complete task

Observational (Vicarious) Learning

Albert Bandura. Learning through passive observation

Individual Psychology Core beliefs

Alfred Adler (Also known as Adlerian psychology) Healthy individuals have social interest and compassion for other people Naturally strive for growth Highly optimistic and holistic view of human nature

Structural Family Counseling 4 Concepts Alignments, power and coalitions

Alignment: alliance between members Power: who exerts authority Coalitions: alliances against another member

Cognitive Therapy Distorted thinking Dichotomous thinking

All or nothing thinking

Closed groups

Allow a set number of members to participate from the group's beginning to termination, and leaders expect consistent attendance throughout the group experience. Preferred to promote group process, goals, and purpose.

Nonstandardized tests

Allow for variability and adaptation in test administration, scoring, and interpretation. These tests do not permit an individual's score to be compared to a norm group; consequently, the professional counselor must rely on one's judgment to interpret the data. (e.g. Ink-blot)

Open groups

Allow members to enter and leave at various points while continuing a primary group focus. Most appropriate in psychiatric hospitals. Provides continuous energy and enthusiasm but limits group cohesion, trust, and process.

Reciprocity

Allowing a counselor who is licensed in one state to work in another state without having to reapply for licensure or fulfill additional requirements.

HMO

Allows members to access health and mental health services at a lower cost than many standard health insurance plans. Also known as managed care organizations.

Correlational Research Design

Allows study of relationship between two variables that exist but aren't manipulated. The derived statistic in the Correlation Coefficient which describes the strength and the direction of the relationship between the two. NOT a determination of causation.

Process Consultation 10 Key Principles

Always try to be helpful Always stay in touch with current reality Access you ignorance Everything you do is an intervention The client owns the problem and solution Go with the flow Timing is crucial Be constructively opportunistic with confrontational interventions Everything is a source of data; errors are inevitable, so learn from them When in doubt share the problem

ACCA (date) Purpose Publication

American College Counseling Association (1991) To bring together college counselors from all professional backgrounds Journal of College Counseling

ACA First name (date) Four organizations united

American Counseling Association American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) (1952) National Vocational Guidance Association National Association of Guidance and Counselor Trainers Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education American College Personnel Association

Carol Gilligan

American Feminist, ethicist, psychologist. Worked with and against Lawrence Kohlberg. Made a women-focused theory Gilligans three stage theory: 1. Orientation to Individual Survival: Focus on self, and the goal is for survival. Transistion to next stage with selfishness is transformed into sense of responsibility for others. 2. Goodness as Self-Sacrifice: Self-sacrifice equals goodness. Good is equated with doing for others. Transition to the final stage occurs when individual realizes they have personal needs while still maintaining altruistic attitude. 3. Morality of non-violence: Woman resolves the conflict between selfishness and responsibility by reaching an equilibrium. Core of the stage is realizing that an individual will makes choices to not harm self or others.

AMHCA (date) Purpose Publication

American Mental Health Counselors Association (1976) To help mental health counselors establish a clear and unified identity. establish licensure laws, create an accreditation standard for counseling programs Journal of Mental Health Counseling

ASCA (date) Purpose Publication

American School Counselor Association (1953) To serve the needs of all professional school counselors by hosting professional development classes and seminars, publishing cutting edge research on effective programs, providing helpful practical resources and promoting ethical behavior Professional School Counseling

Robert Havighurst's Developmental Approach

American physician, physicist, educator and aging specialist. Series of tasks that humans achieve as they grow. I. Infancy and Early Childhood: Learning to: walk, take solid foods, talk, control elimination of body wastes, sex differences and sexual modesty, forming concepts and learning language to describe social/physical reality, distinguish right and wrong. II. Developmental Tasks of Adolescence: Learning: physical skills needed for games, build wholesome to self, get along with same age friends, appropriate masculine/feminine social roles, fundamental skills in reading, writing, math, understanding concepts needed for everyday life. conscious/morality/values, personal independence, developing attitudes toward social groups/institutions. III. Developmental Tasks of Adolescence: New more mature relationships with peers, more masculine/feminine role definition, accepting ones body and using it effectively, emotional independence from parents, prepping for marriage and family life, prepping for economic career, acquire values and ethics to guide behavior, achieving socially responsible behavior. IV. Developmental Tasks of Early Adulthood: Selecting mate, learning to live with mate, starting a family, rearing children, managing a home, getting started at a job, taking on civic responsibility, finding congenial social group. V. Developmental Tasks of Middle Age: helping teenage children become responsible and happy, achieving adult social and civic responsibility, reach satisfactory performance at work, adult leisure-time activities, relating to self and spouse, accepting physiological changes of middle age. VI. Developmental Tasks of Late Maturity: Adjusting to decreased physical strength and health, adjusting to retirement and decreased income, adjusting to death of a spouse, affiliation with ones age group, adopting social roles in a flexible way, establishing satisfactory living conditions.

Roger Gould's Adult Developmental Theory

American writer and psychiatrist. Studied over 1,000 adults. Viewed adult development as series of task resolutions that allowed adults to correct false assumptions and take control of their lives. I. Young Adulthood a. Leaving out parents world (16-22): "Adults will always live with their parents" b. I'm Nobody's baby now (22-28): "My parents will go always be there to help when things go wrong" c. Opening Up to Whats inside(29-low thirties):"My parents can always offer a simplified version and solution to complicated matters" II. Midlife Decade a. "Safety can last forever" b. "Death cannot happen to me or my loved ones" c. "It is impossible to to live without a partner in the world" d. "No life or change exist beyond the family"

False negative error

An instrument inaccurately identifies the absence of a phenomenon

Cognitive Therapy Distorted thinking Negative predictions/fortune telling

Anticipate without any evidence that something bad will happen then alter their behaviors accordingly Can result in self-fulfilling prophecy

Agoraphobia

Anxiety Disorder. Fear of being in situations where escape is difficult, and it would be embarrassing to have a panic attack. May occur without panic attacks

3 Theoretical models for resistance

Anxiety control Noncompliance Negative social influence

NBCC Code of Ethics

Anybody who wants to be certified by NBCC follows these ethical codes; Consists solely of mandatory ethics; 1. NCCs take appropriate action to prevent harm 2. NCCs provide only those services for which they have education and qualified experience 3. NCCS promote the welfare of clients, students, supervisees, or the recipients of professional services provided 4. NCCs communicate truthfully 5. NCCs recognize that their behavior reflects on the integrity of the profession as a while, and thus, they avoid actions which can reasonably be expected to damage trust 6. NCCs recognize the importance of an encourage active participation of clients, students, or supervises 7. NCCs are accountable in their actions and adhere to recognize professional standards and practices

Group work

Application of knowledge and skill in group facilitation to assist members in reaching mutual goals.

Joseph Wolpe and Techniques based on Classical Conditioning

Applied Classical Conditioning to psychotherapy Reciprocal Inhibition - person can't engage in two events simultaneously. Ex can't feel relaxed and anxious at the same time. Systematic Desensitization - Develop a fear hierarchy. Introduce each step while clients maintain relaxation. Fear is systematically desensitized.

Intellectualizer/super-reasonable

Approach situations in a detached manner, rationalizing everything and never allowing their emotions to be shown

Section G: Research and Publication

Approval through institutional review board (IRB) Responsible or safety of human subjects Principal researcher holds greatest responsibility Avoid making disturbances in lives of research participants Informed consent Avoid deception unless necessary, justifiable, and will not cause harm to participants Confidentiality Explain purpose of research Give credit: "joint authorship, acknowledgement, footnote statements"

Existential factors

Are realized when members are encouraged to consider important and sometimes painful truths about life, including an awareness of one's own mortality and the unpredictability of existence (therapeutic factor).

Multimodal Therapy

Arnold Lazarous BASICID (behavior, affect, sensations,imagery, cognitions, interpersonal, drugs/biological) Can be used to determine best theoretical approach for the client Firing sequence uses modalities to follow chain of events leading to a stressor Donald Keat adapted for use with children HELPING (health, emotions,learning, personal,imagery, need to know, guidance of ABCs)

Lewis Wender

Articulated the first guidelines for group therapeutic factors after examining the many difficulties associated with facilitating successful psychotherapeutic interventions with inpatient populations.

Theoretical Sampling

As theory evolves, sampling those who best contribute information for one's theory

Unique outcomes

Ask clients when problem was not present or was less pronounced Helps client begin creating alternative self-narratives Repetition of alternative self-narratives helps clients "thicken" and internalize them

Information seeking

Asks for clarification or helps promote self-disclosure in self or other group members.

Screening and selection measures

Assess potential member attitudes toward groups, assess prosocial attitudes and problematic group member interpersonal behaviors, and select group members.

Group climate measures

Assess which stage of group process members have entered and provide leaders with member perceptions of group climate.

Decision accuracy

Assesses the accuracy of instruments that counselors use (e.g. depression inventory - how accurate is the inventory?)

Process Evaluation

Assessment of the group dynamics and interaction processes occurring within the group sessions, usually related to the leader, members, and interactions between the leader and members.

Caplan's Mental Health Consultation Model Purpose

Assists mental health professionals in dealing with the psychological aspects of their job

AADA (date) Purpose Publication

Association for Adult Development and Aging (1986) To improve the counseling services available to adults at all stages of life through advancing counselor education and preparation related to development and aging Adultspan

AARC (date) Purpose Publications

Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling (1965) To guide the proper development, training and use of assessment research and evaluation in the realm of counseling and education Develop guidelines for the ethical use of tests and other evaluation tools Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation

AHC (date) Core Convictions Publication

Association for Humanistic Counseling (1931) The belief in the worth and dignity of all human beings, self-determination, the capacity for clients to make progress and enhance their own lives and the need for clients to help others and the community to grow and improve their mental health Founding organization of ACA Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development

ALGBTIC (date) Purpose Publication

Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling (1975, updated 2007) To improve the delivery of counseling services to sexual minorities and to promote professional understanding of the effect of society on LGBT issues and challenges. To attempt to remove barriers faced by LGBT clients and provide resources to counselors Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling

AMCD (date) Purpose Publication

Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (1972) To foster the growth and mental health of all individuals by working to identify and eliminate obstacles preventing the development of clients, appreciate human diversity and multiculturalism and ensue that counselors and counseling students from all backgrounds receive equal status, treatment and access to higher education AMCD Multicultural Counseling Competencies (1992) Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development

ASGW (date) Purpose Publication

Association for Specialists in Group Work (1973) To serve as the international association for group workers and to create standards of ethical group practice, promote group work, encourage research on counseling groups and inspire members to become leaders in the field through modeling successful techniques in group practice Journal for Specialist in Group Work

ASERVIC (date) Founding organizations Purpose Publication

Association for Spiritual, Ethical and Religious Values in Counseling (1951) Catholic members of APGA, National Catholic Guidance Conference (1974) To promote the incorporation of spiritual, religious and ethical values into counselors' educational programs and professional practice Counseling and Values

Laissez-faire

Assumes little or no leadership or responsibility for group agenda, goals, or rules; assumes members all have abilities to make changes and take responsibility for the group on their own; lacks structure and directedness.

Sarcasm

Attempt to mask and not express anger. Leader may want to interpret this behavior, seek feedback from other group members, and encourage members to be emotionally honest in the here and now.

11 Counseling Skills

Attending Questioning Reflecting Paraphrasing Summarizing Empathetic understanding Confronting Interpreting Self-disclosure Feedback Giving information

Jungian (analytic) psychology Personality types

Attitude Each person possesses one of the following attiudes to a greater degree than the other Introversion v extraversion Functions Each person possesses 2 functions to a greater degree Sensation v intuition Thinking v feeling The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is based upon Jungian personality types

Interpersonal

Attractiveness of members, homogeneity of members, interdependence, and atmosphere. (Yalom's three primary factors of cohesion)

Genuineness/congruence

Authentic, honest, verbal and nonverbal congruence,

Leader Styles

Authoritarian, Democratic, Laissez-faire

Behavioral Counseling Techniques Time-out

Aversive behavioral technique; punishment Removal so no longer receiving positive reinforcement

Behavioral Counseling Techniques Overcorrections

Aversive behavioral technique; punishment Requiring a client to return the environment to its original condition prior to the undesirable behavior and then to make the environment better than before Ex, after toy throwing tantrum child has to pick up all the toys and then on top that, sweep the floor

Contemplation

Aware a problem exists, realize benefits of change, consider change, pros and cons, ambivalence, failure to commit to action

Psychoanalysis Conscious

Aware of everything occurring in the present

Universality

Awareness of the similar concerns of others. Members come to realize that other members are going through similar situations and feel much less alone and isolated (therapeutic factor).

Punishment

B.F Skinner Addition or removal of a stimulus that decreases the frequency of a given behavior. AKA Aversive behavioral technique (i.e. spanking, extra chores, removing allowance or privileges) Decrease a behavior by adding an aversive stimulus or taking away a positive stimulus

Secondary Reinforcers

B.F Skinner Anything that becomes associated with primary need (money --> traded for food or comfort, tokens -->exchanged for rewards)

Reinforcement schedules

B.F Skinner Dictates frequency of administration of reinforcements. Continuous schedule - reinforcement is administered after each response Intermittent Schedule - reinforcement not admininster after every response. (Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval)

Negative Reinforcement

B.F Skinner Occurs when the removal of a stimulus (i.e. loud noise) increases the likelihood that a behavior will reoccur Increase behavior by taking away a stimulus

Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedule (VR)

B.F Skinner Reinforcements presented periodically - every other, every 5th, or every 10th. Lack of predictability --> high response rates, more resistant to extinction (i.e. slot machines)

Fixed Interval Reinforcement Schedule (FI)

B.F Skinner Reinfrocements presented after a fixed period of time. Low rates of responding because dependent on time not frequency of response. ie hourly wage

Primary Reinforcers

B.F Skinner Satisfy a primary need (food, rest)

Successive Approximations

B.F Skinner The act of teaching a behavior by rewarding each step until whole behavior is learned.

Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule (VI)

B.F Skinner Time interval of reinforcement administration is varied. Maximal response rates. i.e. Pop quizzes

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule (FR)

B.F Skinner reinforcer administer each time participant makes a certain number of responses. Leads to quickest acquisition of a response. Espeically when FR is low at first. Often yields high quantity with low quality

Operant Conditioning

B.F Skinner Automatic reflexes (fear, anxiety) Learning occurs when individual is operates on the environment OR when the environment controls contingencies of reinforcement for the individual. Learning is controlled by the contingencies surrounding the stimulus and response.

Postive Reinforcement

B.F Skinner Occurs when addition of stimulus (reward) immediately following the response increases the likelihood that the behavior will reoccur Increase a behavior by adding stimulus

Bakke v. Regents of the University of California

Barred the use of quota systems for minority admissions procedures in the U.S. colleges and universities.

The Indivisible Self model: Inspired by 5 Second-Order Factors

Based on Alfred Adler's individual psychology Essential Self Social Self Creative Self Physical Self Coping Self

International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC)

Became a division of ACA in 1986; advocates on behalf of clients and the professional, disseminates helpful information to the public about couple and family counseling, promotes excellence in counselor preparation, encourages research related to marriage and family counseling, and offers PD opportunities; publishes The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families

Behavioral rehearsal and role playing

Behavioral rehearsal constitutes practicing desired behaviors in a safe environment where the counselor provides feedback to help improve performance of desired behaviors Role playing provides the opportunity to try out the desired behaviors in a dynamic situation with counselor of group member playing complementary role

Cognitive Therapy Distorted thinking Mind reading

Believe they know wha tothers are thinking about them without any evidence

Arnold Gesell's Developmental Milestone Approach

Believed human development reflects genetic unfolding of physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional milestones with slight enviromental influence. Gesell Scales: assessments that measure "developmental quotient" Birth to 6 months: Physical cognitive - sucking reflex, organized sleep cycle, lift head, roll over, reach objects, hearing and deapth perception develop, repeats pleasurable activities, object permanence Language/Personal-Social - differential crying; social smile/laughter, cooing, babbling, expresses basic emotions. Imitate adult expressions. 7 to 12 months: Physical/Cognitive - Sit up, crawl, walk, pincer grasp, more advanced depth perception, goal-directed behavior, finds hidden objects, recall of people/places/things. Language/Personal-social - Sounds of spoken language, gestures, stranger and separation anxiety, attachment to caregiver, more intense displays of emotion 13 to 18 months: Physical/Cognitive - Coordinated walking, scribbling, stacks 2-3 cubes, trail and error experimentation, climbs stairs, throws objects. Langauge/Personal-Social - Play peek-a-boo/pat-a-cake. Speaks first words, points to desired objects, recognizes self in mirror, signs of empathy and compliance, vocal may be 50 words. 19 to 24 months: Physical/Cognitive - Runs, jumps, and climbs, builds 4-5 block tower. Language/Personal-Social - Vocabulary consists of 200 words, 3-4 word sentences, parallel play, takes turns and cooperates, uses language for emotional self-regulation, displays self control. 3 to 5 years: Physical/Cognitive - increase skill in running, jumping, climbing, throwing, catching. completely toilet trained, can stand on one foot. Language/Personal-Social - Make-believe play, vocabulary of several thousand words, gender identity and self-concept developing. cooperative play. 6 to 11 years: Physical/Cognitive - Growth slows, gross motor skills and coordination improve, handwriting improves, reaction time improves. Thinking becomes more logical, attention more focused, activity more deliberate. Langauge/Personal-Social - Dominance hierarchies become stable, vocal/grammar improve, awareness of double meanings - increase in humor and flexibility, emotional self-regulation, friendships and peer groups. Adolescence: Physical/Cognitive - Pubertal growth spurt and sexual maturation, secondary sex characteristics develop, complex problem solving, formal operational reasoning. Langauge/Personal-Social - Use of abstract words, complex grammar and writing, increased time spent with peers, intimacy/loyalty in friendships, peer pressure to conform, cliques, identity and sexual behavior.

Jean Piaget's Moral Development

Believed morality was based on cognitive awareness. 1. Premortal Stage: During first few yrs. Display limited awareness of rules. 2. Moral Realism Stage: 4 or 5 yrs old. begin to develop awareness of rules as concrete and should be obeyed. Learn this from parents and others but don't understand the reason for the rules. Believes more damage = more guilty. 3. Moral Relativism Stage: About 7 yrs old. Aware that rules exist and the reasons behind them. Understand the rules can be changed cooperatively. There is no absolute right or wrong.

Behavioral Consultation Model

Bergin and Kratochwill 1990 Based on operant conditioning; behavior modification; change client, consultant or organizational behavior Consultant is authority figure

Selection Threat

Biases arising from preexisting differences between groups being compared

Sexual Identity

Biological features determined by chromosomal information.

Catabolism

Body's slow deterioration from peak to death. Type of metabolic change

Collaborative-dependent model

Both consultant and consultee contribute to resolution.

Central Nervous System

Brain and Spinal Cord. Human Development relies heavily on cognitive and physical processes. CNS development and maturation is critical.

Hindbrain

Brainstem Responsible for life maintenance Medulla Oblongata - Regulates heart and breathing Cerebellum - regulates balance Pons - Connects right and left cerebellum Reticular Activating System - regulates arousal and attention

Three Parts of Brain important to Speech

Broca's area: speech production. damage often results in poor motor aphasia (labored speech). Werneke's Area: related to speech comprehension. Damage causes sensory aphasia (trouble understanding speech) Arcuate Fasciculus: bundle of nerve fibers that connects Broca's and Wernicke's

Seven major types of religion

Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Taoism

Key Historical Events--1962

C. Gilbert Wrenn writes The Culturally Encapsulated Counselor

Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification

CRCC; formed in 1974 to certify rehabilitation counselors who meet particular professional standards and have achieved adequate education and work experience related to rehabilitation.

