Cultural Anthropology (1), Cultural Anthropology Midterm (1), Chapter 2 - Cultural Anthropology (1), ALL Quizes Anthropology (1) large

अब Quizwiz के साथ अपने होमवर्क और परीक्षाओं को एस करें!

Consider the English word "dog." Which of the following is a morpheme?

"dog"

Tattoos are universal forms of body art that may have been present as far back as ____ years ago.

10,000-40,000

Only a minority of known societies, about ____ percent, have rules requiring that sexual involvement take place only within marriage.

15

Cultural pluralism ____.

All of the above

Which of the following illustrate the psychological functions of religion?

All of the above

Laura Nader has called on anthropologists to "study up." What does she mean by this term?

Anthropologists should study the elites of a society and not only the common people.

Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.

False

Field notes are usually written on the spot, not after the fact.

False

Foodways rarely change because people are conservative.

False

The use of money is a human universal.

False

There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world.

False

When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.

False

Navajo babies begin to learn the importance of community at the ____.

First Laugh Ceremony

____ specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes.

Forensic anthropology

In autumn 1981, anthropologist ____ went to Maine to check out a job at the Association of Aroostook Indians, which needed a research and development director.

Harald Prins

In matrilineal societies with Crow kinship, sisters remain close to one another throughout their lives. Such a people are the ____, in whose traditional housing sisters lived in adjacent rooms.

Hopi

Systematic conversations with informants to collect data are called ______.

Interviews

Franz Boas did his first ethnographic research among the ____.

Inuit

____ orientation includes standards that indicate what ranges of behavior are acceptable for males and females in a particular society.

Normative

Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?

Political ecology

Which of the following research projects would not belong to the province of linguistic anthropology?

Reconstructing the evolution of the big toe to find out at what time humans began to walk upright

What anthropologist studied cultures as "collective projections of the personality of those who created it"?

Ruth Benedict

For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol?

Summarizing symbol

Chan monastics are in the country of ____.

Taiwan

A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.

True

All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based.

True

Anthropologists are deeply skeptical of grandiose claims about biological destiny and the belief that nature explains all of our behavior.

True

Anthropology is different from journalism because journalists' data are protected by law.

True

Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.

True

Culture is uniquely human.

True

Famines are often caused by not environmental factors but social factors like inequality.

True

Malinowski's analysis of the Kula cycle is important because it helps explain how Trobriand men get social status.

True

Many non-Western societies have conservation traditions that are based on distinct principles of human-nature relationship.

True

Nature and nurture are not opposed but intertwined T/F

True

The ecological costs of producing beef in the United States are externalized on the landscape and water resources.

True

Namus is ____.

Turkish honor

Maya

a Central American society in which children contribute productive labor

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to

accumulate prestige.

Descent groups ____.

all but c

An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

all of the above

Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because

all of the above

Edward Spair, who had been

all of the above

Ethnocentrism

all of the above

Examples of social institutions are

all of the above

Neural plasticity is illustrated by

all of the above

Which of the following statements about the English language is correct?

all of the above are correct

The end product of anthropological research is ____.

an explanatory framework

A study of how people deal with consumer complaints would be a research interest of the ____.

applied anthropologist

Cultural resource management is associated with which field?

archaeology

After three years of tending their gardens the Mekranoti are left with only ____.

bananas

The ability to see the world in the three dimensions of height, width, and depth is due to primates' unique development of ____.

binocular stereoscopic color vision

People who live through objects and images not of their own making are ________.

consumers

Ethnographic study of online "imagined communities" is called ____.

cyberethnography

Marriage within a particular group of individuals is called ____.

endogamy

In-depth descriptive studies of specific cultures are called ____.

ethnographies

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on

everyday interaction

Humans talk, while much communication among other primates is done through ____.

gestures

North America

home of "conspicuous consumption"

The practice of anthropologists explaining their research and being clear about the risks involved is called _______.

informed consent

An ________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings.

interpretive

People who are born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female are called ____.

intersexuals

Many anthropologists are wary about traditions because while they may feel ancient to some people, they are often ______.

invented

The Kula Ring ____.

is a circular trade route along which various goods flow

The branch of cultural anthropology that studies human languages is called ____.

linguistic anthropology

Marxism, neo-evolutionism, and cultural ecology are all considered to be ____ approaches.

materialist

Aztec

population of ancient Mexico

What was the "Mau Mau" uprising?

rebellion against British colonial rule

are words or objects that stand for something else.

signs

Between 4,000 and 9,000 years ago the human population in the Middle East increased ____.

sixty-fold

The idealist perspective is a theoretical approach that stresses the primacy of the cultural ____.

superstructure

Which of the following would most interest an anthropologist who studies geneticization

the search for breast cancer gene

You belong to a partrilineal descent group. Which of the following belong(s) to the same group?

your father's sister

If you are a member of a patrilineal descent group, ____.

your sisters belong to the same patrilineal descent group that you do

A typical Ju/'hoansi band requires about ____ square miles of land.

250

Anatomically modern Homo sapiens indisputably appear by ____ years ago.

30,000

Which of the following is evidence of cultural behavior among non-human animals?

All except d

A sadhu is a ____.

Hindu ascetic monk

Kenya's first president was ____.

Jomo Kenyatta

The ____ are a mountain people of western New Guinea studied in 1955 by the North American anthropologist Leo Pospisil.

Kapauku

The director of the African Burial Ground Project was biological anthropologist

Michael Blakey

In the myth of Tabaldak and Odziozo, Tabaldak first created the Abenakis from stone, and then from living wood. What does this tell us about the functions of myths?

Myths function to express a culture's worldview; the Abenakis see themselves as belonging to the world of living things rather than to the nonliving world of stone.

____ are typically represented in the popular media as "cave men."

Neandertals

Molecular anthropology is associated with which field?

Physical anthropology

Primatology is associated with which field?

Physical anthropology

The shift from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens occurred within the ____.

Pleistocene

Edward Hall articulated aspects of nonverbal communication in his 1959 book ____, now recognized as the founding document for the field of intercultural communication.

The Silent Language

Which of the following distinguishes acculturation from other forms of processes of change?

The use or threat of force in the relationship between two groups whose prolonged firsthand contact results in massive processes of change.

A biocultural analysis of carpal tunnel syndrome would emphasize the complex intersection of environmental, biological, and social causes of it.

True

America's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices.

True

Gene flow and gene drift work on human populations in opposite ways T/F

True

Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics.

True

Language can be used to exclude or marginalize some people.

True

Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.

True

The set of sounds and movements that animals make to communicate is called a call system T/F

True

There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly T/F

True

What minority population was van Eck studying in the Netherlands?

Turkish immigrants

In Europe, the transition to the tools of the ____ occurred between 35,000 and 40,000 years ago.

Upper Paleolithic

Both William Crocker and Richard Lee were ____.

adopted into networks of kinship at their fieldsites

A household composed of married people contains ____ kin.

affinal

The comparative method

all of the above

A substantivist would be most likely to explain the Kula cycle as

closely tied to important social institutions, such as kin networks, trading ties, and political structure.

In comparison to other mammals, primates have ____.

fewer pre-molars

What is the purpose of a free upper lip among primates?

increased facial expression

An illustration of the bioculture of humans is

mental stress from losing a job causing insomnia

are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

migrants

Afar

miners living in Ethiopia

Americans are familiar with the story of Cinderella. Similar stories may be found throughout the world: a poor, beautiful girl, downtrodden by her stepmother, receives supernatural aid to win the hand of a noble prince who is searching for a bride. Although the circumstances differ (the girl may be a rural peasant or a servant in a great house, the supernatural helper may be a fairy godmother or a goldfish, the prince may belong to European feudalism or the Aztec empire), all the stories exhibit the same basic ____.

motif

Chantek was a(n) ____.

orangutan

What are honor killings?

ritualized murder

Claude Levi-Strauss founded a school of thought in anthropology known as ____.

structuralism

Far from being the biological reality it is thought to be, the concept of race emerged in the ____ century as a device for justifying the dominance of Europeans and their descendants over Africans, Native Americans, and other "people of color."

