Cultural Anthro

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language

shared knowledge of sounds, meanings, and rules that allow people to communicate extremely complex and precise messages to one another, non verbal vs verbal

frames

social construction of social phenomena

ritual

social practice composed of a particular sequential ordering of symbols

prestige

social standing

taboo

something you should not do as it is believed to bring bad luck example: food taboo in India - don't eat cows

animism

souls in animals, nature, plants, and other things in addition to humans

example of a marriage w/o sex

spirit brides in China

types of symbols

summarizing vs. elaborating, resistance vs. domination, key symbols

conception

symbolism or interpretation of understanding

microcultures

systems of cultural knowledge characteristic of subgroups w/i lgr societies

speech

the application of that knowledge in the form of spoken communication

cultural environment

the conception of an environment in terms that they see most important to their adaptive needs

perception

the concrete reality

conversation style: talking on the job

the differences b/w how genders will talk about something, the language shapes the idea and how genders speak is shaped by culture

sapir-whorf hypothesis

the idea that language influences a person's view of the world, linguistic system in our minds organize the way we see the world and how we understand it example: Eskimos and their many words

subject

the person who s being studied from the outsider perspective

liminality

the threshold into a ritual

cultural tourism

travel to see a diff culture

continuum

use and exchange of values/needs vs imagined needs/desires

sustainability

using resources efficiently

economics in an Anthro perspective

values and desires

sociolinguistic rules

vocal symbols in appropriate social settings

culture ecology

way people use their culture to adapt to particular environments

nonlinguistic symbol

way we sit, how we use our hands, clothes we wear, car we drive, house we live in

culture shock

when people experience a type of psychological trauma when surrounded by an entirely new culture: experience paranoia, anxiety, a longing for home, nausea, hypochondria, and frequently diarrhea example: seeing the toilets in Taiwan

Eating Christmas in the Kalahari

who: Kung Bushmen where: Kalahari desert the cultural anthropologist buys an ox to cook for the bushmen on Christmas - does it as a nice gesture, everyone in the camp gave the anthropologist grief about it being too thin but it was fat as he suspected. The reason they insult is that no one become arrogant and gets too prideful - the Bushmen are skeptical of good intentions b/c normally gifts come calculated

physical environment

world they experience through their senses

common elements of culture

based on symbols, learned, internally integrated, changes

virtual warfare

drones are flown by people but the people are located elsewhere

horticulture

earliest farming strategy, use gardening and slash and burn agriculture

reciprocity

equaling out the exchange b/w 2 people

globalization

everything is taking into account the entire world

Nice Girls Don't Talk to Rastas

example of naive realism. a student studying in Barbados living with a host family began to study rastas and hanging out with them and her naive realism was that class did not matter b/c it normally does not matter in american culture to a certain extent

agriculture

farming based on permanent settlement and intense cultivation

commodity fetishism

focusing on the goods not the creators, how a commodity can mean something beyond its value

migration

fosters globalization

bride price

groom's family pays bride's family money b/c the family is losing a daughter

pastoralism

herding domesticated animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, and camels

industrialism

highly complex, rely on many social groups and statuses, goods and services are exchanged in the basis of price, supply, demand

authenticity

how real, or close to the original something is in accuracy

subsistence strategies

hunter gatherers, horticulturalists, pastoralists, agriculturalists, industrialists

agency

idea that everyone has a right to their opinion

commodity chain

idea that something begins production in one place and is sold in another

structural inequality

imbalance built into the way society is organized

primogeniture

in Europe: oldest son gets the land

cargo, fiesta, civil-religious hierarchy

in Mexico, men must pass through test in order to serve their communities, alcaldes: mayors at top of system, gained status through generosity of time and efforts

ultimogeniture

in Thailand: youngest daughter receives the extra land

affine

in laws

social networks

individuals with whom we regularly interact

potlatch

involved w/ native americans, ceremonies w/ dancing, feasts, and exchange of goods, the person who threw the potlatch would give away goods which showed status = more about giving to show status rather than receiving

social groups

organized collection of individuals

holistic approach

particular elements can not be understood in isolation, but as part of a larger whole

caste, type of social stratification

permanent membership

informant

person w/i the culture being studied that gives the observers information

respondent

person who answers the investigator's questions

informants

person who teaches the cultural anther. about the culture

bias

personal or political background may shape your research, i.e.: class, gender, nationality, religious background