Delayed Conditioning

CS begins and then US overlaps at the end. This is the most effective.

Attention seeking behaviors

Call attention away from other members. Leaders should respond to member's feeling of insecurity if present, avoid eye contact, and refrain from responding to off-task comments/behavior.

Alliances

Can provide support and strength between members or if exclusionary, can prevent members from forming productive relationships and achieving individual and group goals.

Jungian (analytic) Underlying philosophy

Carl Gustav Jung Help people develop appropriate contact with their unconscious so that their are neither overwhelmed by it nor completely unaware of its forces Exploring unconscious can improve psychological health Unconscious is encountered through dreams, spirituality and culture

Client-centered counseling/ Person-centered therapy

Carl Rogers First to move from counselor as expert analyzing client Trusted clients to set the pace and the focus of each session Down played use of techniques Primary focus on developing a trusting, genuine and accepting therapeutic relationship humanistic existential theory

Humanistic-Existential Theories and Interventions Theorists

Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Fritz Perls, Victor Frankl, Rollow May, Virginia Satir

Symbolic-Experiential Family Therapy

Carl Whitaker Balance between togetherness and independence Break patterns and in creative new ways Aim to involve several generations Bring attention to hidden symbolism and impulses Family members must be willing to take responsibility for entire family's growth

Feminist Therapy

Carol Gilligan Awareness of effect of gender their lives Power to improve own life and lives of others Encourage clients to become social change agents Egalitarian client/counselor relationship Interventions: gender role messages analysis, reframe problems, encouragement of assertiveness

Cognitive Therapy Distorted thinking Magnification

Catastrophize or exaggerate personal flaws or situations

Avoidance

Certain group members may not reap adequate benefits from group work if they are less comfortable participating and not given enough attention. Individual members are sometimes able to avoid confronting their problems if they blend in with the group.

Rehabilitation Counseling

Certified rehabilitation counselor (CRC) seeks to help individuals with disabilities improve the quality of life and help him/her cope with the disability, find jobs that match skill levels/interests, and learn to live more independently.

Acute Stress Disorder

Characteristics similiar to PTSD but only diagnosed within one month of event.

Openness

Characterized by imagination, emotional awareness, curiosity versus closed and conventional

Conschientiousness

Characterized by planning and self-regulation versus spontaneity and risk-taking

CAI (date) Purpose Requirements Benefits

Chi Sigma Iota (1985) To foster achievement and scholarship within the profession and to acknowledge exceptional leaders in the field Counselors/Counselor Educators: 3.5+ in endorsed program Counseling students: One full-time semester completed with 3.5+ and recommendation by chapter Members can apply for CSI award, research grant, fellowship and internship programs

NBCC

Chief credentialing organization in the US for professional counselors seeking certification. Founded in 1982.

How to improve memory

Chunking: grouping of information into chunks so greater amount can be stored and retrieved. recalling 9 digits in a sequence. Method of Loci: guided visual imagery when person visualizes objects/concepts to be remembered in familiar environment and in sequence. Acronyms: Eidetic Memory: photogrpahic memory. Visual images to recall visual info.

Milan Systemic Family Counseling Techniques Circular questioning Hypothesizing Neutrality Ritual prescriptions

Circular questioning: A way to show not everyone shares the same beliefs about the family. Give members greater understanding of problem leading to change Hypothesizing: Not absolute truths, counselors continually hypothesize about family to be confirmed or denied Neutrality: Objectivity of counselor. Does not take sides Ritual prescriptions: paradoxical assignments, certain actions to be taken on specific days and times by particular family members

Transference

Client brings feelings from a past relationship into the counseling relationship, transferring those feelings onto the clinician Encouraged in psychoanalysis because it is used to interpret behavior and raise client's self-awareness

REBT techniques Rational emotive imagery

Client imagines the anxiety producing situation, lets the painful emotions surface and and allows him or herself to be flooded with all his or her iBs Then the client moves to construct new rBs

Caplan's Mental Health Consultation Model 4 types

Client-Centered Case Consultation Consultee-Centered Case Consultation Program-Centered Administrative Consultation Consultee-Centered Administrative Consultation

Behavioral Counseling Techniques Maintenance

Clients ability to perform desired behavior without continual reinforcement of help from others

Active imagination

Clients actively talk to the characters in their dreams, for example, asking why they used a certain object Through this technique it is thought that clients can connect with their unconscious

Pushbutton technique

Clients are instructed they have control over how they respond to, perceive and recollect people and events Clients are shown they have the ability to pay attention to either negative or positive thoughts, memories or experiences Teaches the relationship between thoughts land emotions

Here and now therapy

Clients discuss only what is bothering them in the present moment. Counselor asks clients to finish statement such as "Now I am aware..." Helps define present problems and seek solutions

REBT techniques Shame attack exercise

Clients participate in an activity that normally creates anxiety to help them realize that the outcomes are not nearly as embarrassing or devastating as they imagine

Countertransferrence

Clinicians transfer feelings from past relationships onto clients

Jean Piaget

Cognitive Development Growth in mental development depended on ones ability to order and classify new information (Organization). Changes in cognitive structure occurred through "adaptation" --> Assimilation and Accommodation

Lev Vygotsky

Cognitive Developmental Theory Russian Psychologist Theory integrated language, social, and cultural influences. Cognitive process facilitated by language development. Stages of language development explains cognitive advances. First 3 years speech is social aimed at controlling the actions and environment around them. At 7 years old - private speech is developed (inner speech) internalized speech guides outside behavior and engage in higher mental processes.

Cognitive Therapy Techniques

Cognitive rehearsal Homework (directives) Scriptotherapy Thought stopping

Cognitive-Behavioral Theories and Interventions Cognitive-Behavior Modification 3 Techniques

Cognitive restructuring Self-instructional training Stress inoculation training

Working

Cohesiveness is usually strongest during the ________ stage of group development as members are able to take on tasks, deal efficiently with conflicts, and embrace diverse member perspectives.

Case Study

Collecting data on developmental changes from a single individual or single group that is experiencing the same developmental phenomenon. In-depth study and analysis. Can not systematically compare differences across individuals. Limited generalizability

Psychoanalysis Preconscious

Combines characteristics of both the conscious and unconscious mind. Things can be recalled with assitance

College Admissions Counseling

Commonly in colleges, universities, and high schools to work with students individually on specific college options and in groups to guide students in preparing to complete college apps, take the SAT (Scholastic Achievement Test) or ACT (American College Testing exams and obtain financial aid.

Respect/unconditional positive regard

Communicate acceptance whether or not counselor agrees with client Paramount for counseling relationship and for clients ability to develop a more congruent and integrated identity

Test Critiques

Companion text to Tests. Contains an overview of the assessment, practical applications, and information regarding the instrument's reliability and validity. Meant to be user-friendly.

Dream interpretation Amplification

Compare dreamer's image to stories or images in myths, fairy tales, literature, art and folklore Helps the analyst identify central archetypes and possible meanings behind dreams

T-test

Compares two means for one variable

Independent T-test

Comparing two independent groups (usually assigned randomly) on one dependent variable

Efficiency Analysis

Comparison of the costs of the program in relation to need, processes, and outcomes. Is there value added?

Ethical codes for assessment

Competence, informed consent, release of results, instrument selection, conditions of assessment administration, scoring and interpretation, obsolete and outdated, construction (p.178)

Cognitive-Behavioral Theories and Interventions Cognitive-Behavior Modification Stress-inoculation trainiong

Conceptualization: clients are encouraged to identify their stressors; their cognitive, behavioral, affective and phsysiological responses; aspects of stress they can modify Skills acquisition and rehearsal: counselors teach clients skills to practice to help them cope with stress (cognitive restructuring, relaxation, problem solving) Application: Clients practice in imaginary situations and then apply in real-life situations

Advocacy counseling

Concerned with supporting and promoting the needs of clients and the counseling profession at all levels.

Incremental validity

Concerned with the extent to which an instrument enhances the accuracy of prediction of specific criterion

Behaviorism

Concerned with what can be observed and seen in clients Concrete techniques to help clients change their behavior All behavior is learned and can be unlearned

Little Albert Experiment

Conditioned phobia of rats into 11 month old. Could not un-condition the phobia. CS - White Rat US - loud stimulus UR - Startled Response CR - Fear of the Rat Generalization occurred to fear of white rabbits and cotton balls

Directly

Conflict and resistance in groups should be dealt with ___________.

Human Validation Process Model Goal

Congruent communicator sends clear messages and verbal comments matching his or her nonverbal behavior and internal thoughts and feelings Model congruence in counseling Replace toxic styles of communication

Linking

Connect member themes, issues, and similarities to facilitate shared perspectives, commonalities, and goals.

Psychoanalysis levels of consciousness

Conscious Preconscious Unconscious

Reliability

Consistency of scores attained by the same person on different administrations of the same test

Heterogeneous group

Consists of members with diverse characteristics and concerns. May lead to better reality testing, deeper learning, and better transference, or may have difficulty relating to each other.

Homogeneous group

Consists of members with similar characteristics and concerns (e.g., sex, age, sexual orientation, race). May lead to quicker identification, better attendance, decreased resistance, and better insight.

Client-Centered Case Consultation

Consultant assesses and diagnoses client to help consultee develop a treatment plan

Consultee-Centered Case Consultation

Consultant helps consultee improve knowledge, skills, confidence and'or objectivity; remediating professional functioning of consultee in order to improve client functioning

Consultee-Centered Administrative Consultation

Consultant works to improve the professional functioning and problem-solving skills of employees within an organization

Program-Centered Administrative Consultation

Consultant works with consultee (an organization) to develop an action plan to resolve an issue in organizational functioning

Manipulation

Control and anger promotes group tension and conflict. Leaders should block this behavior or confront it. Concurrent individual therapy is often indicated.

Punctuation

Conviction that one's verbal behavior is caused in reaction to someone else Reality: what one says is not caused by what another says

Validity coefficient

Correlation between a test score and the criterion measure.

Family Theories and Interventions Bowen Family Systems Therapy 3 Techniques

Counselor asks questions to facilitate client awareness and insight into their patterns of interaction Genograms Back home visits Detriangualtion

Dominant narratives

Counselor clients reauthor dominant narratives-cultural customs that adversely affect their lives. Sexism, racism, ageism

Individual Psychology Acting as if

Counselor encourages client to "act as if" he or she if the person he or she hopes to be someday Start with small tasks and work up Helps clients realize they are capable of changing and being the person they want to be

Cognitive Therapy Techniques Underlying approach

Counselor in role of expert, collaborator and educator Use of Socratic method to help clients reach their own conclusions about the rationality of their thoughts/thinking patterns

Back home visits

Counselor prepares first and then client visits to increase differentiation

REBT techniques Reverse-role playing

Counselor pretends to be the client and holds to iBs while the client plays the counselor and attempts to persuade the "client" to think in a more rational manner

Empathetic understanding

Counselors ability to accurately understand a client's perspective in a given situation Central to forming and maintaining a therapeutic relationship Empathetic errors have a negative impcat on therapeutic rleationship

CSJ (date) Purpose Publication

Counselors for Social Justice (2002) Confronting systems of power and privilege relevant to counselors and their clients,advocate on behalf of clients, empower clients to fight injustices affecting them. Recognize the necessity of considering their clients' cultural backgrounds and the social contexts in which they live when developing treatment plans and counseling goals Journal for Social Action in Counseling an Psychology (with Psychologists for Social Responsibility)

Group dynamics

Create movement between and among group members through the developmental and interaction of forces. Can be socially acceptable or detrimental and destructive.

JL Moreno

Created the Theater of Spontaneity, the earliest form of psychodrama. Developed to bring about mental and emotional catharsis for the purpose of tension relief.

Advantages of co-leadership

Creation of a team model or parental model, help in handling difficult issues, insights provided by multiple leaders, leaders can give feedback to each other, enrich experience, experienced leaders can train less experienced leaders, sharing of responsibilities, more support for lower functioning members, efficient use of leader modeling and role play.

Sir Francis Galton

Credited with launching the testing movement and developing the first test of intelligence. Pioneered the use of rating-scale and questionnaire methods and developed the correlation coefficient through his work in examining the relationship between reaction time, grip strength, and intelligence.

Blamer

Critical of other people, charge others with wrong doing, fail to take any responsibility for their actions

Imaginary Audience

David Elkind adolescent egocentric belief that everyone is watching and judging them.

Group member roles

Define one's relationship to the group and can change over time but ordinarily result form self-expectations, personality characteristics, group leader characteristics, and group characteristics.

Cognitive Therapy Distorted thinking Labeling

Define oneself according to perceived imperfections

Strategic Family Therapy 4 steps

Define the problem Ask members to discuss what has been done Establish the goal Develop a strategy

Child Abuse Prevention Treatment Act (CAPTA)

Defines child abuse and requires a report within 72 hours of suspected child abuse. If abuse is not substantiated, the reporter will not be held liable.

Item discrimination

Degree to which a test item is able to correctly differentiate test-takers who vary according to the construct measured by the test. E.g. items on a depression inventory need to discriminate test-takers who are depressed from those who are not depressed

Role playing

Demonstrate and practice (leader and members) skills and applications in a safe environment so that members gain experience and feedback that will allow them to apply the skills and behaviors in out-of-group situations.

Bordin (1979)

Describes counseling relationship as a "Collaboration for change": Agreement on the goals of counseling Agreement on the tasks that will help the client achieve his/her goals The psychological bond between the counselor and the client Posits that the degree of client change related to strength of alliance Well-supported by research

Task Groups

Designed around accomplishing a specific goal. Principles of group dynamics, and such methods as collaboration, problem solving, and team-building exercises, are used to reach goals. The focus of the group is completing the task at hand.

Counseling Groups

Designed to help members work on interpersonal problems and promote behavioral changes. Groups are problem-oriented, but can also be preventive, growth-oriented, or remedial. Groups are relatively short in length, focusing on adjustment issues for individuals who function relatively normally.

Liability insurance

Designed to provide protection from third-party claims airing from unintentional injuries or damages to a client.

Psychotherapy Groups

Designed to treat those who may be experiencing severe or chronic problems in their lives. Members display more dysfunctional behavior and typically carry a psychiatric diagnosis.

Outcome Evaluation

Determination of program success by investigating how participants are performing with respect to themselves as well as others who are not involved in the program

Dream interpretation Explication

Determine why certain objects appear in dreams Did not subscribe to the hidden symbolism of Freud Objects in a dream are exactly what they appear to be Important to discover why the unconscious chose a specific object as opposed to similar other objects

Robert Sessions Woodworth

Developed Woodworth's Personal Data Sheet, en emotional stability-screening test for WW1 military recruits. It was the first standardized personality inventory.

Edouard Seguin

Developed a form board, which improved the motor skills of individuals with mental retardation. The form board is considered a predecessor to performance IQ testing.

Army Alpha

Developed by Yerkes, Designed to screen the cognitive ability of military recruits during WWI. It was eventually revised for civilian use.

Army Beta

Developed by Yerkes, Language-free version of the test designed for recruits during WWI who could not read or were foreign-born.

Edward Thorndike

Developed the first achievement test battery, the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT) which provided an objective measure of academic performance and could be administered to large groups of students Studied learning principles in animals. Law of Effect - when a response (R) accompanies some stimulus (S) is followed by a satisfying award. Connection is made and response will likely be repeated. Opposite is true also.

Alfred Binet

Developed the first modern intelligence test, the Binet-Simon scale, with Theophile Simon.

Criterion Sampling

Developing criteria and selecting all cases tat meet the criteria

Edward Strong

Devised the Strong Vocational Interest Blank, which is now the Strong Interest Inventory. It is the most widely used and researched vocational measure in career counseling.

Arthur Otis

Devised the first scientifically reliable measure for testing the intelligence of individuals in groups. "Otis Group Intelligence Scale"

504 plan

Dictates the accommodations or other special considerations a student with a disability is entitled to receive.

Family Theories and Interventions Bowen Family Systems Therapy 8 elements of influence

Differentiation of self Triangles Nuclear family and emotional system Family projection process Multigenerational transmission process Emotional cutoff Sibling position Societal regression

Foreseeability

Discernment of likely client actions based on comprehensive assessment of risk. IS PATH WARM (mnemonic to remember warning signs of suicide) Ideation, Substance Abuse, Puposelessness, Anxiety, Trapped, Hopelessness, Withdrawal, Anger, Recklessness, and mood change. SLAP: Specific details, Lethality of Plan, Availability of method, Proximity of obtaining help.

Hostility

Disrupts focus with explosive reactions. Leaders should avoid negative confrontation, observe nonverbal behavior, and set limits firmly but not angrily.

Poverty

Distinct lack of social, educational, and/or economic resources

ASGW

Division of the American Counseling Association was founded in 1973 for the advancement of professionalism in group work.

Existential counseling Techniques

Do not believe in a one-size fits all style of counseling Follow needs of client Strong bond, confront when needed

Spontaneous content group

Do not have planned content themes and are designed to provide personal growth and support. Membership is generally dictated by the need for general development and member characteristics.

Cognitive-Behavioral Theories and Interventions Cognitive-Behavior Modification General definition Underlying assumption

Donald Meichenbaum (1996) Train clients to alter internal cognitions (self-talk; self-statements) in order to change the way they react and respond to situations Faulty self-statements lead to deleterious behavior and negative emotions

Dream analysis

Dreams considered by Freud to be the royal road to the unconscious Dreams represent unmet wishes and desires Dreams are remembered, reported by client Clinician interprets dreams looking for both manifest and latent content

Subsystems

Each subsystem has unique patterns Spousal subsystem Parental subsystem Sibling subsystem Strong spousal=strong parental=better family functioning

Criterion validity

Effectiveness of an instrument in predicting an individual's performance on a specific criterion

4 Neo-Freudian Approaches

Ego psychology Interpersonal psychoanalysis Object realism Self psychology

Therapeutic factors

Element created by the group leader or by relationships with other members that improves a member's overall condition. Yalom developed them.

Licensure

Emerged in the 1970s in an effort to validate the counseling profession by passing state laws controlling who could legally practice counseling.

Neuroticism

Emotionally imbalanced, anxious, depressed versus stable with regulated emotions

Limbic System

Emotions and motivation. Contains: Hypothalamus: Control venter for pain, pleasure. Regulates hunger, thirst, sexual functions, body temp thru the release of hormones Amygdala: Influences behavior and activities like sexual interest, feeding, and anger Hippocampus: Influences memory and helps to recognize novel info or situations Hemispheric Specializations/Laterizations: (Right brain, left brain dominance) begins early in development but occurs gradually through childhood

Counselor empathy

Empathetic understanding of the client's worldview reinforcing unconditional positive regard

Postmodern Theories and Interventions

Emphasis is on understanding clients' unique worldviews without disputing the accuracy or objectivity of such views Inspired by social constructionism Helps clients identify dysfunctional patterns of behavior and restructure their lives to be more health enhancing Strengths-based view of clients

Psychoeducational Groups

Emphasize skill development through various nonthreatening skill building exercises but at the same time encouraging discussion, sharing, and feedback among members. The goal is to prevent psychological disturbance by increasing self-awareness, knowledge, and skills. This group is versatile because it can be preventive, growth-oriented, and remedial. Common type of group in PK-12 setting.