18th

When was the first portable synchronous-sound camera invented?

1960

The australopithecine "Lucy" was discovered in ____.

1974

In North American society self-awareness does not occur until about ____ years of age.

2

When do paleoanthropologists believe that human culture began?

2.5 million years ago

The first known stone industry was the Oldowan Tradition, dating back ____.

2.5-2.6 million years

Current projections say that global population will peak around the year ____.

2050

Most African slaves found in the burial ground in New York died before the age of ____.

40

Approximately how many individuals worldwide are infected by HIV today?

40 million

The HRAF has data currently on about ____ societies.

400

There are 192 formally admitted as members of the U.N. today, but there are approximately ____ national groups that consider themselves distinct because of birth and cultural and territorial heritage.

5,000

____% of marriages end in divorce in the United States.

50

Humankind's repertoire of body language is enormous. They are capable of making more than ____ facial expressions.

7,000

Approximately how many Micmacs are there in the Aroostook band today, according to official criteria?

850

Which of the following statements about modal personality is incorrect?

All of the above are correct.

Which of the following statements about signals and symbols is incorrect?

All of the above are correct.

____ is a series of symbols representing sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order.

Alphabet

____ are the developers of the world's largest array of nutritious foods and the primary contributors to the world's varied cuisine.

American Indians

Koko, thegorilla, ans Washo, the chimp, were two ape primates who had learn

American sign language

Aymara

Andean agriculturalists

The United States has some 2-3 million practitioners of ____ .

Buddhism

Who is responsible for the theory of social evolution

E.B. Tylor

The first clear and comprehensive definition of culture was made by ____.

Edward B. Tylor

Biomedicine is the predominant medical system found in ____.

Europe and North America

You are a member of a Ju/'hoansi hunter-gatherer band. Which of the following statements demonstrates that you belong to an egalitarian society as opposed to a stratified society?

Even though you are a poor hunter, you have as much right to receive food from your fellow band members as a good hunter does.

Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries T/F

False

____ sanctions attempt to precisely and explicitly regulate people's behavior. They can be positive (such as military decorations) or negative (such as imprisonment).

Formal

Which anthropologist studied forms of reconciliation among bonobos?

Frans de Waal

This anthropologist rejected the idea that there are groups of people belonging to stable and unchanging races

Franz Boas

The American anthropologist repsonsible for the concept of historical particularism was named

Franz Boaz

Which of the following expresses the negative consequences of global corporations on the international and domestic scenes?

Global corporations have become so powerful that they have been able to influence government decisions so that they benefit the company rather than the people.

Belief in ____ is found in societies in which women make a major contribution to the economy and are relatively equal to men in power and authority.

Goddesses

____ has 1.28 million adherents in the U.S. today.

Hinduism

This group has a food taboo against the eating of cows.

Hindus of southern Asia

____ linguistics is concerned with the study of relationships between earlier and later forms of a language, antecedents (in older languages) of developments in modern languages, and relationships among older languages.

Historical

PCB contamination in breast milk is no where higher than among the ____.

Inuit

Today in the U.S. there are 3-5 million followers of ____.

Islam

Which of the following countries has the highest number of refugees by country of origin?

Israel

How does the perception of organ transplantation differ between the U.S. and Japan?

It is rarely performed in Japan because they do not incorporate a mind-body separation.

Which of the following statements about the theory of linguistic relativity is incorrect?

It may be briefly explained with the phrase, "Language reflects reality--it only mirrors what people perceive."

Why is Fairhead and Leach's study about landscape change in Guinea important?

It shows why forests can increase because of human population growth and cultivation.

In some societies like the ____, many tasks men and women undertake may be shared, and people may perform work normally assigned to the opposite sex without loss of face.

Ju/'hoansi

In regards to the proliferation of common-interest associations anthropologist ____ observes: "we often imprint lines of kinship on friends and colleagues, transferring familial expectations onto those with whom we share time but not blood or genes or vows, so that we can have the experience of an extended family.

Meredith Small

After the abolishment of apartheid South Africa held its first all-race multi-party elections, and ____ became that country's first non-white president.

Nelson Mandela

Lincoln Keiser was treated with great disdain and suspicion in his fieldsite in ____ because of his study focus on feuding.

Pakistan

Carol Jenkins received a MacArthur Foundation grant in order to study the emergence of new diseases in ____.

Papua New Guinea

In what country do we find the Trobriand Islands?

Papua New Guinea

____ are food producers who specialize in animal husbandry, and who consider their way of life to be ideal and central to defining their identities.

Pastoralists

____ is the distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves.

Personality

Many school districts in the United States based their building and hiring plans on projections of population growth that were developed in the 1950's. The "baby boom" of the 50's has not been sustained, which has created problems for school districts today. This situation exemplifies which of the common problems found in attempts to predict the future?

Planners do not look very far into the future, and when they develop projections, they use the trends of recent history.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Relationships among individuals within the ape communities are relatively harmonious.

Your text describes a type of narrative found in many cultures in which a peasant father and his son, while traveling with their beast of burden, meet a number of people who criticize them. What is the motif?

The "motif" refers to the story situation, in this case a father and son trying to please everyone.

Margaret Mead's groundbreaking work in culture and personality published in 1928 was a deliberate test of a Western psychological hypothesis. What was this hypothesis?

The stress and conflict experienced by American adolescents is a universal phenomenon based on maturing hormones.

A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it.

True

According to Edward Sapir, language is the symbolic guide to culture.

True

Which of the following is not an example of linguistic nationalism?

You are a Spanish speaking person in the U.S., but want your children to use English so they will fit in more easily with the surrounding society.

Kapauku Papuans

a New Guinea people who breed pigs

Trobrianders

a Pacific island people studied by Malinowski

Most anthropologists face ____.

a and b

In Tibet a young man lives with his older brother, who is married. The younger brother eventually begins to think about setting up his own tent, and taking his share of the yak and fields of grass. One night his brother's wife gives him her necklace. In Tibetan culture this is an invitation for him to become her second husband. If he accepts, he will remain with his brother and share the same tent. His sister-in-law is offering him ____.

a and c

Globalization is driven by ____.

a and c only

Which of the following is not a true statement?

a biped runs faster than a quadruped

An example of group marriage would be ____.

a hippie commune where adult members of the commune have sexual access to each other

Among the Nayar, ____.

a household is composed of consanguineal kin

Chimpanzees hunt for what reason?

all of the above

During fieldwork cultural anthropologists

all of the above

Which of the following exemplifies the concept of a "hypothesis"? The light bulb failed to light because ____.

all of these

The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve "practical" problems, often for a specific client is known as ____.

applied anthropology

The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, and practices of others is called cultural

appropriation

Leveling mechanisms ____.

are found in communities where property must not be allowed to threaten an egalitarian social order

Today food foraging societies ____.

are found only in remote, marginal areas

_______ landscapes are important because they demonstrate that many landscapes that seem wild are actually the product of human shaping.

artifactual

In which of the following countries is same-sex marriages considered socially acceptable and allowed by law?

b and d

Patrilineal descent is likely to be found in societies where ____.

b and d

The form of social organization typical of hunter-gatherers is the ____, whereas horticulture and pastoralism are usually associated with the form of social organization called the ____.

band / tribe

Members of a moiety ____.

belong to one of two major descent groups in a society

Biological evolution refers to ____.

