Cultural Anthropology (1), Cultural Anthropology Midterm (1), Chapter 2 - Cultural Anthropology (1), ALL Quizes Anthropology (1) large
Consider the English word "dog." Which of the following is a morpheme?
"dog"
Tattoos are universal forms of body art that may have been present as far back as ____ years ago.
10,000-40,000
Only a minority of known societies, about ____ percent, have rules requiring that sexual involvement take place only within marriage.
15
Cultural pluralism ____.
All of the above
Which of the following illustrate the psychological functions of religion?
All of the above
Laura Nader has called on anthropologists to "study up." What does she mean by this term?
Anthropologists should study the elites of a society and not only the common people.
Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.
False
Field notes are usually written on the spot, not after the fact.
False
Foodways rarely change because people are conservative.
False
The use of money is a human universal.
False
There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world.
False
When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.
False
Navajo babies begin to learn the importance of community at the ____.
First Laugh Ceremony
____ specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes.
Forensic anthropology
In autumn 1981, anthropologist ____ went to Maine to check out a job at the Association of Aroostook Indians, which needed a research and development director.
Harald Prins
In matrilineal societies with Crow kinship, sisters remain close to one another throughout their lives. Such a people are the ____, in whose traditional housing sisters lived in adjacent rooms.
Hopi
Systematic conversations with informants to collect data are called ______.
Interviews
Franz Boas did his first ethnographic research among the ____.
Inuit
____ orientation includes standards that indicate what ranges of behavior are acceptable for males and females in a particular society.
Normative
Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?
Political ecology
Which of the following research projects would not belong to the province of linguistic anthropology?
Reconstructing the evolution of the big toe to find out at what time humans began to walk upright
What anthropologist studied cultures as "collective projections of the personality of those who created it"?
Ruth Benedict
For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol?
Summarizing symbol
Chan monastics are in the country of ____.
Taiwan
A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.
True
All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based.
True
Anthropologists are deeply skeptical of grandiose claims about biological destiny and the belief that nature explains all of our behavior.
True
Anthropology is different from journalism because journalists' data are protected by law.
True
Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.
True
Culture is uniquely human.
True
Famines are often caused by not environmental factors but social factors like inequality.
True
Malinowski's analysis of the Kula cycle is important because it helps explain how Trobriand men get social status.
True
Many non-Western societies have conservation traditions that are based on distinct principles of human-nature relationship.
True
Nature and nurture are not opposed but intertwined T/F
True
The ecological costs of producing beef in the United States are externalized on the landscape and water resources.
True
Namus is ____.
Turkish honor
Maya
a Central American society in which children contribute productive labor
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to
accumulate prestige.
Descent groups ____.
all but c
An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize
all of the above
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because
all of the above
Edward Spair, who had been
all of the above
Ethnocentrism
all of the above
Examples of social institutions are
all of the above
Neural plasticity is illustrated by
all of the above
Which of the following statements about the English language is correct?
all of the above are correct
The end product of anthropological research is ____.
an explanatory framework
A study of how people deal with consumer complaints would be a research interest of the ____.
applied anthropologist
Cultural resource management is associated with which field?
archaeology
After three years of tending their gardens the Mekranoti are left with only ____.
bananas
The ability to see the world in the three dimensions of height, width, and depth is due to primates' unique development of ____.
binocular stereoscopic color vision
People who live through objects and images not of their own making are ________.
consumers
Ethnographic study of online "imagined communities" is called ____.
cyberethnography
Marriage within a particular group of individuals is called ____.
endogamy
In-depth descriptive studies of specific cultures are called ____.
ethnographies
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on
everyday interaction
Humans talk, while much communication among other primates is done through ____.
gestures
North America
home of "conspicuous consumption"
The practice of anthropologists explaining their research and being clear about the risks involved is called _______.
informed consent
An ________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings.
interpretive
People who are born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female are called ____.
intersexuals
Many anthropologists are wary about traditions because while they may feel ancient to some people, they are often ______.
invented
The Kula Ring ____.
is a circular trade route along which various goods flow
The branch of cultural anthropology that studies human languages is called ____.
linguistic anthropology
Marxism, neo-evolutionism, and cultural ecology are all considered to be ____ approaches.
materialist
Aztec
population of ancient Mexico
What was the "Mau Mau" uprising?
rebellion against British colonial rule
are words or objects that stand for something else.
signs
Between 4,000 and 9,000 years ago the human population in the Middle East increased ____.
sixty-fold
The idealist perspective is a theoretical approach that stresses the primacy of the cultural ____.
superstructure
Which of the following would most interest an anthropologist who studies geneticization
the search for breast cancer gene
You belong to a partrilineal descent group. Which of the following belong(s) to the same group?
your father's sister
If you are a member of a patrilineal descent group, ____.
your sisters belong to the same patrilineal descent group that you do
A typical Ju/'hoansi band requires about ____ square miles of land.