Behavior theories

Emphasize the importance of changing people's behavior to change the quality of their lives

Alfred Adler

Emphasized the innate social nature of human beings to support a group treatment model and conducted groups in the 1920s that investigated the relationship between children's problems and family experiences.

American with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)

Employment testing must accurately measure a person's ability to perform pertinent job tasks without confounding the assessment results with a disability. Persons with disabilities receive appropriate accommodations during test administration.

Here and now

Encourage members to process current life events and immediate interactions with other group members, thus making possible the generalization of in-group experiences into real-world interactions outside of the group.

Attending: verbal

Encouragers Door opener encourager invites the client to talk. Example,"Tell me more about that" Minimal encourager show the counselor is listing. Example, "I see"

Responsibilities of users of standardized tests (RUST)

Ensure that ACA members use standardized tests with clients in an accurate, fair and responsible manner.

Wilcoxon's signed-ranks test

Equivalent to dependant t-test. this test involves ranking the amount and direction of change for each pair of scores.

Transactional Analysis

Eric Berne Cognitive theory with roots in psychoanalysis Change in interaction styles results in improved functioniong 3 ego states of interaction parent: criticism or nurturance adult: rational thought absence of emotion child: natural child: youthful behavior adapted child: obedience and inhibition

Identity

Erikson An Understanding of oneself as a separate, distinct individual. Comes from successive identifications from other people into a consistent, unique whole. Teenagers try different roles figuring out which one fits them. Normative Identity: consistent with the values/expectations of the society/culture (mother, teacher, doctor) Deviant Identity: inconsistant with values and expectations of society/culture. At least not systematically reinforced (addiction to drugs/alcohol, criminal) Achieved Identity: earned through effort and ability (mother, counselor, teacher) Ascribed Identity: given by others or result of another's efforts. ("You're just like your mother/father")

Indivisible Self model

Essential Self Social Self Creative Self

Family rules

Establish a template for expected family behavior Provide insight into how the family functions

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Steps

Establish rapport Exception question...detail Miracle question Scaling question General assignments for homework Positive blame: reinforce clients capabilities when they successfully make change Skeleton keys techniques that "have worked before and have universal application" (Clients can use new skills in many different situations compounding success)

The Consultation Process

Establish rapport Explain process; define responsibilities Work together to assess and define problem in clear, specific terms; set goal Brainstorm, evaluate, select and implement solutions Work together to determine effectiveness If effective then terminate If not effective repeat until objective is met

Individual Psychology Lifestyle

Established by the age of 5 Influenced by the person's perception of early life experiences and interactions within the family unit A person with a healthy lifestyle helps others, is involved in society, works cooperatively and lives couageously

Joseph Pratt

Established first group experience that was not intended specifically for psychoeducational or occupational purposes. Used groups to save time in educating and supporting patients with tuberculosis.

Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling (ALGBTIC)

Established in 1975, became a division of ACA in 1997; created Competencies for Counseling LGBT Clients (provides counselors with overview of skills counselors should possess to work effectively with LGBT clients); aims to improve the delivery of counseling services of sexual minorities and promote professional understanding of effect of society on LGBT issues; publishes Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling

Association for Creativity in Counseling (ACC)

Established in 2004 as a division of ACA; Promotes the use of creative and imaginative approaches to counseling and is made up of counseling professionals from diverse specializations, including dance, art, music, and play therapy.

Harry Harlow

Ethological Theorist Classic experiments with infant monkeys placed in cages with surrogate mothers made of wire, one bottle to provide food (oral gratification and sustenance) and one with a terry cloth covering (comfort and warmth) . Would spend more time with the terry cloth one and run to it when frightened.

John Bowlby

Ethological Theorist Described infants as born with an innate potential for attachment. Form natural bond with caretaker enabling them to explore without fear of abandonment. Failure to attach to caregiver - affects trust and intimacy later. Three stages seen in infants with prolonged separations: 1. Protest: The infant refuses to accept separation and cries 2. Despair: Infant seems to give up all hope of calling caretaker and becomes inactive and withdrawn 3. Detachment: infant begins to accept attention from others and seems less unhappy. When caretaker returns, infant appears interested in care taker - "getting even" for abandonment

Konard Lorenz

Ethological Theorist Famous experiments on imprinting (Process by which a duck attaches to the first moving object it encounters soon after hatching) Irreversible. Part of the concept of the sensitive period.

Mary Ainsworth

Ethological Theorist. Four Patterns of Attachment: 1. Securely attached - Normal and secure relationships in which children explore the environment and protest separation. 2. Avoidantly attached: Withdrawn behaviors in which children explore without regard for caretaker, ignore separations, and avoid reunions with caretaker. 3. Ambiviantly attached: Clinging behaviors in which the child refuses to explore the environment and strongly protests separations. 4. Disorganized attachment: Behaviors in which children show little emotion at separation and mostly confusion at reunion.

Therapeutic Alliance Working Alliance Therapeutic Relationship Who 6 conditions

Evolved from work of Carl Rogers Six Conditions: Psychological contact Client in-congruence Counselor congruence Counselor unconditional positive regard Counselor empathy Client perception of the relationship

Longitudinal Design Studies

Examines the same group across different human development stages. At least a 10 year span. Participant attrition and mortality is a problem. Advantages - data collection at preplanned intervals.

Ex Post Facto Research Design

Examining how an independent variable affects a dependent variable by assessing if one or more preexisting conditions possibly caused differences in groups

3 Primary Leadership Tasks

Executive functions, building a group culture, bringing members into the here and now.

Altruism

Exemplified by members giving of themselves and working for the common good (therapeutic factors).

Physical Self

Exercise Nutrition

Gerald Caplan

Expanded Lindemann's work. Together came up with 6-Step model for assessing client's needs during a crisis: 1. Defining the problem 2. Ensuing client safety 3. Providing support 4. Examining alternatives 5. Making plans 6. Obtaining commitment

Psychodynamic Theories underlying philosophy

Explaining the psychological forces that drive human behavior.

Milan Systemic Family Counseling Approach

Explores family members' perceptions of each other (rather than patterns of interaction) to increase awareness of unhealthy family behaviors Counselors as collaborators More than one therapist at sessions

Catharsis

Expression of strong and often hidden emotions by an individual. Instead of masking one's true feelings, group work provides a forum for releasing tension and venting about whatever a member has kept inside (therapeutic factor).

Construct validity

Extent to which an instrument measures a theoretical construct (idea or concept). Important when measuring an abstract construct such as personality characteristics.

Content Validity

Extent to which an instrument's content is appropriate to its intended purpose. Test items must reflect all major content areas covered by the domain. Must contain items measuring the physical, psychological and cognitive factors.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Extreme disturbances in eating behaviors. Childhood disorders - Pica and Rumination Disorders. Obesity is not considered a disorder unless caused by psychological reasons. Anorexia Nervosa: refusal to maintain a normal weight for age and height (less then 85% of normal). Intense fear of ganging weight, disturbance in body image. Absence of at least 3 periods. Bulimia Nervosa: recurrent binge eating episodes when person ingests large amount of food for 2 hour or shorter time period. Lack of self control to stop. Then engages in compensatory action to prevent weight gain. 3x a week for for 3 months with disturbed body image.

Pacing

Facilitate the pace or rate at which the group process moves. At times, leaders will speed up the pace, and at other times the leader will slow the pace to allow group members to focus on a particularly relevant topic.

Democratic

Facilitates member interactions; with leader guidance, members make decisions, take responsibility, set agenda, goals, and rules; sets norms encouraging member interaction, self-disclosure and feedback.

Examples of group members behavior

Facilitation, compromising, aggressiveness, blocking, etc...

Gestalt Therapy Role of counselor

Facilitator but also willing to frustrate andconfront the client

Individual Psychology Fictions

False beliefs about self and others Lead to behaviors such as evcessive need for success, need to gratify, need to be liked by everyone, low self-concept

Homeostasis related to families

Families sustain their normal functioning and patterns of interaction unless someone or something intervenes

Redundancy principle

Family members tend to interact with each other in the same way, unusual for patterns to change or expand

Frank Parsons

Father of vocational guidance and counseling. His work gave birth to the development of vocational and interest inventories.

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)

Federal law that affects educational institutions. Demands parental and student access to educational records. Enacted in 1974.

Birth order Middle children

Feel left out Best able to adapt to new situations

Group cohesion

Feelings of belonging and inclusion that members and leader experience through group interactions. Important determiner of group effectiveness, attendance, and self-disclosure.

Variance

Final form of variablitiy, standard deviation squared

American Counseling Association (ACA)

First established in 1952 as the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) when 4 autonomous associations (National Vocational Guidance Association, National Association of Guidance and Counselor Trainers, Student Personnel Association for Teacher Education, and American College Personnel Association) united to gain more of a presence in the counseling field and governmental and legislative initiatives at the federal level; name changed to American Association of Counseling and Development (AACD) in 1983 and ACA in 1993. Provides PD opportunities, code of ethics, promotes professions mission to congress/media, and provides literature on topics related to counseling. Publishes Journal of Counseling & Development

Phenomenology

Focus on how a client perceives an event (v the event itself). Resolve disparities between beliefs about themselves and reality. Reconcile ideal self and real self. A type of qualitative research that describes the lived experience to achieve understanding of an experience from the perspective of the participants

Cognitive Therapy Distorted thinking Selective abstraction

Focus on only negative aspects of a situation to support their distorted thinking rather than examining the bigger picture or context

Aggressiveness

Forcefully attempts to impose ideas upon the group leader and other members. Leaders should avoid negative confrontation and encourage the member to be specific about personal feelings.

Pairing

Form smaller groups within the larger group to engage in activities or focused sharing.

Association for Humanistic Counseling (AHC)

Formed in 1931 and became one of the founding organizations of ACA in 1952; focuses on the mental health and wellness needs of clients and counselors; publishes the Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education, and Development

Nuremberg Code

Formed in 1949 after human experiments were conducted in Nazi Germany. Stated that informed consent is absolutely necessary for human experimentation.

American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Pychodrama

Founded by J.L. Moreno and promotes standards in training, research, and practice in psychodrama, sociometry, and group psychotherapy.

American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA)

Founded in 1958 as a division of ACA; it is the professional association for rehabilitation counselors, educators and students. The missions of the ARCA are to foster quality practice, education and research within the profession; improve the lives of people who have disabilities; advocate the removal of barriers for people with disabilities; and raise pubic awareness regarding rehabilitation counseling. Different from NRCA. Publishes Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin.

Assessment for Assessment and Research in Counseling

Founded in 1965 to guide the proper development, training, and use of assessment, research, and evaluation int he realm of counseling and education; publishes Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development (MECD) and Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation (CORE)

Association of Counselors and Educators in Government (ACEG)

Founded in 1978 and became a division of ACA in 1984 to support counselors and educators working in government and military settings so that they can work effectively with their clients; provides these counselors with a network to share ideas and provide assistance to other professionals.

American Association of State Counseling Boards (AASCB)

Founded in 1986 through an ACA committee recommendation to connect states that have licensure boards in order to promote communication to the public collaboration among states regarding licensure laws and legal matters.

William Wundt

Founded one of the first psychological laboratories to conduct experimental research

SR Slavson

Founded the American Group Psychotherapy Association in 1942. Offered activity therapy groups for children and reported that group activity sessions were equally as effective as individual counseling for stimulating change, catalyzing significant increases in the use of group treatment procedures for children and adolescents, resulting in the introduction of group counseling in schools.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDRA)

Francine Shapiro Adaptive information processing (AIP) highly recommended for single event trauma and PTSD to process unprocessed disturbing memories process: name emotions and pysiological sensations Identify cognitive distortion and replace with positive bilateral stimulation to both hemispheres of brain (include back and forth eye movements and tactile and aural stimulation)

Integrated Counseling Approach

Frederick Thorne eclectic; no single approach encompasses all Purpose: To transcend the confines of using singe theoretical approaches used very intentionally Technical integration: wide range of techniques Theoretical integration: Two or more theories Assimilative integration: one primary approach, but flexible in techniques when needed Common factors: Use of factors common across all theoretical approaches

Maintenance

Free from original problem, able to sustain action and prevent relapse

Superego

Freud Operates morality principle. Emerges at age 5. Displays moral values learned thru social interactions and societal observations. Balances Id.

Ego

Freud Operates on reality principle. Make socially acceptable choices and comprimises between Id and Superego. Failure to do so -->defense mechanisms to reduce stress

Agreeableness

Friendly, sympathetic, compassionate and trusting versus self-involved, and selfish

Social Self

Friendship Love

Gestalt Therapy

Fritz Perls Psychodynamic approaches did not take in the whole person Gestalt: The organization of facts, perceptions, behavior or phenomena and not the individual items of which they are composed that defines them and gives them their specific and particular meaning

Id

Frued Present at birth. Contains basic intincts (sex, aggression, survival, pleasure instincts) . Operates on pleasure principle - id works to reduce tension by seeking immediate gratification. Defense mechanisms when you can't get immediate gratification. Can be irrational/irresponsible

Psychosexual Theory

Frued. Personality development. People must resolve various conflicts resulting from the psychic or libidinal energy. Inability to resolve to conflict leads to fixation.

Core conditions of counseling

Genuineness/congruence respect/unconditional positive regard empathy

Experiential Family Counseling

Goal: to help family members to become more aware of their emotions, become more self-atualizing, and increase their ability to interact with each other and give and receive love Similar to humanistic-existential theories: establishing a relationship, becoming honest and open, close contact with families Bringing problems into the hear and now No two families alike

Collaborative-interdependent model

Good for complex problems Everyone who participates holds equal authority and depends on the expertise of the others

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Government study from 1932-1972 which investigated effects of untreated syphilis on African American males. Men were lied to and told they were being treated for "bad blood."

Sociograms

Graphical representations of group member interaction pattern and have been used to display member relationships and educate group members about the intricacies of group dynamics.

Structure issues

Group size, function, psychoeducational, counseling, psychotherapy, voluntary/involuntary, and open/closed groups.

Building a group culture

Groups are therapeutic social systems that operate on norms for social interactions. Leader help group members establish norms that facilitate occurrence of curative factors.

Cross-sectional Research

Groups of people who differ in age but share other important characteristics are compared with regard to the variable under investigation.

Milgram Obedience Study

Had three people, a learner, a teacher, and an instructor. Was to see how far people were willing to go to comply with authority. It deceived the participants and did not get their content to the real experiment because it was never disclosed to them. It also cause much psychological harm.

Psychotic Symptoms

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thoughts/speech, catatonic/disorganized behavior, negative symptoms.

Making the rounds

Have group members take turns sharing their perspectives on a given focused topic.

Placebo Control Group

Have the same interactions with experimenters as the participants in the experimental group, but take pills that are inactive substances

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

Hayes, Strosahl, Wilson (1999) Cognitive-behavioral therapy Acceptance and mindfulness Maladaptive behaviors suppress negative thoughts/feelings Increase psychological flexibility to experience range of emotions

Neo-Freudian Approaches Ego psychology

Heinz Hartman (Ana Freud, Edith Jacobson, Margaret Mahler) Ego can act free from id and superego Children can have healthy ego development if they grow up in caring and responsive environment Children in less than ideal environment often develop conflicted egos

Self psychology

Heinz Kohut Psychological disorders result from unsatisfied developmental needs Stresses analyst empathy over --usually more characteristic of psychoanalytic approaches--analyst interpretation

Family Theories and Interventions Boundaries

Help separate the family system from outsiders...define roles and responsibilities within the family unit

Clarifying

Help the leader check his or her understanding of what a member has said.

Compromise

Helps group members detach their ideas from their egos in order to promote group goals and enhance the group process.

Encouragement

Helps promote cohesiveness and group member comfort.

Family reeanactment

Helps re-create early childhood dynamics so that members are able to relive early family conflicts and effectively resolve them (therapeutic factors).

Neo-Freudian Approaches Interpersonal psychoanalyis

Henry Stack Sullivan Mental disorders stem from dysfunctional patterns of interpersonal interactions More focused on present client interactional patterns rather than on events from the past

Gestalt Therapy Techniques

Here and now therapy Psychodrama Empty chair

ABC-X Model of Family Crisis and Stress

Hill (1949) Observed families experiencing seperation and reunification during WWII and found A.) provoking stressor or event, B.) Family resources, C.) meaning attached to the stressor/event, X.) the crisis, which is an acute state or family disequilibrium/immobilizations

The Three Parts of the Brain

Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain

Gestalt Therapy Concepts

Homeostasis Holistic doctrine Contact boundary

Contact boundary

How a person makes cobtact and interacts with his or her environment (or field, social interaction, contact with the community) is essential to the understanding of that person People make either healthy/unhealthy contact/withdrawal with/from environment

Validity

How accurately an instrument measures a given construct. What an instrument measures, how well it does so, the extent to which meaningful inferences can be made from the instrument's results.

Structure

How family organizes itsel How members interact with one another Rules and rituals Authority Duties and freedoms of older children Complementary roles Parents as allies

Cogniitve theories

How peoples thoughts influence their emotions and behavior

Humanistic Theory of Abraham Maslow

Humanistic approach - Holistic. Views humans as intrinsically good. People make choices about themselves based on self-perceptions. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: humans have innate need for self-actualization. Only attained when lower needs are met. Needs: 1. Physiological (Food, water, rest) 2. Safety (Shelter, warmth, physical/emotional security) 3. Belongingness (Loving relationships, sense of belonging) 4. Esteem (self-respect, self-confidence, success) 5. Self-Actualization (sense of purpose) Needs aren't usually met until middle adulthood if ever. Characteristics of self-acutalized person: acceptance of self and others, spontaneity, autonomy, creativeness, resistance to enculturation, problem centering, continued freshness of appreciation.

Robert Peck's Phase Theory of Adult Development

I. Phases of Middle Adult Psychological Changes a. Valuing Wisdom vs. Valueing Physical Powers. Decrease in physical strength, stamina, and attractiveness leads to valuing wisdom. b. Socializing vs. Sexualizing. Sex is replaced by empathy, understanding, compassion. c. Cathetic Flexibility vs. Cathetic Impoverishment. Must develop the capacity to shift emotional energies from one person/activity to another in order to deal with losses they will encounter in future. II. Phases of Retirement Years Psychological Development a. Ego Differentiation vs. Work-Role Preoccupation. People must adapt and learn to define personal growth in ways other then a full time job. Planning for retirement is crucial. b. Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation. Physical decline. Some may be preoccupied with these symptoms, others will pursue satisfying relationships and creative mental activities. c. Ego Transcendence vs. Ego Preoccupation. Individuals attempt to make life more secure and meaningful for those who survive them.

Psychoanalysis 3 Elements of personality

Id Ego Superego

Intensity Sampling

Identifiying those with intesne (but not extreme) experiences of a phenomenon

Purposeful Random Sampling

Identifying a sample and randomly selecting participants from that sample

Stratified Purposful Sampling

Identifying important variables pertaining to a research question and sampling subgroup that best isolate each variable.