changes in the genetic makeup of a population over generations

The display of wealth for social prestige is called ____.

conspicuous consumption

After the death of a famous movie star, auctions may be held of their personal belongings. Only a few years ago, the sale of a popular actor's pillow almost caused a riot among teenage girls who were bidding for it. The assumption that sleeping with one's head on a dead person's pillow somehow puts you in touch with him could be used as an example of ____.

contagious magic

Edward Hall designated four categories of proxemically relevant spaces. Which of the following is incorrect?

conventional (7-10 feet)

In cultural evolution, the development of similar adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures is known as ____ evolution.

convergent

The Comanche and the Cheyenne were quite different culturally until they moved out onto the Great Plains and made use of the horse to hunt the buffalo and raid settled peoples. They then became more similar in cultural adaptations, a process called ____.

convergent evolution

Which form of marriage in the United States is currently being re-evaluated since the introduction of new reproductive technologies?

cousin marriage

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called

creole

Marriage resolves the problem of how to bring sexual activity under ____ control.

cultural

ethnology is associated with which field?

cultural anthropology

In biblical times, chariots and carts were widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th century roads had deteriorated so much that wheeled vehicles were replaced by camels. This illustrates that Processes of Change is sometimes due to ____.

cultural loss

The term "gender" refers to ____.

cultural meanings assigned to the biological differences between the sexes

According to Mauss and Durkheim, a key feature of the concept of personhood in many cultures is

defined socially

People around the world often think of _______ as undermining self-determination but will often accept it when it is on their own terms.

development

Which of the following is not a change that has affected ethnography during the 20th century?

development of interest in human differences

An ethnologist can be described as someone who ____.

develops a science of culture by comparing many specific cultures

Ovulation requires a certain minimum of body fat, and in traditional foraging societies, this is not achieved until ____.

early adulthood

A(n) ____ system is one in which goods are produced, distributed, and consumed.

economic

A(n) ____ is composed of the physical environment and the organisms living within it; an important part of this environment for humans is ____.

ecosystem / culture

Native American food foragers established a way of life in New England and southern Quebec that lasted about 5,000 years. This is indicative of ____.

effective cultural adaptation

For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which of the following symbol?

elaborating symbol

Among the Ju/'hoansi, ____.

elderly people are a valuable source of knowledge and wisdom about hunting and gathering

When researchers use things such as photographs in order to prompt people to speak with them about a particular topic, these are called ____.

eliciting devices

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

encultration

Extended on-location research to gather detailed information about a society's culture is called ____.

ethnographic fieldwork

The influence of a person's class status on what pronunciation he/she uses; a speaker's choice of more complicated vocabulary and grammar when he/she is speaking to a professional audience; the influence of language on culture--all these are the concerns of ____.

ethnolinguistics

The study of music in its cultural setting is called ____.

ethnomusicology

The focus on identifying the principles behind native idea systems is called ____.

ethnoscience

The study of how people classify things in the world is called

ethnoscience

Another name for repressive culture change is ____.

extinction

As a prelude to social interaction, Apache hosts feel compelled to offer their guests ____.

food

In the United States, the rise of private militia groups reflects the ____.

frustration of people whose needs are poorly satisfied by the culture

Eating practices mark

gender, age, ethnic group

Polygyny ____.

is possible only when a man is fairly wealthy

Culture is

learned and shared

In the United States people are not regarded as adults until the age of 18; in many other cultures, adulthood begins earlier. In many cases, it is not associated so much with age as it is to ____.

passage through certain prescribed rituals

A society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural differences is called a ____ society.

pluralistic

A language family is a group of languages ____.

that all have the same core vocabulary

Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because

the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built up from the language habits of a particular social group., language is a guide to "social reality.", we understand the material world through the language we speak.

What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?

the Industrial Revolution

Enculturation begins with the development of self-awareness, which may be defined as ____.

the ability to identify oneself as an object, to react to oneself, and to appraise oneself

Cross-cultural studies show that homicide rates mostly decline following ____.

the abolition of a death penalty

The Garbage Project in Tucson demonstrated that what people say and what they do can differ dramatically. For instance, investigators found that ____.

the amount of beer consumed, according to empty cans in the trash, was far higher than people claimed

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

the people or species they study

Which of the following would most interest an anthropologist who studies geneticization?

the search for a breast cancer gene

Which of the following best defines applied anthropology?

the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems in communities confronting new challenges

Which of the following research topics might be of interest to an ethnoscientist?

the ways in which a group classifies and explains the world

If a country achieves "replacement reproduction," this means that ____.

their population will continue to grow for another 50 years

A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guide research, is

theories

Among the Yanomami, ____.

there is a range of personalities

Why is it important to study peasants?

they are the largest social category in the world

Wape villagers avoid quarreling with each other because ____.

they believe that a hunter misses his prey only because of the intervention of ancestral ghosts who are angry with quarreling in the community

When the British imposed colonial rule on the Igbo of Nigeria, ____.

they did not recognize the political power of women, and introduced changes that resulted in women becoming subordinate to men

The Amish may be used as an example of subcultural variation because ____.

they maintain a distinctive way of life that emphasizes agrarian living and loyalty to fellow Amish rather than to the state

Cultural models help us make sense of the world because

they provide a pattern for one's own behavior and interpreting others' actions

In centralized societies, antisocial behavior is usually dealt with in a court system by the use of formal, negative sanctions involving the application of abstract rules and the use of force. The primary aim is ____.

to assign and punish guilt

Scale systems and their modifications in music is ____.

tonality

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are refered to as

traditions

Andrea Louie's multi-sited field research project focused on ____.

transnational identity

Paralanguage includes not only the way that people say things but also a variety of extralinguistic noises called ____.

vocalizations

Copernicus' discovery that the earth orbits the sun rather than vice versa ____.

was a primary innovation that was out of step with the needs, values, and goals of his time

In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because

we can speak using our larynx

Although not true of all matrilineal systems, a common feature is the ____ of the tie between husband and wife.

weakness

The sanitary habits of food foraging peoples ____.

were highly adaptive in the context of foraging, but are maladaptive in the context of sedentism

In order to minimize the impact of subjectivity, the anthropologist should consider all of the following except ____.

what the anthropologist observes in his/her own culture

Goldschmidt suggests that it is possible to decide which cultures are more successful than others by looking at ____.

which ones satisfy the physical and cultural needs of the people

How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?

while it is importance to understand Native American claims from their point of view, it doesnt mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue

Chantek eventually learned to produce ____ signs.

150

Although human beings always have been interested in other human beings, anthropology has emerged as a tradition of scientific inquiry over the last ____.

150 years

In ____, the first organ transplant occurred in ____ when surgeons removed a kidney from one identical twin to place it inside his sick brother.

1954 / Boston

The first mammals appeared over ____ years ago and the earliest primates appeared about ____ years ago.

200 million / 65 million

Which of the following statements about self-awareness is incorrect?

American children develop self-awareness earlier than do Ju/'hoansi children.

Which Western anthropologist was the first to encourage the study of non-human primates as a way of understanding humans?

