CRJ - Chapter 7 & 9

Based on the decision in McNabb v. U.S., the standard maximum time by which a first appearance should be held has been set at ________ hours after arrest

48

There are ________ federal judicial districts.

94

A drug court is an example of a(n) ________.

A problem solving court

Community service and home detention are examples of ________ sentencing

Alternative

Courts that have the authority to review a decision made by a lower court are said to have ________ jurisdiction

Appellate Jurisdiction

A document guaranteeing the appearance of a defendant in court as required and recording the pledge of money or property to be paid to the court if he or she does NOT appear is known as a(n) ________.

Bail Bond

All states have a(n) ________.

Court of last resort

The power of judicial review allows the U.S. Supreme Court to ________.

Declare a Legislative or Executive act in violation of the Constitution

Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing?

Determinate Sentencing

________ involves suspending criminal proceedings before sentencing and referring the offender to a private agency.

Diversion

The biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates in the United States are ________.

Drug offenders

What is the earliest stage of the court process at which defendant may be given formal notice of the charges against them?

First Appearance

An indictment is filed by the _______

Grand Jury

In which case did the Supreme Court approve a two-step procedure that separates the determination of guilt from the determination of the sentence?

Gregg v. Georgia

Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?

Incapacitation

A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an ________.

Indictment

Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?

Inmates behavior while incarcerated

Which of the following provides the first appellate level for courts of limited jurisdiction?

Intermediate Appellate Courts

What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?

Know that no-contest plea is similar to a guilty plea.

TV shows like The People's Court and Judge Judy are examples of which type of court?

Limited Jurisdiction

Which U.S. Supreme Court case established the Court's authority as the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution?

Marbury v. Madison

Based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Woodson v. North Carolina, when is a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder constitutional?

Never

When a defendant "stands mute" at arraignment, he or she is considered to have entered a ________ plea.

Not guilty

Which of the following refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts?

Original Jurisdiction

If a judge requests information on a convicted defendant's background, the probation or parole office will conduct an ________ investigation.

Presentence

What is the main priority of justice reinvestment?

Prioritizing the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders

Bob consigned all of his stock holdings to the court as collateral to ensure he would not abscond before trial. What type of bail did Bob post?

Property Bond

The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes ________.

Retribution

________ is a sentencing principle that holds that an offender's criminal history should be taken into account in sentencing decisions.

Social Debt

Release on recognizance ________.

The pretrial release of a criminal defendant on his or her written promise to appear in court as required. No cash or property bond is required.

Proportionality means that

There should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanctions and the seriousness of the crime.

What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing?

To establish if sufficient evidence exists against a person to continue with the justice process

Which of the following is a purpose of bail?

To prevent unconvicted suspects from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily

Specific deterrence focuses on reducing recidivism by convicted offenders.

True

A trial de novo occurs when ________.

When a trial court of general jurisdiction offers a new trial instead of the review of the lower court's decision,

When is a probable cause hearing necessary?

When the arrest was made without a warrant

Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?

a history of physical abuse as a child

Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?

crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility

A(n) ________ laws limit the right to bail for certain kinds of offenders?

danger law

Federal sentencing guidelines ________.

federal standards used by judges in determining mandatory sentence terms for those convicted of federal crimes

General deterrence attempts to ________.

frighten the public with the punishment of an individual defendant. helps prevent crime

A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing

indeterminate

What is the main limitation of the Crime Victims' Rights Act?

it only provides rights to victims of federal crimes

Research into victim-impact statements has found that ________.

sentencing decisions are rarely affected by them

Offenders convicted of felonies in state court are most likely to receive which traditional sanction?

state prison or incarceration

The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate ________.

the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence.

the jury

The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against ________.

the manner in which statues permitted the death penalty to be imposed

What appears to be the most dramatic result of the recent emphasis on the use of mandatory sentencing and other get-tough policies?

the use of incarceration as a sentencing option has increased significantly

U.S. district courts are the ________ for the federal court system.

trial courts