Psychoanalytic techniques Resistance analysis

If client resistance is not addressed, clients will fail to gain necessary insight into their behavior and the counseling process will not move forward effectively

Behavioral Counseling Techniques Implosion or implosive therapy

Imagining hypothetical situation or scenarios that would cause them anxiety until they become desensitized

Blocking

Impede group cohesion and progress by not fully participating in exercises or discussions, thus keeping the group from progression to a working stage.

Experimental design validity

Implementation of experimental design to show that an instrument measures a specific construct.

James Bryant Conant

In conjunction with the Educational Testing Service, developed the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). Believed his test would decrease disparity among social classes and create equal opportunities in education.

Saturation

In qualitative research, data collection reaching a point of redundancy, the point where no new data refute findings of previously collected data.

Cognitive Therapy Distorted thinking

Inaccurate thoughts or ideas that maintain dysfunctional thinking and negative emotions Dichotomous thinking Selective abstraction Overgeneralization Magnification Labeling Mind reading Negative predictions/fortune telling

Socioeconomic class or status (SES)

Includes facts such as income, financial status, educational background, resource availability, and job held.

Institutional Barriers

Includes parental permission, scheduling challenges, finding space in buildings, and personnel not realizing the value of group work.

Confirming/Disconfirming Case Sampling

Including cases that confirm and add depth to one's evolving theory and also provide exceptions or potentially disconfirm elements of one's theory.

Reflecting

Indicate the counselor understands the client emotions, thoughts or the meaning behind their disclosures Require observation of both verbal and nonverbal communication Allow for expression of empathy and encourage further discussion Provides opportunity for client to correct and clarify

Standard error of estimate

Indicates the expected margin of error in a predicted criterion score due to the imperfect validity of the test

Gender Role Conflict

Individual feels anxiety as previously held gender expectations conflict with changing gender roles

Goals of group work

Individual member goals and group goals. These goals are normally overt and agreed upon during the beginning stages of group.

Quid pro quo

Individuals treat others as they themselves are treated

Jungian (analytic) psychology Key Concepts

Individuation Personal unconscious Collective unconscious Archetypes Complexes Personality types

Individual Psychology Key concepts

Inferiority complex Family constellation/birth order Lifestyle Courage Phenomenological philosophy Fictions

B.F. Skinner

Influenced by Thorndike. Response is either strengthened or diminished because of consequence that follows

Ethical and legal issues in group work

Informed consent, confidentiality, group member screening, and leaders must adhere to their scope of practice.

Confronting

Informing clients about discrepancies in their words, behaviors, feelings, or nonverbal communication ino order to increase self-awareness so they can become more congruent

Leader Techniques

Initiating, active listening, clarifying, questioning, etc...

Gatekeeping

Insists on adherence to the established group norms.

Sleep-Wake Disorders

Insomnia, Hypersomnolence, Narcolepsy, Obstructive and Central Sleep apneas, Circadian Ryhthm Sleep wake Disorder, Nightmare disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder, Restless Leg Disorder. Can be caused by another mental disorder, general medical condition, or substance abuse.

Wellness

Integration of mind, body, and spirit resulting in positive well-being. View clients as searching for a healthier lifestyle through more balanced combo of mind, body, spirit. Five Dimensions of Well-Being - Indivisible Self Physical: exercise, nutrition Essential: spirituality, gender identity, cultural identity, self-care Social: Friendship, love Coping: Leisure, stress mangement, self-worth, realistic beliefs. Creative: Thinking. emotions, control, work, positive humor

Drawing out

Interact directly with a member to get the member to contribute to a discussion topic or activity. Used with shy members and members the leader believes have something pertinent to contribute.

American Group Psychotherapy Association

Interdisciplinary organization promoting research and practice in group psychotherapy for individuals with mental disorders.

Group environment

Intergroup conflict, and group status. (Yalom's three primary factors of cohesion)

IAAOC (date) Purpose Credential Accomplishment Publication

International Association of Addiction and Offender Counselors (1974) To help individuals with addictions and those who have engaged in adult or juvenile criminal behaviors To promote suitable services for the treatment of clients addressing these issues and also to forward this counseling specialization by endorsing ongoing research, training, advocacy, prevention and intervention related to these groups Master Addiction Counselor Journal of Addictions and Offender Counseling

Relabeling/reframing

Interpreting a family's situation in a new way to encourage family members to view their problem in a more positive light Ex rebelious teenager becomes independence seeker

Cognitive Therapy Techniques Thought stopping

Interruption of negative self-talk or thinking and replacement with another thought Gain control over thinking

Qualitative Interviewing

Interview based on a set of topics to be discussed in depth rather than based on the use of standardized questions

Individual Psychology Lifestyle analysis

Interviewing about memories prior to 10 years of age perceptions of familial relationships, family dynamics,experiences in school and society, beliefs about themselves. Formulate a theory of the client's basic lifestyle Share with client to promote personal insight and awareness

Adjustment Disorders

Involve psychological responses to identifiable stressors. Symptoms must begin within 3 months after stressful event with a more significant impairment then usually expected. Usually adjustment to the stressor is within 6 month unless the stressor is chronic.

Content issues

Involve the "what" or actual subject under discussion by the group members. Sometimes an established topic from the beginning, sometimes a spontaneous topic depending on the group structure.

Group process issues

Involve the interplay of forces or dynamics between and among members and leaders--or "how" the interaction is occurring in the here and now. (e.g., norms, cohesiveness, safety and trust, expression of feelings, etc.)

Exploratory Factor Analysis

Involves an initial examination of potential models (or factor structures) that best categorize the variables

Creativity

Involves divergent thinking (thinking of many possibilities) and convergent thinking (picking the best solution and focusing on final product)

Human nature

Involves the continuum that humans are basically good, bad, or both

Existential dilemmas

Irvin Yalom Central to the experience of being human; have no clear answers Death: inevitable for all Freedom and responsibility: cannot have one without the other Isolation: individual must create meaning for hi/her own life Meaninglessness: "Who am I?" "Why am I here?" When people are unable to create meaning my withdraw from trying

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov - Studies on salivation of dogs Pairing an unconditioned stimulus (US, i.e meat powder) that automatically elicits unconditioned response (UR, i.e. salivation) with a neutral conditioned stimulus (i.e. the sound) would eventually elicit the UR as the new Conditioned Response (CR). The relationship between the CS and US is time sensitive

Key Historical Events--1990s

Janet Helms edits Black and White Racial Identity: Theory, Research and Practice

Schema

Jean Piaget Mental structure that processes experiences, info, or perceptions. Can change as new info is taken in. New insights created.

Equilibrium

Jean Piaget learning occurs something challenges someone's thinking (disequilibrium). Motivated people try to make sense of the new info to reach equilibrium. Done through assimilation and accommodation

Assimilation

Jean Piaget . Type of Adaptation. Individual perceives/interprets new info in terms of previously existing context/framework.

Accommodation

Jean Piaget . Type of Adaptation. Individual perceives/interprets new information in a way that causes a restructuring in metal organization. New information can be added to existing framework -- change in perspective.

Structural Family Counseling 6 Techniques

Joining: counselor imitates family style to be facilitative Structural maps: visual representation of coalitions, alignment, boundaries and conflicts Enactment: role play problems and note alignments, coalitions, structural problems Reframing: positive spin on problems Restructuring: change structure of family system Unbalancing: establish proper family hierarchy

Section A: The Counseling Relationship

Keep accurate records Obtain assent/consent Avoid interactions with clients outside professional setting unless beneficial to client Advocate on behalf of clients Terminate counseling relationship when it is time Screen potential group members Fair fees/avoid bartering

Kohlberg's Cognitive Development Theory

LEVEL I - Preconventional Level: Little awareness of socially acceptable behavior. Follows rules to avoid punishment/reap rewards. Stage 1 - Obedience and Punishment: Mentality that the weak must please the strong. Egocentric thinking dominates. Think about themselves and own actions. Good acts - good consequences. Bad acts - bad consequences. Stage 2 - Instrumental Hedonism: Morality focuses on pleasure as motivator. Serve self first. Doesn't interfere with other's affiars. Will consider others views as long as you get what you want. Very self focused on pleasing own needs. LEVEL II - Conventional Level: Familial or societal authority is recognized and people conform to rules in order to avoid social disapproval or criticism by those with authority. Stage 3 - "Good boy, Good girl": try to please everyone to receive greatest approval from everyone. Maintain good relationship with the people immediately judging their behavior. Empathy begins to develop, justice/equality is reciprocal. Person wants to be seen as good. Stage 4 - Law and Order: Rules are rules. Follow them blindly. Order in society is very important here. Conform to rules to avoid trouble with authority LEVEL III - Postconventional Level: Highest level. People examine and select which moral codes they want to live by whether others in society follow them or not. Behave in way that respects the dignity of all people. Stage 5: Social/Moral Contract and System of Laws: Morality defined in terms of general individual rights and standards that have been agreed upon by society. Rules and values are relative and subjected to change. Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles: Moral behavior is determined by individual decisions of consciousness. Respect is given as an end not a means. Develop own principles to guide their behavior and avoid guilt.

Interactionist Approach

Language development combination or nativist and learning approaches is responsible of language.

Learning Theory

Language development includes social learning theory. Children acquire language skills thru imitation and observation. Doesn't explain novel speech and language.

Imparting of information

Leader providing information to members about healthy living such as help techniques that aid in socialization (therapeutic factor).

directive, active

Leaders are usually more ___________ and __________ in the earlier stages of group.

Birth order Firstborns

Leaders, reigning monarchs

Detriangulation

Learning how to avoid becoming involved in triangles and how to avoid triangulation others

Stimulus-Response Theories

Learning theories such as Classical or Operant Conditioning

Social Learning Theories

Learning theories that believe learning can occur thru observation and internalized motivational forces.

Zone of Proximal Development

Lev Vygotsky The gap between what children are able to learn on their own and what the can potentially learn with help.

Scaffolding

Lev Vygotsky The supports that are put into place to help children learn and reach their full potential. Once child has reached potential scaffolding support is removed.

Adlerian techniques

Lifestyle analysis Encouragement Asking the question "Spitting in the client's soup" Catching oneself Pushbutton techique

Power tests

Limit perfect scores by including difficult test items that few individuals can answer correctly. These items measure how well the test-taker can perform given items of varying difficulty regardless of time or speed of response.

Inferiority/superiority complex

Limits ability to live healthy,socially interested and goal-directed lives May lead to overcompensation (superiority complex) Can be the result of overly critical parent, physical limitation or disability, mental limitations or disabilities, socioeconomic barriers

Section B: Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and Privacy

Limits of confidentiality Communicate plans to break confidentiality with client (if possible/appropriate) Disclose minimal amount of info Obtain consent before sharing confidential info with treatment team/3rd party Recognize rights of parents/guardians to access confidential info of minor clients and work with them meet the needs of child Keep records in safe location Allow clients to have "reasonable access" to their records

REBT techniques Emotional control cards

List appropriate and inappropriate feelings to serve as reminders to clients who are having a difficult time

Existential counseling Approaches

Logotherapy Existential dilemmas Anxiety

Milan Systemic Family Counseling Concepts Long brief therapy Number of counselors Positive connotations Paradox Counterparadox

Long brief therapy: once a month for year Positive connotations: apply positive motives to behavior Paradox used to interfere with games of control Counterparadox asks family not to change too quickly in order to avoid resistance to change

Extreme or Deviant Sampling

Looking for the bounds of differences, or those with the most positive and negative experiences. Each pole of the continuum may be compared or the counselor may focus on exploring one pole.

Cross-Sectional Design Studies

Looks at several groups in different levels o development. Less expensive. Less time then a longitudinal study because the data is obtained more quickly. Disadvantage: diffusion of individual differences - different people in different groups. Cohort Effect (some groups may be inherently different because of different life experiences)

Multigenerational transmission process

Low level of differentiation passed through generations

General Systems Theory

Ludwig von Bertalanffy There is no discrete cause and effect phenomenon in families Circular causality: each member influencing and being influenced by other members

Section E: Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation

Make accurate/understandable interpretations of test results to clients Only use assessment tools trained to use Choose culturally appropriate assessments Gain permission from publisher before making copies of assessment Informed consent before testing

Daniel Levinson's Adult Male Development Theory

Males create life structures (periods of stability) alternated with transitional periods. I. Novice Phase: a. Early Adult Transition (17-22): End adolescence. Develop job skills b. Entering the Adult World (22-28): Test initial life structures while comparing personal values to adult society values. c. Age 30 Transition: Reassessment of young adulthood life structure II. The Settling Down Phase: a. Early Settling Down: Establish a spot in society. b. Becoming One's Own Man: (BOOM) work at advancement and success. III. Midlife Transition: (40-45 years) Assess successes and failures in meeting the goals set in previous phase. Experience satisfaction while building motivation for the rest of life. IV. Entering Middle Adulthood: (45-50 yrs) young/old polarity, morality/generativity polarity, masculine/feminine polarity V. Age 50 Transition: more individuation. Can be difficult if not prepared. VI. Building a Second Middle Adult Structure: (50 -60) new goals. time of rejuvenation and enrichment. VII. Late Adulthood Transition: (60-65) changing mental and physical capacities and sense of morality as they experience decreasing physical and mental vitality and losses. VIII. Late Adulthood: (65+) Pursuit of enjoyable and rewarding past times. Prep for own death and fate of family.

Least restrictive environment (LEA)

Mandated in IDEA. Allows as many students as possible to remain in regular classrooms if their needs could be met where with only limited accommodation.

Individualized educational plan (IEP)

Mandated in IDEA. Delineates what services the student will receive; wen and how often; and goals for the student's learning, which are updated and reviewed yearly.

Free appropriate public education (FAPE)

Mandated in IDEA. Students with disabilities' individual needs must be met, and they must be readied for higher levels of education or employment.

Key Historical Events--2004

Manivong Ratts and colleagues label social advocacy as the "fifth force" of counseling

Problem externalization

Many clients view their problems as innate and hard to alter Externalizing questions separate the problem for the client. Counselors help clients distance themselves from their problems, reconstruct their stories and rid themselves of undesirable narratives

Four Types of Identity

Marcia. Identity achievement: committing to goals and taking a course of action to achieve Identity Moratorium: continuing to take in and analyze information without agreeing on goals or course of action. Identity Foreclosure: When others have decided the goals and teen pursues them without question. Identity Diffusion: When teens procrastinate or become so confused that they are unable to take in and sort out identity related info that could lead to goal setting.

Logotherapy

Meaning can be found in everything positive and negative Without meaning people experience an existential vacuum

Inter-item consistency

Measure of internal consistency that compares individual test item responses with another and the total score - use mathematical formula that correlates all of the possible split-half combinations present in a test e.g. Kuder Richardson Formula , Chronbach's Coefficient Alpha

Typical performance test

Measure one's normal performance.

Discriminant validity

Measures of constructs that are not theoretically related are observed to have no relationship. Show that scores from the measure are not related to scores of a different measure.

Convergent validity

Measures of constructs that theoretically should be related are actually observed to be related to each other. The assessment is related to what it should be. Find a significantly positive relationship with a similar instrument that has already been established

Internal consistency

Measures the consistency of responses from one test item to the next during a single administrations of the instrument

Marathon group

Members met together for extended periods of time, usually 24 to 48 hours, throughout which members were expected to become more authentic and engage in true self-disclosure.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Memory optimized when when person attains moderate state of arousal. Low and high states suppress performance.

Narrative therapy

Michael White and David Epston How individuals reauthor their lives People construct self-narratives which helps them develop a consistent identity

Strategic Family Therapy

Milton Erickson (John Haley, Mental Research Institute) Behavioral Directive Tailored to each family

Holistic doctrine

Mind-body connection: interconnected and equally relevant Thinking and doing inextricably linked: people can fantasize about solutions to their problems before acting them out in real life

Negative social influence

Model that asserts resistance is due to presence of a negative dynamic in the counselor-client relationship or client's desire for power or control within the counseling relationship

Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development Cognitive development accomplishments lead to moral developmental accomplishments. Ages for each stage vary. Not everyone reaches the highest level - 2/3 of adults don't. Theory has three Levels with each level having two stages.

Dream interpretation

Most common technique employed by Jung The archetypes for the collective unconscious often reveal themselves in dreams Techniques in dream interpretation include Explication Amplification Active imagination

Speech Disorder

Most commonly diagnosed language disorder difficulty producing developmentally expected speech sounds

Psychoanalysis Unconscious

Most nebulous part of a person's mind. Memories, instincts and drives that are exceedingly difficult to bring to person's conscious awareness

Family Theories and Interventions Bowen Family Systems Therapy

Murray Bowen People are affected by their family of origin (FOO) and must resolve any issues from childhood to keep from repeating dysfunctional patterns

Group member screening

Must be conducted by group leaders to ensure the appropriateness of member and group fit.

NACAC

National Association for College Admissions Counseling

NECA (date) Purpose Publication

National Employment Counseling Association (1966) To make strides in the field of employment counseling by providing members with helpful resources, promoting research and knowledge related to effective career counseling techniques and tools to best serve job seeders and society staying abreast of legislation affecting employment counselors and creating a community in which professionals can network and share ideas Journal of Employment Counseling

NRCA (date) Purpose Publication

National Rehabilitation Counseling Association (1958) To help individuals with disabilities become as independent and self-reliant as possible through counseling interventions and advocacy, encourage professioan rehabilitation counselors to practice in an ethical manner and advocate for licensure and certification Rehabilitation counseling Code of Ethics, Scope of Practice Statement (with CRCC and ARCA) Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling

Development of socialization techniques

Necessary for group members to function in their everyday lives. Allows members to give and receive personal feedback that facilitates learning about the desirability of one's behavior (therapeutic factor).

Peripheral Nervous System

Network of nerves that connect CNS to the rest of the body (fingers, arms, toes)

Specific Learning Disorder

Neurodevelopment Disorder Clients academic achievement is below expected levels given the clients age and intellectual identity. Usually related to reading, math, and written expression.

Intellectual Developmental Disorder

Neurodevelopment Disorder Formerly know as mental retardation significant subaverage intelligence (IQ = 70) obtained through standardized testing. Adaptive functioning that is prevalent prior to 18 yrs old. Obtained through assessment of age appropriate individual living skills. Four Subtypes: mild, moderate, severe, profound.

Motor Disorders/Developmental Coordination Disorder

Neurodevelopmental Disorder Significant impairment in gross or fine motor coordination skills Stereotypic Movement Disorder - Tics, sudden recurrent stereotyped vocalizations or motor movements: Tourette's Disorder: combo of at least one vocal tic and multiple verbal tics. Number of times a day for at least a year. Onset prior to 18. Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic: presence of vocal or motor tics but not both. Number of times a day for a year Provisional Tic Disorder: presence of vocal and motor tics numerous times a day for less then a year but at least a month.

Brain Size

New born baby - 25% of full grown size End of first year - 60% of full grown size End of second year - 80% of full grown size Age 16 - Full grown size Age 30 - Begins to shrink and lose neurons Late 80s - 20% less then the size at age 30. In old age the blood flow to the brain decreases along with the levels of some of the neurotransmitters.

Nativist Approach

Noam Chomsky human brain is genetically program to enable people to create and understand language. "Language Acquisition device" exists in humans and allows production of speech sounds, grammar, and invention of sentences. Can learn any language through exposure.

Delusional Disorder

Non-bizarre delusions (deceived by a spouse) Occurring for at least a month without concurrent prominent schizophrenia or mood symptoms.