Louis Leakey

A biological perspective on the evolution of our species would emphasize that

all of the above

A cross-cultural comparison of systems of political organization reveals that ____.

all of the above

A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal

all of the above

A cross-cultural perspective on manic depression would

all of the above

A culture must satisfy basic needs such as ____.

all of the above

A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that

all of the above

A symbol

all of the above

Because humans have culture, they are able to live in which of the following environments?

all of the above

If an anthropologist who studies cultural models were to analyze the Ilongot concept of liget, she or he might emphasize

all of the above

In which of the following cultural centers is homosexuality openly accepted as part of the urban lifestyle.

all of the above

Increasing, professional anthropologists are

all of the above

Linguistic anthropologists traditionally sttudy

all of the above

The agents of enculturation ____.

all of the above

The canadian government helps preserve the use of french

all of the above

The enhanced cognition of early modern humans allowed for

all of the above

The human mind is

all of the above

The limitation of culture and personality studies was that they assumed

all of the above

Which of the following are minority nations is trying to improve its political position by founding an independent state?

all of the above

Why is it important to map the fieldsite with information from the local people?

all of the above

With urbanization came a sharp increase in the tempo of human cultural evolution. Which of the following occurred with urbanization?

all of the above

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

all of the above are correct

Which of the following groups would be an example of a common-interest organization?

all of the above are examples of common-interest organizations

Which of the following is not a primate?

all of the above are primates

The assumptions involved in the concept of enculturation may be traced to and illuminated by an understanding of the concept of tabula rasa, a term which ____.

all of the above except a

An individual's personality ____.

all of the above.

Which of the following statements about kinesics is correct?

Cross-cultural research indicates that the body language used when people are greeting each other is similar all over the world.

The Russian concept of blat, in which people give and receive favors, interests anthropologists because it appears to be preventing the emergence of capitalist markets.

False

Among people of ____ ancestry, clan affiliation is still a matter of interest, though the importance of such kin groups has diminished.

Scottish

In the 19th century ____, author of one of the most widely read anthropological books of all time, The Golden Bough, made a strong distinction between religion and magic.

Sir James G. Frazer

Which of the following statements about diffusion is incorrect?

The cultivation of the potato diffused to the New World from Ireland.

Which of the following statements about the history of linguistics is incorrect?

The discovery of system, regularity, and relationships in linguistic data occurred in the 17th century.

What do environmental anthropologists study?

The effects of global economic changes on human-nature relationships The impact of pollution on certain groups The impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups

hat does R.K. Williamson mean by the difference between the "blessed gift" and "the curse"?

These are two different cultural perspectives of intersexuality.

All of the following statements except one correctly describe food foraging societies. Which is it?

They are primitive because they did not progress to a higher level.

Religion, magic, and witchcraft are all similar in which of the following ways?

They provide explanation of events and are mechanisms of social control.

The use of wealth to support the tonowi's power; belief in the divine right of kings to rule; the oldest living male becoming the head of the Dahomey state of West Africa--what do all these have in common?

They represent what is considered to be the legitimate basis of political authority in that particular society.

In some cultures people are not born as full persons but gain that as they fulfill social obligations.

True

Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake T/F

True

Nature and nurture are not opposed but intertwined.

True

Which of the following situations involving gender division of labor are likely to produce a sense of equality among males and females?

a and c only.

Kinds of policy research frequently done by anthropologists are ____.

a and d

The belief that nature is animated with spirits is called ____.

animism

In Western countries a culture-bound psychological disorder known as ____ occurs most frequently among young women in which a preoccupation with thinness produces a refusal to eat.

anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

Kinesics is a method for notating and analyzing ____.

any form of body language.

The study of the chimpanzee Vicki indicated that ____.

apes are incapable of spoken language

During World War II, cultural anthropologists worked for the government to describe the cultures of Germany and Japan in an effort to provide knowledge that might help the United States win the war. This is an example of ____.

applied anthropology

Witchcraft serves psychological as well as social functions. The Navajo are said to be a peaceful people whose culture emphasizes the importance of harmonious social and spiritual relationships. What would you expect the incidence of witchcraft to be in traditional Navajo society as compared with its incidence in another Native American Indian society that required its members to engage in periodic expressions of fighting with each other?

a higher incidence of witchcraft in Navajo society

"Greater wealth brings greater obligation to give." Such an obligation may be referred to as ____.

a leveling mechanism

The personality typical of a society, as indicated by the central tendency of a defined frequency distribution, is called, ____.

a modal personality

Amish

a pacifist agrarian subculture of the U.S.

An ethnic psychosis refers to ____.

a psychosis characterized by symptoms peculiar to a particular group

What is GPS?

a satellite device that allows for precise measuring

A sign, sound, emblem, or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way is called ____.

a symbol

The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as

a way of explaining how the world works

In a stratified society, ____ that are indicative of social class are called symbolic indicators.

activities and possessions

The process by which organisms adjust beneficially to their environment, or the characteristics by which they overcome hazards and gain access to the resources they need to survive, is called ____.

adaptation

If an anthropologists works to help indigenous peoples hold onto their ancestral lands, the anthropologist is called a(n) ____.

advocate

To study and analyze art, anthropologists use a combination of which three approaches?

aesthetic, narrative, and interpretive

The following ____ are passed through by members of North American culture: toddler, teenager, senior citizen.

age grades

____ in modern North American society is exemplified by the educational system, which specifies that at 6 years of age all children must enter the first grade.

age grading

Peyote buttons contain a psychotropic substance called a(n) ____.

alkaloid

A book by Margaret Mead called Coming of Age in Samoa, published in 1928, ____.

all but a

A lineage is a corporate descent group ____.

all but a

As outlined by the Polish-born anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski, which of the following would be considered a fundamental level of needs that must be resolved by all cultures?

all but a

The case of the Swazi may be used to illustrate that ____.

all but a

The Windigo of the Ojibwa can be used as an example of ____.

all but b

The functions of law include ____.

all but c

Eskimo kinship terminology ____.

all but d

To help resolve problems of global structural violence which of the following values and cultural motivations would be needed?

all but d

The rise of separatist movements such as those promoted by French-speakers in Canada, Tamils in Sri Lanka, Croats in the former Yugoslavia, and Latvians in the former Soviet Union indicate that ____.

all large states have a tendency to come apart

"Two-spirit" is a male, passive homosexual in Native North American societies formerly known as ____.

berdache

Among bonobos, which of the following bonds is the most significant to predicting rank and success within the group?

between mother and son

North Americans assume that they are related equally to the relatives on both the mother's and father's side. The group composed of such people to which these individuals feel that they belong is called a(n) ____ descent group.

bilateral

____ kinship affiliates a person with close relatives through both sexes; in other words, the individual traces descent through both parents, all four grandparents, and so forth, recognizing multiple ancestors.

bilateral kinship

A paradigm that emphasizes humans that are made up of complex biological, cultural, and psychological processes is

biocultural

Because the years of crucial human brain development coincide with the years of enculturation, we can refer to the human brain as a ______ brain

biocultural

Which of the following primate females show the incidence of perpetual genital swelling and the ability for constant sexual activity?

bonobos

Anthropologist believe that our behavior is influenced by

both

Anthropologists use ____.

both quantitative and qualitative data

Global warming is primarily caused by ____.

burning fossil fuels

Zulu healers have addressed the AIDS epidemic by all of the following except ____.

by providing standard health care, regardless of the patient's cultural background

Animal call systems

can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli

A fairly fixed membership, strongly endogamous, membership is ascribed; these attributes would describe which of the following?

caste system

When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activist, and political leaders

challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist

When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders

challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist.