250
Anatomically modern Homo sapiens indisputably appear by ____ years ago.
30,000
Which of the following is evidence of cultural behavior among non-human animals?
All except d
A sadhu is a ____.
Hindu ascetic monk
Kenya's first president was ____.
Jomo Kenyatta
The ____ are a mountain people of western New Guinea studied in 1955 by the North American anthropologist Leo Pospisil.
Kapauku
The director of the African Burial Ground Project was biological anthropologist
Michael Blakey
In the myth of Tabaldak and Odziozo, Tabaldak first created the Abenakis from stone, and then from living wood. What does this tell us about the functions of myths?
Myths function to express a culture's worldview; the Abenakis see themselves as belonging to the world of living things rather than to the nonliving world of stone.
____ are typically represented in the popular media as "cave men."
Neandertals
Molecular anthropology is associated with which field?
Physical anthropology
Primatology is associated with which field?
Physical anthropology
The shift from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens occurred within the ____.
Pleistocene
Edward Hall articulated aspects of nonverbal communication in his 1959 book ____, now recognized as the founding document for the field of intercultural communication.
The Silent Language
Which of the following distinguishes acculturation from other forms of processes of change?
The use or threat of force in the relationship between two groups whose prolonged firsthand contact results in massive processes of change.
A biocultural analysis of carpal tunnel syndrome would emphasize the complex intersection of environmental, biological, and social causes of it.
True
America's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices.
True
Gene flow and gene drift work on human populations in opposite ways T/F
True
Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics.
True
Language can be used to exclude or marginalize some people.
True
Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.
True
The set of sounds and movements that animals make to communicate is called a call system T/F
True
There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly T/F
True
What minority population was van Eck studying in the Netherlands?
Turkish immigrants
In Europe, the transition to the tools of the ____ occurred between 35,000 and 40,000 years ago.
Upper Paleolithic
Both William Crocker and Richard Lee were ____.
adopted into networks of kinship at their fieldsites
A household composed of married people contains ____ kin.
affinal
The comparative method
all of the above
A substantivist would be most likely to explain the Kula cycle as
closely tied to important social institutions, such as kin networks, trading ties, and political structure.
In comparison to other mammals, primates have ____.
fewer pre-molars
What is the purpose of a free upper lip among primates?
increased facial expression
An illustration of the bioculture of humans is
mental stress from losing a job causing insomnia
are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries
migrants
Afar
miners living in Ethiopia
Americans are familiar with the story of Cinderella. Similar stories may be found throughout the world: a poor, beautiful girl, downtrodden by her stepmother, receives supernatural aid to win the hand of a noble prince who is searching for a bride. Although the circumstances differ (the girl may be a rural peasant or a servant in a great house, the supernatural helper may be a fairy godmother or a goldfish, the prince may belong to European feudalism or the Aztec empire), all the stories exhibit the same basic ____.
motif
Chantek was a(n) ____.
orangutan
What are honor killings?
ritualized murder
Claude Levi-Strauss founded a school of thought in anthropology known as ____.
structuralism
Far from being the biological reality it is thought to be, the concept of race emerged in the ____ century as a device for justifying the dominance of Europeans and their descendants over Africans, Native Americans, and other "people of color."
18th
When was the first portable synchronous-sound camera invented?
1960
The australopithecine "Lucy" was discovered in ____.
1974
In North American society self-awareness does not occur until about ____ years of age.
2
When do paleoanthropologists believe that human culture began?
2.5 million years ago
The first known stone industry was the Oldowan Tradition, dating back ____.
2.5-2.6 million years
Current projections say that global population will peak around the year ____.
2050
Most African slaves found in the burial ground in New York died before the age of ____.
40
Approximately how many individuals worldwide are infected by HIV today?
40 million
The HRAF has data currently on about ____ societies.
400
There are 192 formally admitted as members of the U.N. today, but there are approximately ____ national groups that consider themselves distinct because of birth and cultural and territorial heritage.
5,000
____% of marriages end in divorce in the United States.
50
Humankind's repertoire of body language is enormous. They are capable of making more than ____ facial expressions.