Counselor unconditional positive regard

Non-judgmental attitude toward the client; unconditional acceptance of the personhood of the client

Face validity

Not a type of validity but often falsely referenced as one. Superficial measure that in concerned with whether an instrument looks valid or credible.

Precontemplation

Not aware a problem exists

Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders

Not better classified elsewhere. Cause Significant impairment in a major area of functioning and are not better accounted for by anything else. Intermittent Explosive Disorder: distinct episodes of aggressive impulses not fit for the social context, resulting in serious assault or destruction of property Conduct Disorder: persistent pattern of behaviors that violate the rights of others or social rules (Bullying, stealing,rape) in an individual under the age of 18 Oppositional Defiant Disorder: recurrent patter of defiant, disobedient, hostile, negative behaviors toward authority. Cannot also have Conduct Disorder.

Aversive Counter Conditioning

Noxious stimulus applied when a maladaptive response is made

Cyclothymic Disorder

Numerous periods of depression interspersed with with periods of hypomania lasting for at least two years in adults (1 yr in children/adults)

Interpersonal learning

Occurs through members interactions with others. Members affect each other in much the same way they affect the people they interact with in their everyday lives, and members receive feedback on their conduct and can learn new ways of being while feeling safe and supported (therapeutic factor).

Negligence

Occurs when counselors fail to use reasonable care in carrying out their professional duties resulting in injury to client

Imitative behavior

Occurs when members have opportunity to observe the behaviors of other members and witness the positive or negative responses elicited by their actions (therapeutic factor).

Co-leadership

Occurs when more than one leader shares or helps to facilitate the group process.

Malpractice

Occurs when professional counselors fail to follow accepted professional standards and do not provide the expected standard of care, resulting in injury to the client.

Reality Distortion

Occurs when the group provides an example of social reality that is not achievable in the outside world.

Focusing on others

Often an attempt to avoid self focus and self-disclosure. Leaders should encourage self-disclosure and self-focus or group focus.

Birth order Only children

Often excel in their pursuits Not as socially adept as other children May be spoiled and often placed in the center of attention making it harder to adjust when they do not get what they want from others

Extinction

Once the US/CS relationship is developed, extinction occurs by stopping the pairing of US and CS. Spontaneous Recovery occurs when they are repaired. It will quickly illicit the CR.

scultpting

One family member arranges the family in a room in order to help the counselor and family more fully understand that member's impression of the family relationships and dynamics

James Cattell

One of the first to apply statistical concepts to psychological assessment. He popularized the term "mental test".

National Career Development association (NCDA)

One of the founding associations of ACA; established in 1913 to serve as the association for individuals who provide career services and assist with the career development issues faced by all ages; created standards of practice for career counselors, established ethical guidelines for counseling working in career service settings, and appraising career materials and resources; publishes Career Development Quarterly

Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)

One of the founding associations of ACA; the primary goal of ACES is to enhance counseling services in all specializations through the promotion of quality education, supervision, and credentialing of counselors; publishes Counselor Education and Supervision

Section C: Professional Responsibility

Only do what qualified/trained to do Evaluate skills/techniques and work to improve Participate in PD Self-Care Honestly represent qualifications Use techniques grounded in theory/research No sexual harassment or discriminatory behavior

Questioning

Open ended and closed ended Open ended questions invite the client to elaborate Closed ended questions seek specific information

Open and closed family systems

Open family systems have flexible boundaries Closed family systems have rigid boundaries and are aversive to change

Narrative techniques

Outside witness: observe a session then talk about what they heard, connected with and what affected them. Helps client solidify their new self-narrative Definitional ceremony: Tell new stories to an audience and receive feedback. Helps clients thicken their stories Therapeutic letters: From counselor to client to review what was discussed and highlight important moments. Helps client internalie

Ordeal

Paradoxical technique Complete and undesirable but health promoting behavior (ex running on treadmill) before engaging in behavior targeted to change (crying)

Pretend technique

Paradoxical technique Simulate symptoms to realize they can exert control over what they say and do

Willowbrook Study

Parents signed informed consent to allow their children to be injected with hepatitis to enroll in school without being given the option to decline

Stimulus Generalization

Participants' CS/CR connection is generalized to other stimuli that is similar to the original CS.

X-Linked Disorders

Passed on by x chromosome. Numerous characteristics (ex. male baldness) Hemophilia

Key Historical Events--1996

Patricia Arredondo and colleagues operationalize the 31 multicultural counseling competency standards in a seminal article

Reactive Theories

People are passive and react to the environmental stimuli to accommodate. Skinner's Operant Conditioning

Reality therapy Characteristics

People are self-determining and have control over their behavior Counselors: Focus on present relationships Emphasize client choice and responsibility v blame of others Avoid focus on symptoms; seek to challenge traditional vies of mental illness Nonjudgmental,supportive, patient Assist in creating realistic and specific plans for connecting with others

Homeostasis

People seek to maintain a state of balance Homeostasis is physiological and psychological Chronic inability to recognize, prioritize and alleviate needs leads to neuroticism Attempts to help bring awareness to needs and how to allay When a need is satisfied, a gestalt is closed and client can move to the next most pressing need

Individual Psychology Phenomenological philosophy

Perception is reality

Psychosexual Theory of Sigmund Freud

Personality Development Theory Personality develops through interaction of personal needs (drives) and the environment. Past experiences play essential part in present behaviors. Libido - basic, instinctual life force. Tripartite structure of personality - id, ego, superego

Substance Use and Addictive Disorders

Pertains to caffeine, alcohol, cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine, hallucinogen, inhalent, nicotine, opioid, phencyclidine, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic.

Somatic Symptom Disorders

Physical symptoms resembling a general medical condition but cannot be fully explained by a medical condition, substance use, or other metal disorder. Somatic Symptom Disorder: history of physical complaints over several years, causing significant impairment. The complaints are not a result of a medical condition or are in excess of a condition. Conversion Disorder: symptoms/deficits in voluntary motor or sensory functions, preceded by stressors or psychological conflicts which are not the result of a medical problem or substance abuse. The symptoms seem to be intentionally produced. Factitious Disorder: intentional Feigning of physical or psychological symptoms in order to assume the "sick role". No external reward is sought which makes this different than malingering.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (11+) able to think abstractly, realistically, engage in hypothetico-deductive reasoning, and systematically prove/disprove multiple alternative explanations for occurrences. Not everyone reaches this.

Proportional Stage

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (2-7) Develop Symbolic representation - allows for language and imitative play. Egocentric Thinking - unable to take on perception of others unless to receive tangible benefit. Centration/Centering Animism - Attribution to of life onto inanimate objects Irreversibility - lack of understanding that actions can't be undone, changed, reversed.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (7-11) Readily use symbolsto engage in mental operations like logic, can classify, seriate, conserve, and understand reversibility, reduced egocentrism, and relational terms. Unable to reason abstractly.

Sensorimotor Stage

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (birth-2) Infants and toddlers use senses and developing motor skills to learn about environment. Reflexes to then meaningful interactions with enviro Learn: Cause and effect, trial and error problem solving, object permanence

Eric Lindemann

Pioneer in developmental of crisis models. studied survivors of Cocanut Grove night club fire of 1942 - found that mental health professionals can help those affected by traumatic events to grieve and mourn properly to then prevent future mental health complications.

Human Validation Process Model 4 types of dysfunctional communication patterns

Placater Blamer Intellectualizer/super-reasonable distracters/irrelevants

Planned theme group

Planned around a content theme and focus on helping members resolve problem areas. Restricted to individuals with a demonstrated need in this area (e.g., social skills groups for children, domestic abuse, parenting skills).

Executive functions

Planning and creating the group, convening the sessions, and maintaining the organizational integrity of continued meetings, including establishing effective boundaries that will allow members to grow and develop from the experience.

Individual Psychology Spitting in the client's soup

Point out certain client behaviors so that the behavior no longer seems as desirable to the client

Active Theories

Portray people as active in controlling their behavior. Erikson

Disadvantages of co-leadership

Potential competition between leaders, inconsistency in pacing, lack of consistency in approach, excessive focus on leaders, and appearance of collusion.

Cognitive Therapy Techniques Cognitive rehearsal

Practice new thoughts before implementing them in actual situations

REBT techniques Disputing irrational beliefs

Practiced through reverse role play

Stages of Change

Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Termination

Challenges of Group Work

Pressure to conform, reality distortion, avoidance, confidentiality, unhealthy attachments, and institutional barriers.

Giving advice

Prevents disclosure and keeps feedback on a superficial level. Leaders should observe the reaction to the advice on the member who receives it and encourage self-disclosure on the part of this role, while avoiding reinforcing the inappropriate action.

Behavioral Consultation Model 4 Steps

Problem identification Problem analysis Plan implementation Problem evaluation

Measurement

Process of defining and examining the magnitude of human attributes and behavioral expressions. 3 Assumptions: 1. All human attributes and behavioral expressions are distinct enough to be objectively defined and quantified. 2. All human attributes and behavioral expressions are present in all people. 3. The presence or absence of specific attributes and behavioral expressions in certain situations indicates normalcy or deficiency.

Standards for educational and psychological testing

Promote the appropriate and ethical use of tests and provide professionals with a set of guidelines for test development, evaluation, and use. Developed by the American Educational Research Association, the American Psychological Association, and the National Council on Measurement in Education.

Tavistok Insitute

Promotes interdiscplinary training in group dynamics and leadership coaching for businesses.

Yalom and Leszcz (2005) 4 Leader goals

Provide a caring attitude, provide meaning attribution, model appropriate self-disclosure and confrontation, and provide limits, rules, and structure.

Objective tests

Provide consistency in administration and scoring to ensure freedom from the examiner's own biases or beliefs. Include questions that have a correct answer.

Initiating

Provide direction for members by introducing group topics or activities, thereby allowing members to focus energy and achieve desired outcomes.

Diagnostic systems

Provide standardized terminology, or a common language, that allows mental health professionals to communicate with one another regarding client diagnosis and treatment planning

Setting tone

Provide structure; the leader sets a style of interaction for group members to follow.

Instillation of hope

Provides members with a sense of assurance that the treatment will work (therapeutic factor).

Psychodrama

Psychodrama helps client move from fantasizing about certain actions or behavior to practicing them in reality when appropriate Help client understand internal conflicts by having them play various parts of their personalities

Empty chair

Psychodrama technique which facilitates dialogue between the client and another individual or another part of their own personality

Language Development Concepts

Psycholinguistics: study of language development Speech: physical act of forming/sequencing sounds of oral language Language: system of grammatical rules and semantics that allow people to understand each other Semantics: study of word meanings Pragmatics: how language is used in social context Phonology: what language sounds like. Phoneme is languages most basic sound element Morphology: governs the rules of word formation. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful language unit - "boy" has one morpheme, "boys" has two.

Psychoanalysis Basic assumption

Psychological disorders stem from people's unconscious conflicts and repressed desires Aim to help clients address unresolved psychosexual developmental stages

4 Psychodynamic Theories and Approaches

Psyhoanalysis Neo-Fruedians Individual psychology Jungian psychology

Tests

Published by PRO-ED, Inc. contains info on thousands of assessment instruments in the psychology, education and business industries. Quick access to concise instrument descriptions that include the test title, author, publisher, intended test population, purpose, major features, administration time, scoring method, cost, availability. No critiques or info regarding test norms, validity or reliability.

Tests in Print (TIP)

Published by the Buros Institute of Mental Measurements every 3 to 13 years as a companion to the MMY. Offers a comprehensive listing of all published and commercially available tests in psychology and education. Provides information regarding the test title, intended population, publication date, acronym, author, etc. Does not provide critical reviews or psychometric information.

Joint committee on testing practices (JCTP)

Published several documents concerning testing standards in educational, psychological, and counseling fields. Published: Rights and Responsibilities of Test Takers, Test User Qualifications, and the Code for Fair Testing Practices in Education.

Concurrent Design

Qualitative and quantitative data are collected at the same time

Strategic Family Therapy 4 concepts

Quid pro quo Redundancy principle Punctuation Symmetrical relationships/complementary relationships

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

REBT Albert Ellis People judge events to be either positive or negative in relationship to their personal objectives Rational (rBs) and irrational beliefs (iBs) are what produce a persons emotional response to a certain event People who possess irrational thinking need only learn how to more rationally in order to improve quality of life

Crystallized intelligence

Raymond B. Cattell Verbal and math capabilities. Fluid intelligence: nonverbal and problem solving and pattern recognition. Intelligence is not fixed at birth. Females differ very little from males in terms of cognitive development.

Cognitive Therapy Distorted thinking Overgeneralization

Reach a conclusion based on limited information or experience

Smaller groups

Reach higher levels of cohesion more quickly because of fewer communication problems and higher member satisfaction.

Coping Self

Realistic beliefs Stress management Self-worth Leisure

Reality therapy

Reality Therapy is the therapeutic delivery tool that assists individuals in regaining control over choices in their lives Focus on the impact of unsatisfying relationship on the client's emotional well-being

Behavioral Counseling Techniques Environmental planning

Rearranging the environment to encourage of discourage certain bahaviors

Tay-Sachs Disease

Recessively transmitted autosomal disorder. 1 in 3500 births in Jews of European descent. Inability to metabolize fatty substances in neural tissues --> CNS degeneration Prenatal diagnosis is available. No treatment. Death by 4 yrs old usually.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Recessively transmitted autosomal disorder. 1 in 500 African American births. Abnormal shaping of red blood cells --> oxygen deprivation, pain, tissue damage, anemia, pneumonia. Prenatal diagnosis available. Treatment: blood transfusions, pain killers.

Phenylketonuria

Recessively transmitted disorder autosomal disorder. 1 in 8000 births. Inability to neutralize the amino acid phenylaladine (found in proteins). Failure to treat - severe CNS damage Prenatal diagnosis is available

Behavioral Counseling Techniques Response cost

Reduces undesirable behaviors by removing a positive reinforcement Often used in conjunction with token economy

Cognitive Therapy Techniques Homework (directives)

Reinforce learning and skill acquisitin outside of counseling sessions

Strategic Family Therapy Techniques

Relabeling/reframing Paradoxical intention Directives Ordeal Pretend technique

Stages of Counseling

Relationship building Action/intervention Termination

Triangles

Relationship system consisting of 3 people Spreads out tension 2 experiencing tension draw 3rd in to alleviate People with higher differentiation triangulate less

Thalamus

Relays nerve impulses from sensory pathways to cerebral cortex.

Paraphrasing

Repeating the essence of what a client has said Conveys understanding, checks accuracy and summarizes significant elements

Time-Lag Studies (Cohort Sequential Studies)

Replications of a previous study on a modern cohort using the same parameters of the previous study. Elements of a cross sectional approach. Allows for intergenerational comparisons

Defense Mechanisms

Repression - pushing undesirable thoughts out of conscious thought Regression - return to earlier, child like, comfortable period Displacement - redirecting feelings on to less threatening person/object Projection - Placing personal feelings, thoughts, motives on someone else Rationalization - justifying one's behavior with logical-sounding reasons. Concealing real reason. Compensation - substituting a successful experience for one that produced failure Denial - refusing to believe something has happened. Reaction Formation - expressing opposite motive then real motive to prevent unwanted attitudes or feelings becoming expressed.

Individual tests

Require that a test be administered to one examinee at a time. _________ _____ allow professional counselors to establish rapport with the examinee and closely monitor the factors that influence examinee performance. Time consuming for the practitioner and costly to the client.

Diana v. California State Board of Edu

Requires that schools provide tests to students in their first language as well as in English to limit linguistic bias.

Section D: Relationships with other Professionals

Respect for professionals/organizations that use techniques/procedures different from own Create positive relationships with other professionals Protect confidentiality/welfare of client when working in interdisciplinary team Obtain informed consent before providing consultation Only function in consultive capacity for areas trained

Psychological First Aid

Response to individuals who have experienced disaster, terrorist attack or other disturbing event Meet basic survival needs first Provide developmentally appropriate information about the situation, clear up confusion and misconception Connect survivors to family, friends and community resources Listen, comfort, provide hope and information, offer emotional support Do not coerce people into talking until ready

Forebrain

Responsible for higher order behavior and conscious thought. Left Hemisphere - controls right side of body, language/writing, and logical/systematical thought Right Hemisphere - controls left side of body, muscle abilities, imagination, emotional expression. Corpus Callosum - bundle of nerve cells connecting the two hemispheres, memory, concentration, problem-solving, muscle coordination. Contains 4 lobes: Occipital Lobe (sensory info from the eyes), Parietal (Spatial reasoning/sense of touch), Temporal Lobe (Hearing and storage of permanent memory), Frontal lobe (sense of smell, body control, and movement)

Jungian (analytic) psychology Complexes

Result of repressed thoughts and desires amalgamating in the unconscious. Revolve around the archetypes symbolize issues that a person needs to resolve

Conflict

Reveals group members' anxieties or primary needs. Natural part of interpersonal relationships and usually stems from member efforts to redistribute power.

REBT techniques

Reverse-role playing Disputing irrational beliefs Rational emotive imagery Emotional control cards Shame attack exercise

Summarizing

Review the important element of conversation in order to transition to another phase of group process (e.g., ending of the session, next topic, focus on an important point).

Lewis Terman

Revised the Binet-Simon scale, naming the enhanced version the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. Incorporated IQ which is chronological age divided by mental age.

Behavioral Counseling Techniques Token economy

Rewards (tokens) are provided for demonstrating desired behaviors Tokens can be traded for primary reinforcers Must include a goal and a schedule for reinforcing the behavior

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004

Right of students believed to have a disability to receive testing at the expense of the public school system. Mandates that students with disabilities receive an IEP that specifies the accommodations a student will receive to optimize learning

Reality therapy WDEP system

Robert Wubbolding (2009) 4 Step process for identifying and satisfying needs W: wants; ascertain wants, needs and action required to fulfill D: doing; examine clients' actions, thoughts and feelings E: evaluation; encourage clients to evaluate health and responsibility of current behavior P: plan; clients create specific realistic and measurable plan for meeting their needs in new ways

Anxiety

Rollo May Interferes with ability to accomplish goals Counseling includes a goal to explore and find meaning in client's anxiety to work through and bring closer to life goals

Sharif v. NY State Educational Dept.

Ruled that SAT scores alone could not be used to determine scholarship awards.

Griggs v. Duke Power Company

Ruled that assessments used in the job hiring and promotion process must be job related.

Larry P v. Riles

Ruled that schools had used biased intelligence tests, which led to an overrepresentation of African American children in programs for students with educable mental retardation. As a result, counselors must provide written documentation that demonstrates the use of nondiscriminatory and valid assessment tools.

Norms

Rules for individual members and group behavior, communicating to members what is and is not socially acceptable within the group environment.