A ____ is a regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single authority figure at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people.

chiefdom

Which of the following primate groups has been observed tool-making most frequently?

chimpanzees

When Spanish invaded Mexico and Guatemala, they adopted the local practice of using ____ as money.

chocolate

What is the first step in doing ethnographic fieldwork?

choosing a research question

Aztec

civilization of Mexico which engaged in large-scale sacrifices

A ____ is a noncorporate descent group whose members claim descent from a common ancestor but cannot trace their genealogical links to that ancestor.

clan

A clan is similar to a lineage except that ____.

clan members are unable to trace exact genealogical links to their common ancestor

Following Professor Price's definition and explanation of cultural relativism, Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban's (in Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights) initial refusal to directly oppose female circumcision (or genital cutting) was an example of

confusing cultural relativism with moral relativism

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called

cultural anthropology

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is

cultural relativism

The protection of cultural resources as part of archaeology is called ____.

cultural resource management

Although the drive toward imaginative play may be a human universal, the form that it takes is determined by ____.

culture

An archaeologist studies material remains to understand ____.

culture

The ________ school emphasized that processes of enculturation shape the characteristics of a person's individual makeup.

culture and personality

Because the years of crucial human brain development coincide with the years of enculturation, we can refer to the human brain as a ______ brain.

cultured

In general, ethnologists study ____.

cultures as they have been observed, experienced, and discussed with persons whose cultures they seek to understand

According to Mauss and Durkheim, a key feature of the concept of personhood in many other culture is

defined socially

When a mother says to her daughter, "I want you to go to college and meet someone who can support you in the style to which you are accustomed," she is conveying the idea that the daughter must marry someone outside of the immediate family--a concept of ____.

exogamy

The "little songs" of the Bedouin are antistructural because they ____.

express ideas and feelings that go against the moral system

Dependence training is more likely in ____.

extended families in societies whose economy is based on subsistence farming

Two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group is a(n) ____.

extended family

Diversity defined anthropologically

focuses on multiplicity and variety

The ____ way of life is the oldest and most universal type of human adaptation.

food-foraging

Comanche

foragers of Idaho

Which of the following is not a chemical found in chocolate?

formaldehyde

According to Bronislaw Malinowski, the nature of an institution is determined by its ____.

function

The levirate and the sororate ____.

function to maintain the relationship between the family of the bride and the family of the groom

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is call

functionalism

In Western societies between A.D. 1000 and 1800, divorce was next to impossible, but few marriages lasted more than about 10 or 20 years, owing to ____.

high death rates

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called

holism

If Jakob Grimm, who developed what has come to be known as Grimm's law, were analyzing the historical relationships among the so-called dialects of Chinese (such as Cantonese and Mandarin), what data would he be looking for in his linguistic fieldwork?

how the speakers of each dialect pronounce different words with similar meanings in the several dialects

Anthropology studies the language of a culture, its philosophy, and its forms of art; and in the process of doing research, ethnographers involve themselves intensively in the lives of those they study, trying to experience culture from their informants' points of view. In this sense, anthropology is ____.

humanistic

The classification of hominoid includes ____.

humans and apes, living and extinct

Digital ethnography is also known as ____.

hypermedia ethnography

An assertion of opinion or belief formally handed down by an authority as true and indisputable is called a(n) ____.

hypothesis

Cultural ________ occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.

imperialism

The concept of tabula rasa ____.

implies that individuals are shaped primarily by their experiences, which differ from culture to culture

Anthropology has sought directly to do each of the following except ____.

impose a Western and modern approach to life

Cooperative work groups are found ____.

in all societies.

Upward mobility in social class is more possible ____.

in nuclear families with neolocal residence

Ethnographies are ____.

in-depth descriptive studies of specific cultures

The price humans pay for spoken language is a(n) ____, caused by a lower position of the larynx and epiglottis.

increased risk of choking to death.

The enhanced cognition of early modern humans allowed for

increased sophistication in toolmaking better defense against predators. organizing social groups.

One becomes the owner of one's self and capacities in societies that practice ____.

independence training

The defining feature of historical particularism is

individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change

In Western society, "personal offenses" pertains to offenses committed against ____.

individuals

Anthropologist Kim Hopper believes

industrialized nations produce "surplus people"

Because subsistence practices involve tapping into available resources to satisfy a society's basic needs, this aspect of culture is known as ____.

infrastructure

The materialist perspective is a theoretical approach that stresses the primacy of the cultural ____.

infrastructure

Among the Kapauku Papuans of New Guinea, the fact that an attempt to eliminate warfare (which would create a balanced sex ratio) would affect the practice of polygyny, which would affect the economy (since women raise pigs, and the more wives a man has the more pigs he can keep), shows that culture is ____.

integrated

Ju/'hoansi

interacted with Bantu farmers for 2000 years

Because our values and beliefs are reflected in many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is

intergrated

Which of the following is not an element associated with the barrel model of culture?

interstructure

The comparative method

is a general approach, holds that no society or behavior should be seen in isolation, refers to the practice of comparing two or more cultures.

What is unique about the Mongolian shaman's drum?

it is made from a tree struck by lightening

What is the purpose of genito-genital rubbing among primates?

it is the most frequent type of reconciliation among bonobos

A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except

it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology.

Anthropology is different from other disciplines that study humans because ____.

it synthesizes data from many fields in an effort to describe human behavior as a whole

A key feature of environmental ______ movements is their attention to the linkages between social marginalization and environmental degradation.

justice

The members of a society who work most closely with the anthropologist to provide an understanding of cultural phenomena are called ____.

key consultants

Where nuclear families are important, the principle of bilateral descent and the group called the ____ will probably exist.

kindred

____ are frequently found in industrial societies such as that of the United States, where mobility weakens contact with relatives.

kindreds

Paralanguage is to speech as ____ is to position of the body.

kinesics

What was the main focus of Kinji Imanishi's primate studies?

kinship and social behavior

Inca

known for redistribution

A system of communication based on symbols is called a ____.

language

The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to

language death

All ____, as systems of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules, are organized on the same basic plan.

languages

Which of the following are of greatest importance in human speech?

larynx and epiglottis

Adamson Hoebel defined ____ as a social norm enforced by the legitimate use (or threat of use) of physical force.

law

In 1948 anthropologists discovered that aborigines in Arnhem Land were able to sustain themselves well on an average workday of ____.

less than 6 hours

Among the Hopi, ____ function as landholding corporations, allocating land for the support of member households.

lineages

In France, a committee exists which has the job of eliminating subversive foreign influences in the form of words borrowed from other languages. English is a major offender (as in le bluejeans or le hamburger). This is an example of ____.

linguistic nationalism

The French attempt to purge their language of such Americanisms as le hamburger, is a case of ____.

linguistic nationalism

The modern scientific study of all aspects of language is ____.

linguistics

Claire Sterk built rapport with the prostitutes she studied by

listening to the women's stories, providing practical assistance, truly wanting to learn from the women and acknowledging their expertise

Among the Iroquois, males and females performed different duties, but both were considered significant. The women were sedentary and the men nomadic, but when the men were in the village they lived with the women rather than in a separate men's house. You would expect the rate of rape in this society to be ____.

low

The hunting and butchering of large game as well as the processing of hard or tough raw materials are almost universally ____ occupations.

male

Analyses of human skeletal remains from the Maya city of Tikal reveal that, on average, ____.

males interred in more elaborate graves were taller than those from simple graves

Tool-making puts a premium on ____.

manual dexterity

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoffs study of genderized speech, you might find that talking like a lady

marginalize women voice in work context

From skeletal remains, the forensic anthropologist cannot establish which of following?

marital status

The affects and feelings we experience as humans

may not have an exact equivalent in another culture

What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?

meat consumption increased

Chimpanzees are the only animals to use ____ as a mechanism of reconciliation.

mediators

Many food foraging groups have rituals celebrating the association of men with hunting and warfare, and women with generation of life. They interpret this difference to mean that ____.

men and women are different, but one is not ranked higher than the other

Among the Igbo of Nigeria, ____.

men and women each had separate, autonomous spheres of political activity

The Afar people of Ethiopia specialize in ____.

mining salt

Which of the following is not a traditional field or subdiscipline of anthropology?

molecular anthropology

Something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value is called ____.

money

In the United States today, ____.

monogamy is the only legally recognized form of marriage

How words fit together to make meaningful units is called

morphology

The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called

morphology

The hypothesis that modern human originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world is called the ____.

multiregional hypothesis

The first generation of formal anthropologists began their careers working for ____.

museums

Slight, unpredictable variation in the genetic code that occurs during reproduction is called

mutation

Which of the following is not a Maori cultural concept?

namus

The type of verbal arts that has received the most study and attention is ____, because it is the easiest to collect.

narrative

Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except

narrative symbol

Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except

narrative symbols

In industrial societies, such as the United States, the most common form of residence after marriage is ____.

neolocal

The culture concept was first developed by anthropologists toward the end of the ____ century.

nineteenth

Just 16% of the world's adult population claim to be ____.

non-religious

Margaret Mead's study of three societies in New Guinea demonstrated that ____.

none of the above

The long history of human involvement in hunting and gathering as a mode of cultural adaptation probably helped to shape ____.

none of the above

Intelligence is

not marked by a single fixed gene

The ____ system divides the octave into five nearly equidistant tones.

pentatonic

Which of the following analyses of Christmas shopping would be least likely to come from a follower of cultural economics?

people always make decisions about what to buy on the basis of getting the lowest price.