7,000
Approximately how many Micmacs are there in the Aroostook band today, according to official criteria?
850
Which of the following statements about modal personality is incorrect?
All of the above are correct.
Which of the following statements about signals and symbols is incorrect?
All of the above are correct.
____ is a series of symbols representing sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order.
Alphabet
____ are the developers of the world's largest array of nutritious foods and the primary contributors to the world's varied cuisine.
American Indians
Koko, thegorilla, ans Washo, the chimp, were two ape primates who had learn
American sign language
Aymara
Andean agriculturalists
The United States has some 2-3 million practitioners of ____ .
Buddhism
Who is responsible for the theory of social evolution
E.B. Tylor
The first clear and comprehensive definition of culture was made by ____.
Edward B. Tylor
Biomedicine is the predominant medical system found in ____.
Europe and North America
You are a member of a Ju/'hoansi hunter-gatherer band. Which of the following statements demonstrates that you belong to an egalitarian society as opposed to a stratified society?
Even though you are a poor hunter, you have as much right to receive food from your fellow band members as a good hunter does.
Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries T/F
False
____ sanctions attempt to precisely and explicitly regulate people's behavior. They can be positive (such as military decorations) or negative (such as imprisonment).
Formal
Which anthropologist studied forms of reconciliation among bonobos?
Frans de Waal
This anthropologist rejected the idea that there are groups of people belonging to stable and unchanging races
Franz Boas
The American anthropologist repsonsible for the concept of historical particularism was named
Franz Boaz
Which of the following expresses the negative consequences of global corporations on the international and domestic scenes?
Global corporations have become so powerful that they have been able to influence government decisions so that they benefit the company rather than the people.
Belief in ____ is found in societies in which women make a major contribution to the economy and are relatively equal to men in power and authority.
Goddesses
____ has 1.28 million adherents in the U.S. today.
Hinduism
This group has a food taboo against the eating of cows.
Hindus of southern Asia
____ linguistics is concerned with the study of relationships between earlier and later forms of a language, antecedents (in older languages) of developments in modern languages, and relationships among older languages.
Historical
PCB contamination in breast milk is no where higher than among the ____.
Inuit
Today in the U.S. there are 3-5 million followers of ____.
Islam
Which of the following countries has the highest number of refugees by country of origin?
Israel
How does the perception of organ transplantation differ between the U.S. and Japan?
It is rarely performed in Japan because they do not incorporate a mind-body separation.
Which of the following statements about the theory of linguistic relativity is incorrect?
It may be briefly explained with the phrase, "Language reflects reality--it only mirrors what people perceive."
Why is Fairhead and Leach's study about landscape change in Guinea important?
It shows why forests can increase because of human population growth and cultivation.
In some societies like the ____, many tasks men and women undertake may be shared, and people may perform work normally assigned to the opposite sex without loss of face.
Ju/'hoansi
In regards to the proliferation of common-interest associations anthropologist ____ observes: "we often imprint lines of kinship on friends and colleagues, transferring familial expectations onto those with whom we share time but not blood or genes or vows, so that we can have the experience of an extended family.
Meredith Small
After the abolishment of apartheid South Africa held its first all-race multi-party elections, and ____ became that country's first non-white president.
Nelson Mandela
Lincoln Keiser was treated with great disdain and suspicion in his fieldsite in ____ because of his study focus on feuding.
Pakistan
Carol Jenkins received a MacArthur Foundation grant in order to study the emergence of new diseases in ____.
Papua New Guinea
In what country do we find the Trobriand Islands?
Papua New Guinea
____ are food producers who specialize in animal husbandry, and who consider their way of life to be ideal and central to defining their identities.
Pastoralists
____ is the distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves.
Personality
Many school districts in the United States based their building and hiring plans on projections of population growth that were developed in the 1950's. The "baby boom" of the 50's has not been sustained, which has created problems for school districts today. This situation exemplifies which of the common problems found in attempts to predict the future?
Planners do not look very far into the future, and when they develop projections, they use the trends of recent history.
Which of the following statements is correct?
Relationships among individuals within the ape communities are relatively harmonious.
Your text describes a type of narrative found in many cultures in which a peasant father and his son, while traveling with their beast of burden, meet a number of people who criticize them. What is the motif?
The "motif" refers to the story situation, in this case a father and son trying to please everyone.
Margaret Mead's groundbreaking work in culture and personality published in 1928 was a deliberate test of a Western psychological hypothesis. What was this hypothesis?