Structural Family Counseling

Salvator Minuchin Dysfunction results from faulty organization Examining and changing the structure and orginzation of families including hierarchies and subsystems

Maximum Variation Sampling

Sampling a diverse group and searching for core patterns and individual perspectives base on unique participant characterisitics

Comprehensive Sampling

Sampling all individuals within a system. This is useful when the case has few participants

Critical Case Sampling

Sampling those with intense and irregular experiences. This method allows illustrating a point well and/or gaining the most knowledge

Process Consultation

Schein 1999 Through a relationship with the client consultant helps client to take proactive steps to deal with their problems

Jesse Davis

School principal in Michigan who introduced group work in a school setting in 1907. Intended to provide students with effective tools for making educational, vocational, and moral decisions.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

Secures the privacy of client records by requiring agencies to obtain client consent before releasing records to others. Grants clients access to their records.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

Segal, Williams, Teasdale, and Gemar (1996) Integration of cognitive-behavioral therapy with mindfulness-based stress reduction To reduce the risk of relapse in clients with recurring depression through modification of dysfunctional thoughts and ruminations Develop nonjudgmental attitudes toward their experience in the present Increase metacognitve awareness so maladaptive thoughts can be altered

Homogenous Sampling

Selecting participants for a specific subgroup with theoretically similar experiences

Typical Case Sampling

Selecting the "average" participants, or those who represent the typical experience for a phenomenon

Inclusion

Sense of connectedness a member has in the group. Develops during the forming and orienting stage.

Subjective tests

Sensitive to rater and examine beliefs. Open ended questions with more than one correct answer or way of expressing a correct answer (eg. essay questions)

Turner Syndrome

Sex Chromosomal Disease (xo) 1 in 5000 female births All or part of second chromosome is missing. Undeveloped ovaries, sexual development, short statue, webbed neck, impaired spatial intelligence. Treatment: special ed and hormone therapy

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Sex Chromosomal Disease (xxy) 1 in 1000 Male births Extra X chromsome. Unusually tall, high amounts of body fat, incomplete sex characteristics at puberty, usually sterile. Treatment: hormone therapy at puberty, special ed to aid with verbal ability deficit.

Behavioral Counseling Techniques

Shaping Maintenance Extinction Behavioral rehearsal/role playing Environmental planning Assertiveness training Contingency contracts Token economy Response cost Implosion or implosive therapy Time-out Overcorrections

Collective unconscious

Shared by entire human race Collective consciousness contains archetypes/overarching human tendencies which can be understood through studying philosophy, art, religion, mythology and dreams

Evaluation

Shares insights or judgments about whether a group is accomplishing agreed on goals.

Self-disclosure

Sharing personal information with clients. Used to help connect with client, give feedback, or provide the client with alternative perspectives or ideas. Must be used only when provides benefit to client... not the counselor

Boundaries

Should be semi-permeable, clearly delineated Balance between autonomy and involvement Rigid, impermeable, diffuse, permeable boundaries lead to dysfunction

Sibling position

Sibling position affects personality Marriages work out best when spousal roles match the partner's sibling position form their FOO

Psychoanalysis was created by

Sigmund Freud

Resistance behaviors

Silence, minimal self-disclosure, intellectualizing, missing appointments, excessive small talk

Dependent T-test

Similar groups paired or matched in some meaningful way or the same group tested twice

Schizophreniform Disorder

Similar to Schizophrenia except duration is less then 6 months with a 1 year active phase and social or occupational functioning may not occur. Sometime given as diagnosis before Schizophrenia

Friedman's rank test

Similar to Wilcoxon's signed-rank test in that it is designed for repeated measures.

Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z procedure

Similar to the Mann-Whitney U Test but used when samples are smaller than 25 participants.

Group factors

Size, goals, activity, history, and leadership. (Yalom's three primary factors of cohesion)

Focus Group

Small group (normally six to twelve) invited to actively participate in a structured discussion with a facilitator.

Birth order Youngest children

Sometimes pampered and spoiled, may have a hard time acting independently later in life Benefit from examples set by their siblings

Problem-saturated stories

Sometimes self-narratives are detrimental; problem-saturated stories Clients experts; counselor assists in deconstructing and reconstructing their life stories

Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY)

Source of information regarding commercially available assessment instruments. Offers pertinent information including test name, acronym, author and publisher, copyright date, etc. Also includes reliability and validity, norming data, scoring and reporting services, and available foreign language versions. Critiques by experts in the testing and assessment field (reviews).

Free association

Speaking without thinking; saying anything that comes to mind Helps decrease self-censorship in order to explore the unconscious drive in the id

Logistic Regression

Special form of regression in which the dependent variable is a non-metric, dichotomous (binary) variable. Although some differences exist, the general manner of interpretation is quite similar to linear regression.

Essential Self

Spirituality Self-care Gender identity cultural identiy

Splitting

Spitting occurs when children see object in black and whit and are unable to move past polarities to integrate the complexity of human behavior. Thus, psychological health and ability to form relationships are negatively affected

Self - Concept

Stable. Difficult to change even if negative. Once formed becomes self-perpetuating. People tend to focus on only what's consistent with their self-concepts When trying to start self-change with someone as a counselor start with concrete experiences that a child can do successfully. Build from there.

Oral Stage

Stage 1 of Freud's Psychosexual Theory Birth to 1 yr old Primary source of pleasure is through mouth (sucking or mouthing) Over or under gratification will influence personality (dependence, passivity, gullibility, sarcasm) and habits (smoking, gum chewing, thumb sucking, over eating)

Anal Stage

Stage 2 of Freud's Psychosexual Theory Ages 1-3 Source of gratification is the buttocks and anus area. Pleasure from retention and expulsion of feces/urine. How parents handle potty training will influence personality development. Fixation produces retentiveness (stinginess, obsessive thinking, compulsive behavior, cleaniness, orderliness) or expulsiveness (messiness, destructiveness, cruelty)

Phallic Stage

Stage 3 of Freud's Psychosexual Theory Ages 3-5 Primary source of gratification is the genitals and pleasure derived from manipulation of them - fondling, masturbation. Oedipus Complex: male child had crush on mother. Wants father eliminated. Electra Complex: female child has crush on father. Wants to eliminate mother. Fixation involves exploitation of others. Superego develops and becomes part of personality.

Latency Stage

Stage 4 of Freud's Psychosexual Theory Age 6-11 Sexual desires become dormant as individual focuses on social skills, personal awareness, ego refinement. Children learn how to relieve anxiety through use of defense mechanisms.

Genital Stage

Stage 5 of Freud's Psychosexual Theory Adolescence. Puberty. Reemergence of sexual impulses. Interest in sex is shown. Capability of real love. Successful development leads to sublimation of parental love. Interests turn towards sexual maturity, marriage, child rearing

Discontinuous Development

Stage Theories. Changes in behavior and abilities are qualitatively different from previous behaviors and abilities. Individual at advanced stages are superior to the lower stages. For example: Piaget and Erikson's developmental stage theories.

Null Hypothesis

States there is no relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Nonparametric statistics

Statistical procedures used when required assumptions for using parametric procedures are not met, especially assumptions regarding a normal probability distribution

Factor analysis

Statistical technique that analyzes the interrelationships of an instrument's items. Must show that an instrument's subscales are statistically related to each other and the larger construct.

Inferential Statistics

Statistics that can determine whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was selected.

Resistance

Stems from content or processes the member finds anxiety producing, threatening, or sensitive. A covert attempt to prevent change.

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Core beliefs

Steve de Shazer Client expert, counselor helps them unearth solutions they already know Core beliefs: Clients are already doing something that works If something doesn't work, don't do it If somethings works, do it more

Flooding

Stimulus that prevokes anxiety continuously presented until client unlearns response or becomes too tired to respond.

Vicarious Trauma

Stress reaction resulting from exposure to to client disclosures of traumatic events. While also leading to a secondary traumatic reaction, it can effect the counselors worldview and sense of self. Can create long term and pervasive attitudinal shifts.

Birth order Secondchildren

Strive to differentiate themselves from the firstborn thus may be competitive May be more relaxed and easy going than firstborn but spend more energy seeking parents' attention

Counter Conditioning

Strong pleasant stimulus is paired with a weak aversive stimulus.

Structural Family Counseling 4 Concepts

Structure Subsystems Boundaries Alignments, power and coalitions

Wilfred Bion

Studied group cohesiveness and stated that group dynamics often differ greatly from the dynamics of a family unit.

Kurt Lewin

Studied group dynamics and has been credited with the invention of training groups, which gave rise to the encounter sensitivity groups of the 60s and 70s. Research resulted in the identification of predictable stages of group work and specific change markers for individual clients.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Studied human memory and is well known for his work on the forgetting curve. He administered mental tests to school-age children and was able to show that his sentence completion test was related to scholastic achievement.

Thanatology

Study of grief.

Test

Subset of assessment and is used to yield data regarding an examinee's response to test items.

Empathic

Successful entry into client's worldview and ability to convey understanding of client's thoughts, feelings and actions

Shaping

Successive approximations Reinforce each step

Interpreting

Suggesting possible reasons for client behavior, thoughts or feelings or helping clients recognize hidden meaning in their actions

Section F: Supervision, Training, and Teaching

Supervisors must: Observe performance of interns and make sure clients needs are met Make sure supervisee discusses limits of confidentiality Avoid supervisor relationship with family/friends. Avoid interactions with supervises outside professional setting unless beneficial May end supervisory relationship at any time provide regular formal/informal evaluation/feedback Counselor educators must: Incorporate multiculturalism and ethics into each class Give prospective students info on counseling programs goals, requirements, expectations Make clear that students self-disclose at their comfort level Regular formal/informal evaluation/feedback Students must: Abide by ACA Code of Ethics Obligation to clients is same as professionals Self-care

Dream analysis Latent content

Symbolism in dreams that is harder to understand and iterpret

Dream analysis Manifest content

Symbolism in dreams with meaning that is easily perceived

Symmetrical relationships/complementary relationships

Symmetrical relationships Relationships in a family between equals which may become competitive Complementary relationships Relationships in a family between unequals, not necessarily negative

Jungian (analytic) Personal unconscious

Synonymous with Freud's unconscious Includes memories, desires, drives Familiarize with unconscious through dream analysis

Authoritarian

Takes control of and responsibility for the group; sets the agenda, goals, and rules; serves as the conduit for member interactions.

Opportunistic or Emergent Sampling

Taking advantage of an unexpected opportunity and changing one's research design to include a particular individual in one's pool

Informing

Talks about other members outside of the group. Leaders should remind all members what happens in group stays in group and underscore the importance of confidentiality to group work success and goal accomplishment.

Cognitive-Behavioral Theories and Interventions Cognitive-Behavior Modification Cognitive restructuring

Target clients self-statements that result in problematic behaviors or feelings and replace them with new and more rational, logical and positive statments Model using in hypothetical situations Client imagines situations and discusses out loud using new statements Client practices using in real life situations

Four types of group work

Task group, psychoeducational group, counseling group, and psychotherapy group.

Instruction

Teach members various information or skills.

Behavioral Counseling Techniques Assertiveness training

Teaches the distinction between aggression, passivity and assertiveness Employs shaping modeling and behavioral rehearsal to help clients speak up for themselves appropriately

Client-centered techniques

Techniques are de-emphasized in this approach to counseling, however basic counseling skills such as reflection, invitation, confronting and summarizing are used

Behavioral Counseling Techniques Extinction

Termination of a behavior by withholding reinforcement An extinction burst, or increase in frequency often occurs in the beginning

Existential counseling Approach to counseling

The "third force" of counseling Humanistic counselors believe in the human goodness and ability of all to strive toward self-actualization Existential counseling address universal questions about life, death, freedom and search for meaning H-E counselors do not analyze or focus on past. Trust clients have ability to make changes without being directed. Believe all clients will naturally move toward person growth in a safe and trusting environment

Key Historical Events--2005

The ACA Codes of Ethics is revised to include a greater emphasis on culture

Key Historical Events--2003

The Advocacy Competencies are approved by the American Counseling Association

Key organizations supporting specific theoretical approaches

The American Psychoanalytic Association (1911) The North American Society of Adlerian Psychology (1952) Rudolf Dreikurs The Association for Humanistic Counseling (1931) The International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (1989) The Gestalt Therapy Network (online forum) The Society for Humanistic Psychology The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies

The Anima

The Anima comprises female traits that exist in the collective unconscious of men Represents irrationality Must reconcile and connect with in order to avoid projection A man in touch with his Anima might be more nurturing or emotional

The Animus

The Animus comprises male traits that exist in the collective unconscious of women Represents rational thought Must reconcile and connect with in order to avoid projection A woman in touch with her Animus might be strong and assertive

The Five Factor Model of Personality

The Big Five Most people possess moderate degrees of each factor Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Key historical Events--1992

The Multicultural Counseling Competency standards are publish concurrently in the Journal of Counseling and Development and the Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development

The Persona

The Persona can be thought of a s the psychological masks that all humans wear Allows people to change their behavior depending on the situation Enable people to disguise their true selves to adapt to new situations and function appropriately in society

Jungian (analytic) psychology Archetypes

The Self The Persona The Shadow The Anima The Animus

The Self

The Self contains the conscious and unconscious aspects of a person and is the primary archetype

Forming and orienting

The beginning developmental stage of a group. This stage is characterized by group member anxiety, insecurity, and preoccupation with personal issues. Group rules and goals are also established.

Internal locus of control

The belief that consequences are dependent on an individual's actions

Anabolism

The body building to peak condition. Birth to varying ages. Anabolic steroids build muscle. Type of Metabolic change

Client in-congruence

The client feels in-congruence between experience and awareness; leaves the client feeling vulnerable and anxious

Client perception of the relationship

The client perceives the counselor's empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard

Ecological External Validity

The conditions or settings to which one can generalize

Cognitive dissonance

The conflict experienced when a discrepancy is noticed between is already known and what new info is being received. Ususally existing notion is altered to accommodate new info or rejects new info to hold old idea true. Confirmatory bias: person's likliehood of screening for info that confirms beliefs.

Tiradic-dependent model

The consultee relies on the consultant for help in resolving the client's problem Consultee implements consultant's recommendations

Counselor congruence

The counselor demonstrate congruence within the counseling relationship

Cultural Identity

The degree to which individuals identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories (how the combinations of the various cultural group memberships for the client and counselor interact to affect the counseling relationship and the process and outcome of counseling)

Nuclear family and emotional system

The degree to which parents are differentiated themselves affects family emotional system People usually partner with other of same level of differentiation Two undifferentiated people can create an unhealty fused family emotional system

Termination stage

The final stage in group development, which is characterized by closure of group process and the relationships members have established throughout their group experience.

Ethnic Identity

The group that a person chooses based on background

Culture

The human experience mediated by biological, psychological, historical, and political events. It includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognitions.

Alternative Hypothesis

The hypothesis stating what the researcher is seeking evidence of. A statement of inequality. It can be written looking for the difference or change in one direction from the null hypothesis or both.

Multicultural Counseling

The integration of cultural identities within the counseling process

External locus of control

The notion that consequences result by chance, outside of an individual's control

Degrees of Freedom

The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean. Statistically written as 'N-1' where N represents the number of subjects.

Group size

The number of people included in a therapy group. Varies depending upon the model, purpose, member age, and intensity of planned interactions.

Unfinished business

The past which remains the present

Jungian (analytic) psychology Individuation

The process of discovering one's true, inner self Psychological growth Life goal that has a holistic healing effect Ultimate goal of analytic psychology

Participation

The right of all individuals to have their opinion taken into consideration on decision that will influence their lives. It increases hope, control, motivation, and community.

Transition stage

The second group development stage that is characterized by testing of boundaries and power structures that can range from subtle testing to full-blown rebellion and conflict. Group work authors have referred to this stage as storming, conflict, resistance, or power and control.

Jungian (analytic) The Shadow

The shadow is characterized as the repressed or unknown aspects of each person. The part the person does not want to acknowledge of accept. Can be destructive or constructive and contain both positive and negative aspects of a person Awareness of shadow keeps people from projecting them onto other people in their lives

Sum of Squares

The sum of the squared deviation scores, computed by subtracting the mean from each data point (deviation score), squaring each deviation score and adding them together

Working stage

The third group development stage that is characterized by committed members who work to accomplish personal and group goals and help other members to do so by giving feedback, working as a cooperative team. and facilitating a supportive environment of positive.

Key Historical Events--2001

The u.S. Department of Health and Human Services published the Surgeon General's Report (Mental Health; Culture, Race and Ethnicity--A Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General) that highlights significant research related to how race and ethnicity (and associated oppression and resilience experiences) influence mental health outcomes

Upper-class status

The wealthy, who have made or inherited large sums of money.

Ralph Greenson (1967)

The working alliance The transference relationship The real relationship

Social Learning

Theories that believe that we observe and learn from what we experience in social contexts by considering new info, constructing meaning from it, and using it in future interactions without overt reinforcement

Cognitive Development

Theories that describe how individuals construct meaning from their experiences by using thought processes across various developmental levels. Reasoning and behavior Paiget and Vygotsky

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

Theory of Aging and Death Anyone facing a loss, like imminent death, loss of a loved one, or unexpected life transition will experience grief: 1. Shock and Denial: disbelief that an event has occurred. 2. Anger 3. Bargaining and Guilt: feeling like you have to do something to serve the loss, bargaining to change the loss 4. Hopelessness: Loneliness and depressed feelings. becomes so uncomfortable you get motivated to move on. 5. Acceptance: Moving on and readjusting to new life.

Activity Theory

Theory of Aging and Death As people age they prefer to remain socially active in order to resist self-preoccupation. 1. Preretirement: Making Plans 2. Immediately after retirement: "honeymoon phase" enjoying new autonomy. 3. Period of Disenchantment: novelty wears off. May realize plans were unrealistic. 4. Reorientation: creating satisfactory and realistic life style

Disengagement Theory

Theory of aging and death Withdrawal from the social system is a natural process encouraged by the need for reflection, self-preoccupation, and lower need for emotional connectedness to others.

Interference Theory

Theory of forgetting Learned information is inhibited by other learning experiences.

Proactive Inhibition

Theory of forgetting Loss of memory that occurs when old information interferes with newly learned information. (Pro means forward in time)

Retroactive Inhibition

Theory of forgetting loss of memory that occurs when new information interferes with information learned previously. (retro means backward in time)

Decay of Memory Theory

Theory of forgetting Traces of Information held in memory decay of time and memory eventually disappears all together.

Retrieval Theory

Theory of forgetting Info is held in long-term storage forever but sometimes we have insufficient clues to retrieve it. . Tip of the tongue phenomenon is example. Answer often comes mins to hours later when some clue unlocks the memory.

Cognitive Therapy Techniques Scriptotherapy

Therapeutic writing; write down thoughts which help clarify and enhance them

Narrative therapy Important concepts

Thin/thick descriptions Problem externalization Unique outcomes Narrative techniques

Creative Self

Thinking Emotions Control Positive humor Work

Within-subject design

This design tests the same person at multiple time points and looks at changes within that person.

Tripartite model of multicultural counseling

Three components: awareness, knowledge, and skills.

Advantages of Group Work

Time efficiency for the leader, less costly per individual, greater resources, feeling of safety, experiencing a sense of belonging, replication of the everyday world, it is safe to practice new skills and receive feedback, enhance level of commitment, power of the peer group, and interpersonal power (helping others).

Crisis

Time-limited period of disequilibrium caused by an event (stressor) that temporarily affects a person's normal coping mechanisms making them inadequate to handle whats occurring. Potential for both positive and negative growth.

Placement Services

To determine the type of program.service in which a client should be placed.