Norms tend to be stable because

people learn them when they are young

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes that

people make sense of the world through binary oppositions

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?

people make sense of the world through binary oppositions ie. raw/cooked

An archaeologist has a research project involving the analysis of an old campsite of a people who relied primarily on foraging for wild foods about 500,000 years ago. This project would be considered ____.

prehistoric

The discovery that the firing of clay makes it permanently hard is an example of a(n) ____.

primary innovation

Which of the following study living primates?

primatologists

A ____ is a deliberate effort by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture.

revitalization movement

In Southeast Asia, the crop complex adapted to tropical wetlands was ____.

rice, yam, taro

The core value to which European-Americans subscribe is, according to Francis Hsu, ____.

rugged individualism

Society is held together by ____ known as its social structure.

rule-governed relationships

Awards, titles, recognition, imprisonment, corporal punishment, and ostracism from the community are all examples of ____.

sanctions

The deliberate use of basic ideas in some practical application, such as making use of the knowledge of how electricity works to develop the telephone, is called ____.

secondary innovation

Anthropologist overcome ethnocentrism by

seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

Mary Douglas compared food's structure in society with language and a formal dinner with a _______________.

sentence

The extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops then planted among the ashes is known as ____.

swidden farming

According to Clyde Kluckhohn, Navajo witchcraft serves to channel ____.

symptoms related to pressures of Euramerican society

In acculturation, subordinate groups will often incorporate new cultural elements into their own culture, creating a blend of old and new; a reinterpretation of new cultural elements to fit them with already existing traditions is called ____.

syncretism

If Benjamin Whorf were trying to find further proof that grammar shapes the way people perceive the world, which of the following would NOT be a focus of his research?

the density of the population in the several communities.

Which of the following is an example of primary innovation?

the discovery of the principle of the wheel

The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals

the interconnections between different domains of a society

In their fight against HIV/AIDS, traditional Zulu healers offer all of the following except:

the latest technological advances in disease treatment

A commodity chain analysis applied to motorcars would be interested in all of the following except

the layout of the factory in which they are built.

Which of the following is an example of animism?

the malevolent spirit inside your baseball who jumps erratically through the air just as you think you're about to hit a home run

An anthropologist who studies the cultural landscape of Zapotec farmers of southern Mexico would be primarily interested in

the meanings and images they have of nature that shape their farming practices.

An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as

the natural abilities of more "civilized" people to control less "civilized" people.

To say that food foraging societies are egalitarian means that ____.

the only status differences are age and sex

Historians, who usually study the past through written sources, are limited chronologically to ____.

the past 5,000 years

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community.

Ethnopsychology is largely concerned with

understanding how other societies make sense of selves, persons, and emotions

A word that best describes participant observation is

unstructured

Clyde Snow is an anthropologist who ____.

used forensic evidence to investigate "disappearances" in Argentina

A focus on ________ in a culture allows an anthropologist to understand what people hold to be near and dear

values

The most common pattern characterizing violence against indigenous people in Brazil is ____.

violence against indigenous people

What is the fear reaction of being bewitched found among Algonquian hunters?

windigo

Which of the following is not a signal?

winking

Matrilineal descent groups are associated with farming societies in which ____ are the breadwinners.

women

What was the focus of Annette Weiner's research in the Trobriands?

women's productive work

Apache

a Native American group with distinct architectural needs

Navajo

exhibited "negative reciprocity"

Anthropology is ____.

the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time

The observation that all cultures include activities that provide aesthetic pleasure suggests that ____.

All of the above

Which of the following White performers presented their own versions of African American music to White audiences?

All of the above

____ is typical of peoples who see themselves as a part of nature rather than superior to it.

Animism

In North America, ____ is thought of as a specialized activity done for play, recreation, or aesthetic appreciation.

Art

The greatest single cache of hominin fossils in the world was found at ____.

Atapuerca in Spain

The Upper Paleolithic is marked by human migration to ____ for the first time.

Australia

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Australopithecus inhabited an area of dense woodlands.

Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson did their most significant photographic research in ____.

Bali

In the 1930's and 40s, Edward Sapir and ____ investigated the idea that language, by providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see the world in a certain way.

Benjamin Lee Whorf

At the top of the caste system in India is the ____ caste.

Brahmans

The theoretical approach of structural-functionalism is primarily associated with the ____ School.

British

Unlike today, when anthropologists are specially trained before conducting fieldwork, ____ early in the twentieth century had received no special training.

Bronislaw Malinowski

Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?

Bronislaw Malinowski

The thinker who developed the evolutionary theory or natural selection in the 19th century

Charles Darwin

The core values of ____ culture promote the integration of the individual into a larger group.

Chinese

One well-known forensic anthropologist is ____.

Clyde C. Snow

ethnography is associated with what field?

Cultural anthropology

____ refers to the position that because cultures are unique, each one can be evaluated only according to its own standards and values.

Cultural relativism

The members of this Indian caste constitute a large pool of cheap labor at the beck and call of those controlling economic and political affairs.

Dalits

____ are child-rearing practices that foster compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and reliance on the domestic group, rather than reliance on themselves.

Dependence training

People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.

False

An important pioneer in the anthropological study of law was ____.

E. Adamson Hoebel

The 19th century British anthropologist who is credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective where the most evolved societies resembled the British societies in which he lived was

E.B. Tylor

Australopithecine fossils have been found in all of the following modern-day areas except ____.

Egypt

Among the oldest writing systems in the world is ____, developed about ____ years ago and in use for about 3,500 years.

Egyptian hieroglyphics / 5,000

What of the following statements is correct?

Ethnic groups collectively and publicly identify themselves as distinct.

Most mammals use some form of call system to communicate with others of their species. Dogs and chimpanzees share an additional linguistic characteristic because they can communicate simple combinations of ideas about things they are not currently seeing.

False

Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans.

False

All humans are born with some culture.

False

Although cultural differences produce different behaviors and practices, humans feel emotions in the same way worldwide.

False

An ecological footprint is a measurement of the population an area can support.

False

Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank.

False

Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociologist have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the US T/F

False

Contemporary cultural anthropologists still rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" T/F

False

Cultural models and personal cognitive models are the same thing.

False

Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend anything done by people in other cultures.

False

Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provides an accurate description of the way the people actually lived.

False

____, like other pastoral nomadic tribes of the Middle East, described their god in masculine, authoritarian terms.

Hebrews

Which of the following is not a classification proposed by Linnaeus?

Homo sylvestris

A(n) ____ child is born into its mother's clan, cared for by the elder women, it spends the first nineteen days of its life wrapped in a blanket and secluded indoors.

Hopi

Peyote art is a traditional form among the ____.