The stress and conflict experienced by American adolescents is a universal phenomenon based on maturing hormones.
A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it.
True
According to Edward Sapir, language is the symbolic guide to culture.
True
Which of the following is not an example of linguistic nationalism?
You are a Spanish speaking person in the U.S., but want your children to use English so they will fit in more easily with the surrounding society.
Kapauku Papuans
a New Guinea people who breed pigs
Trobrianders
a Pacific island people studied by Malinowski
Most anthropologists face ____.
a and b
In Tibet a young man lives with his older brother, who is married. The younger brother eventually begins to think about setting up his own tent, and taking his share of the yak and fields of grass. One night his brother's wife gives him her necklace. In Tibetan culture this is an invitation for him to become her second husband. If he accepts, he will remain with his brother and share the same tent. His sister-in-law is offering him ____.
a and c
Globalization is driven by ____.
a and c only
Which of the following is not a true statement?
a biped runs faster than a quadruped
An example of group marriage would be ____.
a hippie commune where adult members of the commune have sexual access to each other
Among the Nayar, ____.
a household is composed of consanguineal kin
Chimpanzees hunt for what reason?
all of the above
During fieldwork cultural anthropologists
all of the above
Which of the following exemplifies the concept of a "hypothesis"? The light bulb failed to light because ____.
all of these
The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve "practical" problems, often for a specific client is known as ____.
applied anthropology
The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, and practices of others is called cultural
appropriation
Leveling mechanisms ____.
are found in communities where property must not be allowed to threaten an egalitarian social order
Today food foraging societies ____.
are found only in remote, marginal areas
_______ landscapes are important because they demonstrate that many landscapes that seem wild are actually the product of human shaping.
artifactual
In which of the following countries is same-sex marriages considered socially acceptable and allowed by law?
b and d
Patrilineal descent is likely to be found in societies where ____.
b and d
The form of social organization typical of hunter-gatherers is the ____, whereas horticulture and pastoralism are usually associated with the form of social organization called the ____.
band / tribe
Members of a moiety ____.
belong to one of two major descent groups in a society
Biological evolution refers to ____.
changes in the genetic makeup of a population over generations
The display of wealth for social prestige is called ____.
conspicuous consumption
After the death of a famous movie star, auctions may be held of their personal belongings. Only a few years ago, the sale of a popular actor's pillow almost caused a riot among teenage girls who were bidding for it. The assumption that sleeping with one's head on a dead person's pillow somehow puts you in touch with him could be used as an example of ____.
contagious magic
Edward Hall designated four categories of proxemically relevant spaces. Which of the following is incorrect?
conventional (7-10 feet)
In cultural evolution, the development of similar adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures is known as ____ evolution.
convergent
The Comanche and the Cheyenne were quite different culturally until they moved out onto the Great Plains and made use of the horse to hunt the buffalo and raid settled peoples. They then became more similar in cultural adaptations, a process called ____.
convergent evolution
Which form of marriage in the United States is currently being re-evaluated since the introduction of new reproductive technologies?
cousin marriage
A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called
creole
Marriage resolves the problem of how to bring sexual activity under ____ control.
cultural
ethnology is associated with which field?
cultural anthropology
In biblical times, chariots and carts were widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th century roads had deteriorated so much that wheeled vehicles were replaced by camels. This illustrates that Processes of Change is sometimes due to ____.
cultural loss
The term "gender" refers to ____.
cultural meanings assigned to the biological differences between the sexes
According to Mauss and Durkheim, a key feature of the concept of personhood in many cultures is
defined socially
People around the world often think of _______ as undermining self-determination but will often accept it when it is on their own terms.
development
Which of the following is not a change that has affected ethnography during the 20th century?
development of interest in human differences
An ethnologist can be described as someone who ____.
develops a science of culture by comparing many specific cultures
Ovulation requires a certain minimum of body fat, and in traditional foraging societies, this is not achieved until ____.
early adulthood
A(n) ____ system is one in which goods are produced, distributed, and consumed.
economic
A(n) ____ is composed of the physical environment and the organisms living within it; an important part of this environment for humans is ____.
ecosystem / culture
Native American food foragers established a way of life in New England and southern Quebec that lasted about 5,000 years. This is indicative of ____.
effective cultural adaptation
For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which of the following symbol?
elaborating symbol
Among the Ju/'hoansi, ____.
elderly people are a valuable source of knowledge and wisdom about hunting and gathering
When researchers use things such as photographs in order to prompt people to speak with them about a particular topic, these are called ____.