ACA Purpose Publication

To enhance the quality of life in society by promoting the development of professional counselor, advancing the counseling profession and practice of counseling to promote respect for human dignity and diversity Journal of Counseling and Development

Clinical Mental Health Counseling

Trained in assessment; diagnosis; treatment planning; psychotherapy; substance abuse treatment, prevention, and intervention; crisis counseling; brief therapy

Cognitive-Behavioral Theories and Interventions Cognitive-Behavior Modification Self-instructional training

Training clients to use (silent) self-instructions to support new behaviors Counselor models appropriate behaviors and voices thoughts explaining to the client the reason Clients demonstrate the behavior and repeats the directions aloud until they have mastered the task without speaking out loud

3 Models of Consultation

Triadic-dependent model Collaborative-dependent model Collaborative-interdependent model

Autosomal Diseases

Type of Genetic Disorder Involve a chromosome other then the sex chromosome. Ex. Phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs Disease, Sickle Cell Anemia

Predictive validity

Type of criterion validity. Relationship between an instrument's results collected now and a criterion collected in the future

Split-half reliability

Type of internal consistency that correlates one half of the test against the other

Backward Conditioning

US is presented before the CS. This is rarely effective.

Individual Psychology Goals of counseling and counseling relationship

Ultimate goals of counseling are to help clients increase social interest and reduce feelings of inferiority Develop a trusting egalitarian relationship with clients

Monopolizing

Underlying anxieties cause them to display neediness, demandingness, excessive talkativeness, and control through a focus on self. Leaders should confront and interpret behavior pointing to the effects it has on group process.

Section H: Resolving Ethical Issues

Understand ACA and other relevant Codes of Ethics Try to resolve conflicts between code of ethics and law; when unable to do so, follow law Report ethical violations that cannot be resolved informally to ACA Ethics Committee Consult with colleagues, supervisors, organization, other professionals

Family projection process

Undifferentiated parent project tension and anxiety onto the child Child ends up with low level of differentiaton

Three levels of culture

Universal, group, and individual

Speed tests

Use limited testing time to prevent perfect scores. Have easy questions, but include too many items to answer in the allotted time. Assess how quickly the test-taker can understand the question and choose the right answer.

Soroka et al. v. Dayton-Hudson Company (1991)

Use of pre-employment psychological screening assessments is an invasion of candidate privacy

Robert Yerkes

Used Otis's group intelligence to develop the Army Alpha and Army Beta group intelligence tests

ABCD model for developing program objectives

Used fro developing program objectives and includes A=audience B=behavior C=conditions D=description

Jean Esquirol

Used language development to identify varying levels of intelligence. Credited with recognizing that mental retardation was related to developmental deficiencies rather than mental illness. Forerunner of verbal IQ.

Regression

Used to predict outcomes of variables with high correlation

National Training Laboratory

Uses Lewin's approach to organizational leadership and change. Offers certificate programs for business professionals and a master's degree in organizational development.

Esalen Institute

Uses a humanistic approach to enrich and explore human potential through multidisciplinary workshops, forums, and retreats.

Attending

Verbal and nonverbal behaviors convey to the client the counselor is actively listening and interested in the client's self-disclosures

Tracking

Verbally clarify to keep up with and clarify for members the content and process of group interactions.

Survey Research

Via interviews/thru the admin of questionnaires. Sample a large of participants - assess and understand thoughts, feelings, and perceptions regarding the stimuli being studied. Large sample size is needed. Sampling bias can effect generalizability.

Paradoxical intention

Victor Frankl Used by counselors from a variety of theoretical backgrounds Prescribe the symptom to show the client the control they have over expression of symptom Example, A client with insomnia might be told to try to stay up all night

Existential counseling

Victor Frankl and Rollo May The role of the existential counselor is to encourage clients to take responsibility for their lives, seek meaning in their existence, reflect on and assess their choices, improve relationships with others Counselors are honest and congruent Present focus

Power

Viewed as having control over the resources of the group values or desires. May involve one's ability to exert control over group process or content and to defend oneself against others within the group.

Child-Centered Play Therapy

Virginia Axline (1947) Adheres to Roger's client-centered therapy Supportive therapeutic environment characterized by unconditional positive regard, acceptance, and empathetic responding Need to set limits to create safe place to explore emotional and behavioral self-regualtiona

Human Validation Process Model

Virginia Satir Innate goodness of humans and desire to grow, learn, and change Safe warm welcoming environment for counseling Therapeutic alliance the most important characteristic of change process Emphasize positives "Symptoms" preserve homeostasis and obstruct growth Need to "uncolgg the blockages" Focus on how family members communicate

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Visitors Complainants Customers

Visitors are clients who are not ready or willing to change Complainants are clients who recognize the existence of a problem and can define it, but have yet to commit to solving it Customers recognize a problem needs to be fixed and are commited to finding a solutions

Genograms

Visual representations of 3 generations with symbols to descrbie relationship patterns, fusion and emotional cut off

Neo-Freudian Approaches Object relations

W.R.D. Fairbairn, Otto Kernberg, Melanie Klein, Margaret Mahler, D.W.Winnicott Personalities are developed through early interactions Objects are people or things that meet a child's needs Children form internal mental representations of external objects that play a pivotal role in their relationships ad personality development

Major life activities

Walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, working, performing mutual tasks, learning, and caring for oneself.

Distracters/irrelevants

Want to avoid dealing with situations, so they distract others by introducing unrelated, irrelevant topices

Opinion seeking

Want to know what others believe or value to gain insights into others' worldviews.

Cohesion

When a cohesive group is challenged or attacked, greater _______ usually results.

Cultural Encapsulation

When a counselor does not understand the client's worldview or cultural identity and thus fails to integrate this information in practice.

Role ambiguity

When a member is not sure of the role expectations or behavior requirements he or she should fulfill.

Catching oneslef

When engaging in behaviors that are perpetuation their resenting problem, counselor encourage client's to use this technique. Helps client gain awareness of their self-defeating thoughts and behaviors and gives them responsibility for creating change in their lives

Emotional cutoff

When highly fused children try to cut off to try to maintain well-being Level of differentiation does not change and will continue in their marriage until individual solves problems within FOO

Role conflict

When members experience conflicting demands of various roles, such as when a member who prefers to avoid emotional expression is encouraged to self-disclose reactions to emotionally laden group content and process.

Countertransference

When the interactions with a group member influence the leader's unconscious emotional state.

REBT Irrational thoughts

Whenever pepole use the words must, should, have to or supposed to they place extraordinary demands on themsselves that usually lead to emotional conseuences

Key Historical Events--1970s

William Cross, Jr. develops Cross Nigrescence Model (Identify development model)

Reality Therapy and Choice Theory

William Glasser developed reality therapy based on the underlying choice theory Choice theory posits that people make choices to meet 5 basic needs Survival, belonging, power, freedom and fun Love and belonging is the most important and most difficult need to satisfy

Individual Psychology Courage

Willingness to take risks without knowing what the consequences may be

Cognitive-behavioral theories

Work to alter both the thoughts and the actions of clients Constitutes the "second force" of counseling

Hemophilia

X-Linked Genetic Disorder 1 in 5000. Failure to blood clot. Prenatal diagnosis possible. Treatment: prevention of injuries and blood transfusions.

Maximal performance test

Yields information regarding the client's best attainable score/performance (e.g., on an achievement or aptitude test).

derived score

a converted raw scores that gives meaning to a test score by comparing an individual's score with those of a norm group

Dissociative Disorders

a disruption in normal integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. Onset may be sudden or gradual. Duration Transient or chronic. Not due to any other mental disorder, substance abuse, general medical condition. Dissociative Amnesia - inability to recall important (usually traumatic) info that is beyond ordinary forgetfulness Dissociative Identity Disorder - presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities recurrently taking control of the person's behavior, and inability to recall personal info. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder - Encompasses feelings of detachment from one's mental processes or body (dreamlike state) without loss of reality.

Leptokurtic

a distribution that is tall, with a positive kurtosis

crisis team

a group of professionals from different backgrounds who have been trained to respond to those in crisis.

Tort

a legal response to harm against an individual person or property; two types: negligence and malpractice

Monochromic time

a linear orientation toward time (uses schedules, advanced planning)

Mann-Whitney U Test

a nonparametric statistical test that compares two groups on a variable that is ordinally scaled. Comparable tp independant t-test

Mental Health Practitioner

a person trained to treat individuals with mental health issues and mental illnesses (i.e psychologists, psychiatrists, psychoanalysts, social workers, psychiatric nurses)

Resilience

a person's ability to maintain equilibrium, adjust to distressful or disturbing circumstances, or to "bounce back" toward a level of positive functioning in spite of (or often in response to) adverse situations (Cheek, 2009, p. 458)

Meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Unobtrusive Methods

a qualitative research method that typically does not involve direct interations with participants. Ex: collecting photographs, videos, documents

Executive Summary

a report that is developed by program evaluators for the advisory committee after the needs assessment is completed. The report should contain background information about the needs assessment, information about data sources and data analyses used, and recommendations based on the findings for program implementation and future evaluation.

Participant Observations

a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities

Correlation Coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

Statistical Significance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

History Threat

a threat to internal validity that occurs when an external event occurs to everyone in the treatment group at the same time as the treatment, so it is unclear whether the change in the experimental group is caused by the treatment or by the event

Maturation Threat

a threat to the internal validity of a study that results when changes to the outcome (dependent) variable result from the passage of time

Autonomy

ability of clients to exercise free will and act independently

Middle-class status

able to meed immediate needs plus those that arise in the future. Employed in technical or professional occupations

Assimilation model

acculturation model in which highly acculturated individuals identify solely with the new culture and adopt values and customs of the other, more dominant group

Separation model

acculturation model in which individuals refuse to adapt to cultural values outside of their own cultural values

Marginalization model

acculturation model in which individuals reject the cultural values and customs of both cultures

Personal Fable

adolescent belief in absolute uniqueness. No one else is like them. Will engage in reckless behavior because nothing could even happen to them -- they're different.

Hostile Aggression

aimed at another person. On average young boys more aggressive then young girls. Aggressive Children raised by aggrieve parents

Instrumental Aggression

aimed at taking territory, objects, rewards

Inter-scorer reliability

aka inter-rater reliability - calculate the degree of consistency of ratings between two or more persons observing the same behavior or assessing an individual through observational behavior

semantic differential

aka self-anchored - scaling technique that is rooted in the belief that people think dichotomously -- statement of an affective question followed by a scale "how do you feel about your CPCE scores? bad ------ good"

Sensory Memory (Trace Memory)

all environmental stimuli that a person is exposed to at any moment. i.e. what the teacher is saying, distracting noises. Usually retained for only seconds.

collective trauma

an entire communities reaction to a crisis

norm-referenced assessment

an individual's score is compared to the average score of the test-taking group

Worldview

and individual's conception of their relationship with the world

Marriage and Family Therapists

approaches working with individuals, couples, families from a systems theory perspective, helping clients to develop more effective patters of interaction with significant others and family members. Masters in MFT

Spiritual bypass

avoidance of problematic issues involving complications in the psychological, physical, emotional, cognitive, relational, or behavioral aspects by a person "missing their spiritual beliefs, practices, or experiences rather than address the struggle at the level at which is occurs" (Cashwell & Giardano, 2014, p. 470)

Social justice

belief in an equitable world for all individuals and the corresponding goal of promoting fairness by addressing privilege and oppression associated with various cultural identities. Crethar (2009) had four main loci: equity, access, participation, and harmony

Agnosticism

belief that any ultimate being is unknown or unknowable

Credibility

believablity of your findings: Do conclusions accurately represent the study at hand?

Mestizo

biracial individual with Native American and Caucasian blood

Mulatto

biracial individual with both white and African blood

Oppression

can occur by force or deprivation; by force refers to imposing a role, experience, or condition on someone, whereas by deprivation refers to not providing someone with a necessary experience or resource (all the -isms are examples of oppression)

Neurocognitive Disorders

changes in cognitive ability from pervious higher abilities because of general medical or substance use Delirium: disturbance in consciousness and cognition due to general medical condition or substance use. Develops over course of several hours Neurocognitive Disorder: memory impairment and at least one other cognitive disorder due to general med condition (Alzheimers) or substance use.

Risk Factors

characteristics of students/clients that place them at higher risk of developing mental disorders, personal-social difficulties, or academic problems. Single risk factor -->only slight increase in risk, multiple factors -->greater increase in risk

Social Worker

characterized by commitment to pursuing social reform and social justice, and affecting public policy. Role is counselor, case manager, and change agent. Therapeutic treatment to clients, connect clients to community resources, advocating to fix societal conflicts, working with communities to develop programs to meet needs of citizens, conduct research , and teaching. Min of a BSW

Dysthymic Disorder

chronically depressed mood occurring most days for min. 2 yrs. Less severe symptom display, more chronic

Ordinal scale

classifies and assigns rank-order to data - likert-type scales

Nominal scale

classifying data without respect for order or equal intervals (e.g. gender - male or female)

Structural racism

closely related to and often used interchangeably with institutional racism; emphasizes that the oppression or racial and ethnic groups, originating with the social construction of race and racial classification system, is organized by institutional, cultural, and social structures that create and maintain racial inequities.

Summative evaluations

closely ties to outcome evaluation and involves the assesment of the entire program to determine the degree to which program goals and objectives have been met.

College Counseling

college counselors in higher ed work in counseling centers on college campuses to support students who have mental health and educational concerns that are negatively affecting their personal, social, academic lives. (i.e homesickness, social problems, relationship issues, academic problems, stress, eating disorders, and mental illness)

Naturalistic Study

conducted in natural settings thru observations and interviews. Meaningful data that must be analyzed and interpreted by researcher. Presence of observer can influence the person being observed (Observer Effect) Causes of the phenomenon being of observed can not of determined using this method.

Confirmatory Factor Anaylsis

confirms the exploratory factory anaylsis (efa)

Midbrain

connects the hindbrain and forebrain Controls eye muscles, relays auditory and visual info to brain's center for higher level thinking.

Cultural identity development

contextual and always changing. Its purpose is to define the process of how people define themselves and how it's related to their relationships with other cultural groups. Positive cultural ID is linked to greater mental health and better cross-cultural relationships.

Substance dependence

continued use of substance despite noticeable impairment.

Individual Psychology Encouragenet

counselor conveys to clients his or her belief and conviction that the client can make important lifestyle changes

Racial worldview

defining cultural characteristic in which individuals and groups perceive and understand each other; this understanding is passed down generationally

Long term outcomes for women and other non-males (due to sexism)

depression, disordered eating, increased physical risk for interpersonal violence and other forms of trauma, and unequal economic, occupational, and social opportunities.

Aspirational ethics

describe the best ethical practices

Charles Spearman and L.L. Thurston

developed a statistical test known as factor analysis, which led to the development of multiple aptitude testing

normal curve equivalent (NCE)

developed by the U.S. department of education and is used by the educational community to measure student achievement -- similar to percentile ranks

Carl Jung, Herman Rorschach, Henry Murray

developed projective techniques to assess personality (Jung- word associations ; Rorschach- inkblots ; Murray- Thematic Apperception Test)

Stark Hathaway and J Charnley McKinley

developed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - an objective measure of personality structure. The second version, MMPI2 is now the personality test most widely used to identify and diagnose psychopathology.

psychologists

diagnose and treat psychological, learning, and behavioral disorders in a variety of settings (clinics, schools, hospitals, counseling centers, private/group practices); to earn licensure in most states Ph.D in psych

Langauge Disorder

diagnosed when there's difficulty in acquisition or use of spoken or written language. Long term and enduring. Symptoms: difficulty producing/understanding developmentally appropriate sentences, limited vocab

Elimination Disorders

difficulties controlling bowel and urinary functions not due to medical condition. Encopresis: (usually) involuntary defecting in inappropriate places Enuresis: (usually) involuntarily urinating in inappropriate places

Social Communicative

difficulty understanding and using verbal/nonverbal social cues therefore affecting social relationships and comprehension.

Double/triple jeopardy

discrimination faced by individual because of their possession of multiple minority statuses; intersectionality

Heterosexism

discriminatory practice toward those who do not fall within the "mainstream" category of heterosexual. Imposes heterosexually based social norms and positively regarding those who abide by such norms (like recognizing heterosexual marriage, providing insurance coverage to them, allowing legal and financial rights to property, and valuing custody and adoption rights of heterosexuals)

Sexual Dysfunctions

disturbances in the sexual response cycle or pain associated with intercourse. Erectile Disorder, Female Orgasmic Disorder, Premature Ejaculation, Vaginismus

Developmental supervision approaches

emphasize counselor trainees' progress through a series of stages as they become more experienced, competent, and independent.

Continous Development

emphasizes the small shifts or gradual changes that happen over time and are hard to separate. For example: Skinner's Operant Conditioning

Post hoc analysis

examination of data after the fact to search for patterns one did not specify prior to the analysis

Relational Research Questions

examine the relationship between variables.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

excessive anxiety occurring most days in a 6-month period accompanied by at least 3 of the following: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, difficulties sleeping

Between-group design

exploring the effects of a treatment or intervention between tow or more groups

Theory-Based Models of supervision

extend the basic counseling theories to the supervisory relationship

Confounding Variable

extraneous factor that interferes with the action of the independent variable on the dependent variable

Attending: nonverbal

eye contact, open stance, head nodding, gesturing, maintaining silence

Learning

fairly permanent change in behavior and thinking resulting from experiences.

Justice

fairness; counselors do not discriminate against clients and will ensure that all clients receive equal treatment

Common Rule

federal policy regarding human research (1991); requirements for compliance of institutions, obtaining and documenting informed consent, and IRB membership and functioning

Primary oppression

from Hanna, Talley, and Guidon (2000); obvious acts by both force and deprivation

Secondary oppression

from Hanna, Talley, and Guidon (2000); oppressive acts in which individuals do not get directly involved but from which they may benefit

Tertiary oppression

from Hanna, Talley, and Guidon (2000); when minority group members adopt the majority opinion so they fit in. This is also called internalized oppression and can lead to a number of disorders

Experimental Research Design

gathering primary data by selecting matched groups of subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling related factors, and checking for differences in group responses

Descriptive Statistics

general set of procedures used to summarize, condense, and describe sets of data

Moral Development

growing ability to distinguish between right and wrong and act accordingly. Kohlberg's Theory of moral development is the most influential. But criticized for being male centered

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck 1961 worldview model

has 5 components: human nature, relationship to nature, sense of time, activity, and social relationships

t-score

has an adjusted mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10 - commonly used when reporting the results of personality, interest and aptitude measures

Psychoanalysts

helps clients resolve psych issues through psychoanalysis (intervention dev. by Freud) a long-term process that attempts to help clients remedy and alleviate their symptoms through exploring their unconscious conflicts. Typically requires a terminal degree in mental health field; train at a psychoanalysis institution, and engage in personal psychoanalysis by a trained Psychoanalyst

Directives

homework

Chronemics

how individuals conceptualize and act toward time

Gender expression

how individuals portray their gender, which may or may not be aligned with gender role expectations

Relationship to nature

how individuals view the power of nature: harmony with, power over, or power of

Activity

how self-expression occurs for individuals: being (present-oriented with internal focus on self), being-in-becoming (present and future-oriented goal development to create an integrated self), and doing (actively engaging in activities that are deem important by external standards)

Bivariate Regression

how well scores from an independent variable predict scores on the dependent variable

Sociodramatic Play

imitation of adult play. Develops more mature social interactions.