Huichol

The vast collection of cross-indexed ethnographic and archaeological data catalogued by cultural characteristics and geographic locations is called the ____.

Human Relations Area Files

Which of the following illustrates the fact that culture is learned rather than biologically inherited?

Human societies differ in whether their members eat five meals a day or only one, and what types of food and drink are considered appropriate or taboo

Which of the following statements about linguistic divergence is incorrect?

If languages were isolated from each other, there would be very little linguistic change.

____ magic is based on the assumption that things that are like each other somehow have a connection with each other; and thus if you do something to one, it will affect the other.

Imitative

Social classes are closed in ____ where membership in hierarchically ranked groups known as castes is determined by birth and remains fixed for life.

India

____ are semihistorical narratives that account for the deeds of heroes, the movements of peoples, and the establishment of local customs.

Legends

One of the "founding mothers' of anthropology is ____.

Margaret Mead

This woman anthropologist was hired by the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1888, making her one of the first women in the U.S. to receive a full-time position in science.

Matilda Cox Stevenson

____ is the pioneering American anthropologist who did work among the Zuni and founded the Women's Anthropological Society in 1885.

Matilda Cox Stevenson

____ was the tool industry found among the Neandertals.

Mousterian

Although details differ from one society to another, woman/woman marriages among the ____ of western Kenya may be taken as reasonably representative of such practices in Africa.

Nandi

In North American society, the stereotypic car salesman would practice what type of reciprocal exchange?

Negative

Which of the following statements about the Nayar is correct?

None of the above.

Homo erectus fossils have been found in all of the following areas except ____.

North America

In ____ there has been a recent decline in participation of common-interest associations of all types.

North America

On April 10, 1984, the ____ became the first community of Native Americans in the United States to affirm the right of its members to regain and maintain fluency in the ancestral language.

Northern Ute

____ is viewed most simply as organized belief in the supernatural, and all fulfill numerous social and psychological needs.

Religion

____ may be defined as the beliefs and patterns of behavior by which people try to control those aspects of the universe that are otherwise beyond their control.

Religion

The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is

Renato Rosaldo

Which of the following anthropologists was involved in the creation of "culture-at-a-distance" studies?

Ruth Benedict

Which of the following statements about the relationship between sex and gender is incorrect?

Sex is the same as gender.

____, with its often dramatic ritual, promotes a release of tension among individuals in a society.

Shamanism

The ____ deliberately avoided modernization, until they felt they had no other option if they were to fend off the same outside forces that elsewhere in Amazon basin have destroyed whole societies.

Shuar

In which of the following locations would you find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?

Silicon Valley, A factory, A Malawian village

____ establishes group cohesion and makes it possible for people to consistently satisfy their basic needs.

Social structure

Which anthropologist was the first to carry out an advocacy project within a North American Indian community?

Sol Tax

If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?

Survey Interview

The ____ authority system is characterized by a highly developed dual monarchy, a hereditary aristocracy, and elaborate kinship rituals, as well as by statewide age sets.

Swazi

Which of the following statements about the concept of tabula rasa is incorrect?

The concept expresses the idea that adult personalities are formed largely by their biological inheritance

The concept of "fortress conservation" would be applicable to all of the following situations EXCEPT

The construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas

What is ethnohistory?

The study of cultures recently passed.

According to some observers of U.S. culture, common-interest associations may not be showing a decline so much as a(n) ____.

Transformation

Although language is one of the most rule-bound aspect of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious T/F

True

Although language is one of the most rule-bound aspects of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious.

True

American's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices T/F

True

Anthropologists of the 1880s are referred to as "armchair anthropologists" because they never traveled abroad and they gathered data from other people's reports.

True

Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.

True

Which of the following questions would cross-cultural research be suited to answer?

a and b

In contrast with historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics ____.

a and b only

Bakhtiari

West Asian pastoralists

What is the most frequent type of reconciliation among chimpanzees?

a and b only

An archaeologist might attempt to study ____.

a and c

Which of the following political systems would be considered centralized system?

a and c

Which of the following nature-oriented religions has 310,000 adherents today in the United States?

Wicca

In 1980, ____ as a practitioner of dispute management, helped the U.S. and the Soviet Union replace their obsolete "hot line" with fully equipped nuclear crisis centers in each capital.

William L. Ury

Anthropologists interpret myth as the ____ of cultures that do not use scientific methods; myths explain the world and a people's place in it.

Worldview

Ideal personality traits among ____ men would include being fierce, belligerent, and flamboyant.

Yanomami

Why were there differences between the original field research of Malinowski and that of Weiner some sixty years later?

all of these

Cross-cultural studies show that in many non-Western cultures "co-sleeping" (infant sleeps with mother) is the rule. Which of the following are benefits of mother and infant co-sleeping?

all of these are benefits of mother and infant co-sleeping

What is the best way to ensure that a people has the right to maintain their own culture?

allow them to collaborate with the anthropologist's study

A residence pattern in which a married couple may choose to live in the husband's father's or wife's mother's place of residence is called ____ residence.

ambilocal

One of the first U.S. anthropologists to study acculturation was Margaret Mead in her 1932 fieldwork ____.

among the Omaha Indians

A cultural relativist would explain neural plasticity as

closely related to cultural differences in how people perceive and think.

A Scottish butler in an English mansion says to the lady of the house, "You may wish to stay inside today, Madam; it's quite cold outside." But when he goes back to his own cottage he is likely to say to his wife in broad Scots, "Shut the door and get inside, Maggie, you'll freeze your buns off." In linguistics this is an example of ____.

code switching

Although human beings always have been interested in other human beings, anthropology first began to emerge as a formal discipline during ____.

colonialism

The linked elements that contribute to the manufacture of an object like a T-shirt is called a

commodity chain

The term ____ is usually used to refer to varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible.

dialect

Individuals who live and work far from their original homelands form part of a growing population that is classified as ____.

diasporic

The spread of cultural elements from one culture to another is called ____.

diffusion

The process by which culture is transmitted from one generation to the next is called ____.

enculturation

Which of the following is not a form of descent?

endogamy

Robert Hitchcock works with the San peoples in southern Africa in order to ____.

ensure their land rights

____ serve to transmit and preserve a culture's legal and political practices.

epics

Windigo would be an example of a so-called ____.

ethnic psychosis

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is

ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own way of life is superior to others is ____.

ethnocentrism

The major problem associated with cultural pluralism has to do with ____.

ethnocentrism

Malinowski's Trobriand work was of such high quality that it made ____ a scientific enterprise.

ethnography

The two main scholarly components of Cultural Anthropology are ____.

ethnography and ethnology

If an anthropologists is studying a culture of the recent past using oral histories, accounts of explorers, missionaries, and traders and also through the analysis of such records as land titles, birth and death records, and other archival materials; that anthropologist is doing ____.

ethnohistory

Cross-cultural research that allows the anthropologist to develop theories that help explain why certain important differences or similarities occur between groups is known as ____.

ethnology

____ are anthropologists who try to understand the relationship between folk ideologies (the native classifications and explanations for the universe) and the way a group survives.

ethnoscientists

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on

everyday interactions

The branch of medical anthropology that uses evolutionary principles to contribute to contemporary human health issues is called ____.

evolutionary medicine

The ____ of culture is/are what a culture must do to satisfy basic needs of its members.

functions

The movement of genes through interbreeding or intermarriage among humans from different population is

gene flow

When an Australian hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what is expected in return, he is exemplifying ____.

generalized reciprocity

If a single female immigrant brings a trait to a small, sparsely populated island and within many generations it is present in 50% of the population, it would be an example of

genetic drift.