Hadj

pilgrimage to Mecca, Muslim life goal

magic

practices, notably the use of rituals, taboos, and fetishes, or good luck charms, designed to gain control over the supernatural

ethnography

process of discovering and describing a particular culture

bilateral kinship

related to both father's and mother's lines

metaphors

represent comparison

class, type of social stratification

restriction of certain individuals' access to valued resources, can be flexible

roles

rules for the action associated w/ particular statuses

multivocal

same symbols may be understood by diff people in diff ways

tribal zone

area that is not under state control, happens b/s borders of states

structure of rituals

separation: as you enter ritual you do something to change, transitions: cross the threshold and bond w/ people you don't know, reaggregation into society

social situations

settings in which social interactions take place

commodity

...

dialect

...

ramages

based on bilateral descent

descent

based on notion of common heritage

redistribution

all goods put together then redivided

ethnocentrism

belief and feeling that one's own culture is the best

religion spirit definition

belief in spirits, external: supreme deity; internal: mana: quality that resides in people

naive realism

belief that people everywhere see the world in the same way

syncretism

blending of practices in a religion

consanguine

blood relatives

communitas

bonding w/ people who are complete strangers, overcome by the moment

dowry

bride's family provides money to groom's family

grammar

categories and rules for combing vocal symbols

phonology

categories and rules for forming vocal symbols

semantics

categories and rules for relating the vocal symbols to their referents

morphemes

categories in any language that carry meaning

status

categories of different people with whom we interact

rank societies

certain unequal access to prestige but not economic resources

fetish

charms and material objects that are believed to embody supernatural power that can aid or protect the owner. attraction to something, a tradition that people believe brings luck

slash and burn agriculture

clearing and burning wild land with the aid of a riffing stick, then they sow the seeds in the ashes b/c the soil is more fertile

comparative

comparing multiples cultures

kinship

complex system of social relationships based on marriage and birth

culture, EB Tylor definition

complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society

clans

composed of lineages

religion

cultural knowledge of the supernatural that people use to cope with the ultimate problems in human existence

explicit culture

cultural knowledge that people can talk about

tacit culture

cultural knowledge that we lack words for

culture, Spradley definition

culture is learned and shared knowledge that people use to generate behavior and interpret the world

swidden/slash and burn

cutting down all vegetation in a given field and light it on fire

hunting gathering

depend on wild animals and plants for subsistence, forage and hunt

ethnicity

dividing people on cultural beliefs, place of origin, or other things

family

kin consisting of at least one married couple sharing a home with their children

fictive kin

kin that we have w/ people who are not related to us by blood or affine

matrilineal

kinship via the female line

patrilineal

kinship via the male line

egalitarian societies

lack formal social stratification

Manipulating Meaning: the name game

language and communication related, the name of the mission explains what the mission is about and has implications, aggressive names makes the mission sound aggressive and passive names make the mission forgettable

phraties

larger groups of clans, feeling of common descent is weaker than in clans

3 types of rituals

life cycle: rites of passage, calendrical: rituals occur every time span, situational: if someone gets sick, misfortune

exogamy

marrying outside of your own group

endogamy

marrying w/i your group such as religion, ethnic group, social status

phonemes

minmal categories of speech sounds that serve to keep utterances apart

polyandry

multiple husbands

polygamy

multiple spouses

polygyny

multiple wives

race

no scientific factual basis to divide people based on physical appearance - true in cultural sense

ambiguity w/ symbols

no symbol has precise meaning

culture relativism

not a single culture is universal, each culture views things through their own cultural lens

symbol

object, world, or action w/ culturally defined meaning that stands for something else, essence of symbolism is relating the concrete to the abstract

detached observers

observing people, working from the outside, categorize what they see and generate theories to account their findings

meconnaissance

open to misrecognition, people may intentionally ignore the meaning of a symbol

stratified societies

organize around all forms of social stratification


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