Sexual Abuse

incest, sexual assault, fondling of minor children. Girls are most often victims of incest - fathers usual perpetrators. Boys most often victims of non-family sexual abuse. Victims usually have feelings of guilt over their roles in abuse and rarely self-refer. Counselors have duty to repost suspected abuse both verbally and in writing. Cant be punished for making unsubstantiated report.

interval scale

includes all ordinal scale qualities and has equal intervals

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model

individuals exist in complex net of social structures called microsystems (families), mesosytems (communities), exosystems (local/global economies), macrosystems (political organization), chronosystem (historical eras)

Myelination

insulation of the neurons to enhance speed of neural transmission. Interconnects with new neurons in a growing brain.

Paraphilic Disorders

intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involing objects, humiliation of one's partner, or children. Exhibitionists, Fetishistic, Pedophilic, etc

Bem's gender schema theory

interprets the "why" behind an individual's placement of genders into certain categories. Children learn gender roles and behaviors that conform to a society's standards and color their view on what proper gender behavior is expected to be. Those with a pre-existing view, or gender schema, will exhibit the stereotypical traits of the gender role in which they fall; thus, society should remove these notions of a gender template to allow more perusal freedom of choice and individuality

Prejudice

involves making assumptions about an individual based upon some characteristic. Can be negative or positive, but negative is the most common type.

Colorism

judgement of worth based on how closely an individual's skin color approximates that of Whites

Liability

legal responsibility of the counselor to act with due care in professional practice

Frequency Polygon

line graph of a frequency distribution that shows the number of instances of obtained scores

Working-class status

live paycheck to paycheck, working to get immediate needs and bills met. Often work in service or labor industries and have extreme pressure to make ends meet.

Mandatory ethics

lowest standards to which all members must comply to behave ethically

Specific Phobia

marked, persistent fear of specific object or situation.

z-score distribution

mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 - represents the number of standard deviation units above or below the mean

Spirituality

meaningful experiences that possibly include a relationship with a divine entity, the universe, or nature.

Beneficence

means doing only good; being proactive in advancing the heath and well being of their clients

thurstone scale

measures multiple dimensions of an attitude by asking respondents to express their beliefs through agreeing or disagreeing with item statements

guttman scale

measures the intensity of a variable being measured -- items are presented in a progressive order so that a respondent who agrees with an extreme test item will also agree with all previous less extreme items

Psychiatrists

medical doctor who works who works with clients with severe psych disorders. Provides psychotherapy, prescribes medications, prefers physical exams, and orders lab testing for clients; to become one, medical degree, participate in residency program and pass licensing exam

Ethics

moral principles that guide an individuals behavior

Resiliency Factors

more important to assess when implementing interventions. Characteristics that allow the individual to rebound from adversity. 40 Developmental assets helpful to wellness approach broken into 8 categories: 1. Support 2. Empowerment 3. Boundaries and Expectations 4. Constructive Programs 5. Commitment to Learning 6. Positive values, 7. Social competence 8. Positive Identity.

ratio scale

most advanced scale of measurement - has the qualities of nominal, ordinal and interval and has an absolute zero point

Ground Theory

most commonly used framework in analyzing qualitative data and involves first collecting data, coding data, for themes and using codes to develop an emergent theory

Kruskal-Wallis test

nonparametric test for significance when using 3 or more groups per independent variable- comparable to ANOVA

High-Context communication

nonverbal communication that relies heavily on surroundings; many things can be left unsaid

Mesokurtic

normal distribution, kurtosis is 0

Substance Intoxication

occurs after ingesting a substance that leads to maladaptive behavior.

Stranger Anxiety

occurs around 6 months of age. Fearful in presence of strangers. Phenomenon due to enhanced visual acuity, onset of object permanence

Physical Abuse

occurs most often during early childhood due to stressors experienced by parents and child's inability to express needs and self-defend. Parents who have been abused are more likely to abuse their kids

Instrumentation Threat

occurs when a measuring instrument changes over time

Bipolar I Disorder

one or more Manic or Mixed episodes with no history of a major depressive episode. Genetically transmitted and equal in males and females

Major Depressive Disorder

one or more depressive episodes No Manic or Mixed Episode Twice as often in females then males

Multiracial

one who is from multiple racial lineages

Substance Abuse

pattern of maladaptive substance use that interferes with major roles, physically hazardous, results in legal problems, causes persistent interpersonal problems.

Personality Disorders

patterns of behavior and internalized experiences that are different from social and cultural expectations. Pervasive across settings. Can cause significant impairment. Schizotypal Personality Disorder: realtional discomfort and behavioral eccentricities Antisocial Personality Disorder: violations and disregard for others rights Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Grandiose behaviors, need for admiration, reduced empathy for others Avoidant Personality Disorder: Pattern of social avoidance, inadequacy, oversensitivity to negative evaluations. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: pattern of perfectionism, control, orderliness.

Ethological Theories

people are born with innate capacities resulting from evolution that effect learning experiences.

Gender Dysphoria

persistent cross-gender indentitfication and discomfort with ones sex or sex role.

Social Anxiety Disorder

persistent fear of performance or social situations where embarrassment may occur due to scrutiny of others.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

pervasive, severe impairment in more then one area of development: abnormal communication, social interactions, and restricted range of interests/behaviors

Chaney and Marszalek: four components

physical identity, gender identity, social sex role identity, and sexual orientation identity

Kinesics

postures, body movements, positions (facial expressions, eye contact, gazes, and touch)

Statistical Regression

predicts very high and very low scores will move toward the mean if a test is administered again. (It is a threat to internal validity.)

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

preoccupation with an imagined appearance defect or exaggeration of slight defect

Bipolar II Disorder

presence of at least one Major Depressive Episode and Hypomanic Episode. More common on females then Males

Acculturation

process in which an individual makes sense of a host culture's value system in relation to his or her own. usually determined by the number of years spent in the process, the country of origin, and the age when acculturation began

Color Consciousness

process of how Whites, in response to guild for their role in perpetuating racial discrimination for racial minorities, focus predominantly on racial (or perceived) differences. It can be its own form of unintentional racism due to the enlarged focus on minority status, especially when the concern had little to do with race; it can also be good in that it is a recognition of cultural differences.

Hypothesis Testing

process to determine whether to reject a null hypothesis, based on sample data

Structural classism

promote a current status quo or arrangement of classes

Modern classism

proposes that those of lower statuses may exhibit classism as well

Community Mental Health Act 1963

provided funding for the establishment of mental health centers across the U.S to provide greater access to mental health care services.

criterion-referenced assessment

provides information about an individual's score by comparing it to a predetermined standard or set criterion

Gender Identity

psychosocial awareness of one's maleness or femaleness in cultural or environmental components. Usually occurs by age 3.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

psychotic symptoms present for at least one day but less then 1 month.

Inductive Analysis

reasoning process in which researchers work from what emerges from the data to formulate hypotheses and eventually develop theories; generally used with qualitative methods.

Affectional orientation

recent term suggested by researchers to describe sexual minorities because it broadens discussion beyond simple sexual attraction (also involve attraction based on intelligence, emotional stability, communication style, and other interpersonal factors and feelings)

Homoprejudice

recently emerged term as scholars suggest that prejudice is more than cause of discrimination than an actual phobia, per se.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

recurrent obsessions that cause marked distress. not simply excessive worries great trouble suppressing Compulsions are recurrent and behaviors or mental acts are aimed at reducing distress

Panic Disorder

recurrent panic attacks with or without agoraphobia

Confirmability

reflects that interpretation of the data is genuine reflection of participants' views. How well have counselors' biases and assumptions been controlled?

Type 1 Error (alpha error)

reject a null hypothesis that is actually true

Trichotillomania

repeated hair pulling resulting in noticeable hair loss with feelings of tension proceeding the hair pulling and pleasure when hair is pulled,

Discrimination model

requires the supervisor to be aware of the supervises intervention, conceptualization, and personalization skills and address supervisee needs by adopting the role of either teacher, counselor, or consultant as needed.

Internalized classism

result of a person feeling shame for the class to which they belong and the "place" in society due to SES

Prosocial Behavior

sensitivity to the needs of others. Not consistently displayed until later childhood.

Feedback

sharing thoughts, feelings, and impressions about the client directly with him or her Helps clients gain increased self-awareness so they can confront attitudinal inconsistencies and how they are affecting others Used to reinforce client progress Should ask permission first to give feedback

Attention - Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

significant impairment of inattention/hyperactivity/impulsivity that begins prior to age 5. 3%-7% in school age children and two to nine times more prevalent on boys.

Gender Roles

socially defined behavior associated with a particular sex (girls wear dresses, boys wear ties)

Heteronormativity

societal expectations that individuals on the basis of their biological sex, adhere to gender roles that complement those of the opposite biological sex. Assumes there is a binary gender system and that heterosexuality is the normal orientation.

Sex Chromosomal Diseases

some genetic anomaly on the sex-detereming pair of chromosomes. Effects male/female characteristics display or reproductive functions. Ex. Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter's Syndrome

Psychiatric Nurses

specialization with in the nursing profession. Trained to deliver counseling services to patients with sever psych disorders, dev nursing care programs, and prescribe meds (in most states). Bachelors, Masters, and doctoral levels.

stanine

standard nine - divides the normal distribution into nine intervals - mean of 5

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

symptoms develop after after a traumatic experience involving actual or threatened death, serious injury and the person responded in horror or helplessness. Must be persistently experiencing the event, avoiding associated stimuli, experience persistent symptoms of stress not present before the event. Not diagnosed until 1 month after event

Multiple Regression

technique used when we want to test how well one or more variables predict the criterion Y

Factors that influence reliability

test length, homogeneity of test items, range restriction, heterogeneity of test group, speed tests

Positivism

the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation

Internalized sexism

the belief that males deserve a privileged status and others do not

Spiritual Identity

the degree of connection individuals have with their spiritual force

Dependability

the degree of consistancy of results over time and across researchers

Locus of control--Sue's model

the degree of control individuals perceive they have over their environment

Gender self-confidence

the degree to which an individual defines himself or herself according to traditional views of masculinity and femininity and accepts those views.

Transferability

the degree to which data transfers to other contexts and participants, and it is similar to the concept of generalizability in quantitaive studies

Nonmaleficence

the foundational principle on which counselors operate; "do no harm"

Internal locus of responsibility

the idea that success (or failure) is viewed as an individual's own doing and is thus the result of individual systems

Effect Size

the measure of strength of the relationship between two or more variables

External locus of responsibility

the notion that the social environment or external system is responsible for what happens to individuals

Formative evaluation

the ongoing evaluation of a program throughout its implementation to ensure that it is being conducted as planned and acted upon as needed on the basis of stakeholder feedback.

Significance Level

the probability at which we reject the null hypothesis as being true

P-Value

the probability of obtaining a test statistic at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.

Internalized homophobia

the process by which sexual minorities accept heterosexist messages; this can hinder their sexual identity development

Structural violence

the result of individuals being marginalized (on purpose or not) by political economic, and social institutions

Internalized racism

the taking in of majority beliefs about minority groups that will cause the minority group to believe stereotypes concerning itself, resulting in lo self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, and lower motivation levels.

Post-positivism

the truth can only be approximated because of inherent error present when measuring reality.

Trustworthiness

the validity or truthfulness of findings .

White supremacy

the wrongful justification that Whites deserve certain advantages because they are the superior race

Social relationships

three categories that relate to degree of hierarchy and group focus within a culture: lineal-hierarchal (traditional culture with hierarchal positions, typically patriarchal structures), collateral-mutual (collectivistic focus), and individualistic (needs of groups are secondary to needs to individuals)

Qualitative Observations

to gather a detailed description of the setting or context in which a phenomenon is occuring

Encode

transfer of short term to long term info in a meaningful way so that it can stored and retrieved. "Rehearses" the info so it can be memorized

Color blindness

treating individuals equally by ignoring their racial group, or color of their skin, as a component of their identity. This is problematic and can continue the pattern of distrust for White counselors from clients of color

Underclass status

underpaying job or unemployed. They struggle greatly to maintain basic needs (food, housing, health care, access to transportation). Can be considered to be at poverty level and suffer from great anxiety over how to meet their needs

Schizoaffective Disorder

uninterrupted period during which concurrent symptoms of active-phase schizophrenia (2+ weeks of hallucinations and delusions ) and a mood disorder occur

Professional associations

unite members through a shared identity, advocate on behalf of of the profession, provide members with PD opportunities and access to resources, often publish journals containing current research and news about their counseling specialization.

Proxemics

use of personal physical distance (intimate distance-0 to 18 inches, personal distance-18" to 4', social distance-4 to 12 feet, and public distance-12 feet or more)

Advisory Committee

used in program development and evaluation. Typically, the committee is composed of representatives from various stakeholder groups and varies widely in form and function

Purposive sampling

used primarily in qualitative research to obtain information-rich cases that allow for maximum depth and detail regarding a particular phenomenon.

Attribution Theory

used to explain why things happen. Giving reasons to to outcomes. "Stability" attributes outcomes to consistant causes and can lead to hoplessness. "Unstable" attributes for outcomes allows for more inconsistency and which leads to hopefulness. "Locus" attributes outcomes to internal or external foci. Does the responsibility lie within the person or outside of them? "Control" attributes outcomes to what is and isn't controllable.

Emic perspective

using counseling approaches that are specific to a client's culture

Polychromic time

value of time as secondary to relationships among people

Paralanguage

verbal cues other than words (volume, tempo, prolongation of sound, disfluencies, and pitch)

Etic perspective

viewing clients from a universal perspective

Sense of time

what aspect of time individuals focus upon: past, present, future

Locus of responsibility--Sue's model

what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals

Simultaneous Conditioning

when both the CS and the US is presented at the same time.

Low-context communication

when people primarily use verbal communication to express thoughts and feelings

Generational poverty

when poverty has been a factor in numerous generations

Factorial ANOVA

when study has factorial design; two or more independant variables

Situational poverty

when the lack of resources is due to an extenuating circumstance (divorce, unexpected unemployment, death)

Transcrisis

when the traumatic event of an initial event isn't fully dealt with and becomes submerged into the clients subconscious. Subsequent similar events then trigger the subconscious feelings

Materanal Employment

women are 45% of US workforce but confined to lower-status jobs because of child-rearing. Mothers who work tend to be more satisified with their lives, less stressed, less depressed then women who do not work. Do experience worry about time away from family though. No difference marital satisfaction is seen between working and non-working moms. Quality daycare balances out any negative effects on children from mothers working.

Harmony

working for the greater good of all the community instead of being merely self-serving; every group's wants and needs are supplied fairly and evenly.

Wait list control group

-in a therapy outcome study, group of people that functions as a control group while an experimental group receives and intervention and then receives the intervention itself after a waiting period

Critical Paradigm

A philosophy paradigm that centers on researchers taking a proactive role and confronting the social structure and conditions facing oppressed or underprivileged groups

Non probability Sampling

A procedure where each member of a population does not have an equal change, or, in some cases, any chance, of being selected to a sample

Belmont Report

A report issued in 1979 presenting 3 basic principles of ethical treatment of human participants that underlie all medical and behavioral research. respect for persons, justice, beneficence

Longitudinal Research

A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed.

Testing Threat

A specific kind of order effect, refers to a change in the participants as a result of taking a test (dependent measure) more than once. People may have become more practiced at taking the test, leading to improved scores, or they may become fatigued or bored, which could lead to worse scores over time.

Descriptive Research Question

A study that involves gathering hard numbers, often via surveys, to describe or measure a phenomenon which already exists

Purposeful Sampling

A technique used in qualitative research in which the subjects are selected because they possess certain characteristics that will enhance the credibility of the study and because they can reliably inform the research question.

Research Hypothesis

A testable concise statement involving the expected relationship between tow or more variables

Pre-Experimental Design

A type of experimental design that does not use random assignment, thus failing to control for internal validity.

Variability

a measure of the spread in a distribution of scores or data points

Descriptive Research

A type of non-experimental research that is used to describe a phenomenon and does not involve an intervention (treatment). This type of research can only present what is and how often something occurs; it cannot capture the reason a particular situation is occurring. Often descriptive research is conducted as either a precursor to or in conjunction with other research methods. Includes simple, cross-sectional, and longitudinal designs.

Single Subject Research Design

A variation of the case study in which researchers intervene or study the effects of an experimental manipulation within a single participant

Type 2 Error (beta error)

Accepting null hypothesis when you should have rejected it

Cluster Sampling

An economically efficient sampling technique in which the primary sampling unit is not the individual element in the population but a large cluster of elements, clusters are selected randomly

History by Treatment Effect

An experiment is conducted in a particular time period replete with contextual factors that cannot be duplicated easily in another setting

Variable

Any factor that can have more than one value. Can be measure and is multidimensional

Mix-method Research

Blends or mixes qualities from quantitative and qualitative research

45 CFR 46 Law

Code of federal regulations which outlines research participants' rights and researchers' responsibilities

Interquartile range

Describes the spread of middle 50% of a data set, IQR = Q3 - Q1.

Non-experimental Research Design

Developed to demonstrate the influence of setting and intervention variables upon performance and to document individual variability of participants' performance

Sequential Design

Either quantitative or qualitative data is collected first

External Validity

Extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings

Treatment as Usual Control Group

Individuals who receive whatever treatment they would ordinarily receive if they sought treatment but do not receive the special treatment under the study

Subject Effects

Participants change their behaviors or attitudes based on their understanding of heir role as participants

Explanatory Design

Quantitative data are collected first and play a more central role, qualitative supports.

Quasi-experimental Designs

Research method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups.

Halo Effect

The tendency for one characteristic of an individual to influence a tester's evaluation of other characteristics

Action Research

Typically used by teachers and school staff to improve practice or organizational efficiency

Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study

Unethical study involving injection of cancer cells into subjects without their consent.

Trend Study

Uses different samples from the general population to track progress of change over time.

Extraneous Variable

Variables that can affect the relationship of the independent and dependent variables (i.e., interfere with the effect of treatment

Systemic Sampling

We select some starting point and then select every nth (such as every 50th) element in the population.

Frequency Distribution

a chart or array of scores, usually arranged from highest to lowest, showing the number of instances for each score

Platykurtic

a flat distribution with a negative kurtosis

Placebo Effect or Researcher Bias

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

True Experimental Design

experimenter assigns participants to the conditions of random assignment or matching. Needs 2 groups minimum, control and experimental

Comparative Design

investigates group differences for a particular variable.

Nazi Medical War Crimes

involved exploiting and deceiving prisoners to understand how the human body would react to various conditions.

Split-plot design

involves assessing a general intervention on the whole plot and assessing other treatments to subplots within the whole plot.

Population External Validity

involves the population to which one can generalize.

Multi-stage sampling

is common in cluster sampling procedures that provide better selection controls. This might include a two-stage random sample.

Cohort Study

longitudinal study that follows a group long term to analyze risk factors

Central Tendancy

measure the typical or middle value of the data set

Internal Validity

the extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables.

Novelty Effects

the extent to which the members of the program group respond differently to the intervention than would ordinarily be the case, perhaps because of the excitement or novelty inherent in new services or policies

Time of Measurement by Treatment Effect

timing of administration of a posttest may influence results of posttest.

Positively Skewed

when a distribution has a high outlier, there are more low scores than high scores due to the outlier. Mode<Median<Mean

Negatively Skewed

when a distribution has a low outlier, there are more high scores than low scores due to the outlier. Mean<Median< Mode

Experimenter Effects

when a researcher unintentionally effects the results

Attrition Threat

when posttest average is much lower only because extra high scores not included.... reduction of participant numbers before the end