Punching the palm of the hand for emphasis, raising the head and brows when asking a question, or using the hands to illustrate what is being discussed are forms of ____ messages that accompany spoken messages.

gestural

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves. it is easier to study local settings than global settings. anthropologists have always been locally focused.

The author uses the Nayar of southwest India to illustrate that rules about sexual access can be highly variable. Nayar women ____.

go through three transactions that define sexual eligibility, rights of sexual access, and legitimacy of children

Which of the following would invoke informal sanctions against an individual in a restaurant in the United States?

going barefoot

Although all primates use some form of call system, some, such as chimps and ______, are known to be capable of more complex communication than a simple call system.

gorilla

Though pastoral nomadic peoples are often blamed for causing environmental degradation, the fault is not theirs. Rather, it lies with ____.

governments that restrict their movements causing overgrazing

The entire formal structure of a language consisting of all observations about its meaningful units of sounds and the rules or principles of making phrases and sentences is called its ____.

grammar

Over the past 5,000 years, political units have ____.

grown steadily larger in size and fewer in number

Aztec society in the 16th century ____.

had a capital city with a population five times the size of London at that time

One reason many environmental anthropologists are skeptical of _______ as a sole explanation for environmental degradation is that it doesn't recognize that different societies and people within each society consume differing amounts of resources.

overpopulation

The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike is called ____.

parallel evolution

When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on

parole

A research method in which one learns about a group's beliefs and behaviors through social participation and personal observation within the community is called ____.

participant observation

The primary method in the anthropologist's toolkit, regardless of the time period, has always been ____.

participant observation

is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out."

participant observation

Ceremonies such as bar mitzvahs, elaborate wedding ceremonies, baby showers, and graduation parties that help individuals make major changes in their lives are referred to as rites of ____.

passage

The major difference between animism and animatism has to do with whether the supernatural force which occupies an entity is ____.

personal or impersonal (a being or an impersonal force without identity)

From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that

personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions.

The set of visible characteristics of an individual is called a

phenotype

The systemic study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds is ____.

phonetics

The study of abstract rules that guide the sound patterns of a language is called ____.

phonology

_______ refers to the structure of speech sounds

phonology

refers to the structure of speech sounds.

phonology

forensic anthropology is associated with which field?

physical anthropology

Linguistics refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

pidgin language

Marvin Harris argues that pork was not generally raised in the Middle East historically because ____.

pig-raising threatened the natural ecosystem

The basis of the tonowi's wealth is ____.

pigs

If you were conducting a symbolic analysis of TV programs and wanted to identify a key scenario such as the Horatio Alger myth, which of the following would you focus on?

plots that are repeated in many of the programs that American viewers interpret as commonplace social experiment

The term ____ refers to the way power, or the ability to control others' behavior, is distributed or embedded in society.

political organization

Two people playing different patterns of beats at the same time is called ____.

polyrhythm

Pollution, although a worldwide consequence of certain agricultural and industrial activities, is more of a problem in ____ because chemicals that may be banned in richer nations can be used more easily.

poor countries

The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent

post-structuralism

The notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their cultural development is called ____.

progress

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as

proof of their primitive nature

A ______ is when anthropologists drop into a community for just a few weeks to collect data.

rapid apprasial

Most people plan for the future by looking at trends in ____.

recent history

If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies, what method would you use?

record how younger people, middle aged, and senior citizens pronounces ordinary american words

The system by which goods flow into some central source, and then out again to the community is called ____.

redistribution

The term "modernization" ____.

refers to the process of cultural and socioeconomic change whereby societies acquire the characteristics of industrialized societies

The ethical obligation to self-monitor while doing ethnographic research (constantly checking and re-checking personal or cultural biases) is called ____.

reflexivity

Bride ____ refers to the period of time a groom is expected to work for his bride's family.

service

A stoplight is a visual example of a

sign

Which of the following is not considered to be a primate?

sloths

Claire Sterk gained initial entry to the community of prostitutes she wished to study

slowly and by not presenting herself as an expert.

Changes in Skolt Lapp society occurred because ____.

snowmobiles were used to herd reindeer

A major social impact of industrial agriculture is __________, as can be seen by the creation of a peasant class.

social stratification

The rule-governed relationships that hold a society together, with all their rights, duties, and obligations, are known as its ____

social structure

One method used by linguists to find out the rules by which morphemes are combined in larger chains is called ____. In this method, the linguist puts together strings of morphemes, looking for categories within which certain morphemes will fit (e.g., the category "adjective" applies to all morphemes that fit in the phrase, "I am looking for a [***] house").

substitution frames

is the study of how sociocultural norms and contexts shape language use in society.

sociolinguistics

The uniquely patterned sounds of a particular language are called ____.

speech

Although all societies have some kind of incest taboo, the relationship which is considered incestuous may vary. Concepts of incest seem to be related to a group's definitions of endogamy and exogamy, thus suggesting that incest taboos may help to promote ____.

stability of the family

The type of political organization that is most likely to resolve conflict with a neighboring social unit by means of warfare is the ____.

state

On the island of Java in Indonesia, nearly every sentence marks a person's _______ between speaker and listener.

status (position)

When groups within a society function with their own distinctive standards of behavior, we refer to it as ____.

subcultural variation

In the movie Witness, a policeman named John Book was able to hide from his corrupt boss by staying with the Amish. He was protected by adopting their mode of dress, by the fact that they had no telephones, and by their being a closely-knit community united by shared values that differed from those of the larger society. The Amish in the United States are an example of a(n) ____.

subculture

There are four major modes of _______ that anthropologists understand as the social relationships and practices necessary for procuring, producing, and distributing food.

subsistence

If an anthropologist who studies cultural models were to analyze the Ilongot concept of liget, she or he might emphasize

that individuals have their own idiosyncratic ideas and experience of the emotion, that Ilongot culture has a patterned way of understanding liget, that Ilongot understandings of liget help them interpret other people's actions

A realistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-cola in Tzotzil Maya communitites in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize

that they, the Tzotzil, are dominated by globalization

From an economist's point of view, "market exchange" is defined by ____.

the buying and selling of goods and services whose value is determined by supply and demand

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some dont see what they do as science because

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

The controversy between Native Americans and NCAA schools using mascots illustrates

the power of tradition

The degree of mobility in a stratified society is related to ____.

the prevailing kind of family organization

The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals

the processes of cultural appropriation

The anthropologist has to consider obligations to three sets of people:

the profession of anthropology, the people who funded the study, and the people studied.

Anthropologists prefer to use the term verbal arts rather than the term folklore because ____.

the term folklore implies lack of sophistication, and is a condescending term to use

An explanation in science of natural phenomena, supported by a reliable body of data, is called a(n) ____.

theory

In the 19th century Darwin's theory of sexual differences between males and females was called ____.

theory of sexual selection

All languages are organized on the same basic plan in that ____.

they take no more than 50 sounds and put them together in meaningful ways according to rules that can be determined by linguists

The term "core values" refers to ____.

those values which are emphasized by a particular culture

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture

through systematic connections of different parts

Which of the following is not goal of science?

to eliminate the need to use the imagination

What was the primary purpose of advocacy anthropology among the Micmac?

to help them obtain official tribal recognition

In some societies, if a husband dies and leaves a wife and children, his widow is expected to practice the custom called the levirate. This means that she is expected ____.

to marry one of the dead man's brothers

What are the long-term goals of the Chantek Foundation?

to obtain greater legal rights for primates

A language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning is called a ____.

tonal language

The initiation rites for male Australian aborigines include a stage when they are isolated from the rest of society and undergo a cram course in tribal lore; the trauma associated with their ordeal is part of a teaching method that ensures that they will remember what they are taught. This particular stage in the puberty ceremony would be referred to as the stage of ____ by Arnold Van Gennep.

transition


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