eliciting devices
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
encultration
Extended on-location research to gather detailed information about a society's culture is called ____.
ethnographic fieldwork
The influence of a person's class status on what pronunciation he/she uses; a speaker's choice of more complicated vocabulary and grammar when he/she is speaking to a professional audience; the influence of language on culture--all these are the concerns of ____.
ethnolinguistics
The study of music in its cultural setting is called ____.
ethnomusicology
The focus on identifying the principles behind native idea systems is called ____.
ethnoscience
The study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
Another name for repressive culture change is ____.
extinction
As a prelude to social interaction, Apache hosts feel compelled to offer their guests ____.
food
In the United States, the rise of private militia groups reflects the ____.
frustration of people whose needs are poorly satisfied by the culture
Eating practices mark
gender, age, ethnic group
Polygyny ____.
is possible only when a man is fairly wealthy
Culture is
learned and shared
In the United States people are not regarded as adults until the age of 18; in many other cultures, adulthood begins earlier. In many cases, it is not associated so much with age as it is to ____.
passage through certain prescribed rituals
A society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural differences is called a ____ society.
pluralistic
A language family is a group of languages ____.
that all have the same core vocabulary
Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because
the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built up from the language habits of a particular social group., language is a guide to "social reality.", we understand the material world through the language we speak.
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
the Industrial Revolution
Enculturation begins with the development of self-awareness, which may be defined as ____.
the ability to identify oneself as an object, to react to oneself, and to appraise oneself
Cross-cultural studies show that homicide rates mostly decline following ____.
the abolition of a death penalty
The Garbage Project in Tucson demonstrated that what people say and what they do can differ dramatically. For instance, investigators found that ____.
the amount of beer consumed, according to empty cans in the trash, was far higher than people claimed
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the people or species they study
Which of the following would most interest an anthropologist who studies geneticization?
the search for a breast cancer gene
Which of the following best defines applied anthropology?
the use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems in communities confronting new challenges
Which of the following research topics might be of interest to an ethnoscientist?
the ways in which a group classifies and explains the world
If a country achieves "replacement reproduction," this means that ____.
their population will continue to grow for another 50 years
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guide research, is
theories
Among the Yanomami, ____.
there is a range of personalities
Why is it important to study peasants?
they are the largest social category in the world
Wape villagers avoid quarreling with each other because ____.
they believe that a hunter misses his prey only because of the intervention of ancestral ghosts who are angry with quarreling in the community
When the British imposed colonial rule on the Igbo of Nigeria, ____.
they did not recognize the political power of women, and introduced changes that resulted in women becoming subordinate to men
The Amish may be used as an example of subcultural variation because ____.
they maintain a distinctive way of life that emphasizes agrarian living and loyalty to fellow Amish rather than to the state
Cultural models help us make sense of the world because
they provide a pattern for one's own behavior and interpreting others' actions
In centralized societies, antisocial behavior is usually dealt with in a court system by the use of formal, negative sanctions involving the application of abstract rules and the use of force. The primary aim is ____.
to assign and punish guilt
Scale systems and their modifications in music is ____.
tonality
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are refered to as
traditions
Andrea Louie's multi-sited field research project focused on ____.
transnational identity
Paralanguage includes not only the way that people say things but also a variety of extralinguistic noises called ____.
vocalizations
Copernicus' discovery that the earth orbits the sun rather than vice versa ____.
was a primary innovation that was out of step with the needs, values, and goals of his time
In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because
we can speak using our larynx
Although not true of all matrilineal systems, a common feature is the ____ of the tie between husband and wife.
weakness
The sanitary habits of food foraging peoples ____.
were highly adaptive in the context of foraging, but are maladaptive in the context of sedentism
In order to minimize the impact of subjectivity, the anthropologist should consider all of the following except ____.
what the anthropologist observes in his/her own culture
Goldschmidt suggests that it is possible to decide which cultures are more successful than others by looking at ____.
which ones satisfy the physical and cultural needs of the people
How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?
while it is importance to understand Native American claims from their point of view, it doesnt mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue
Chantek eventually learned to produce ____ signs.
150
Although human beings always have been interested in other human beings, anthropology has emerged as a tradition of scientific inquiry over the last ____.
150 years
In ____, the first organ transplant occurred in ____ when surgeons removed a kidney from one identical twin to place it inside his sick brother.
1954 / Boston
The first mammals appeared over ____ years ago and the earliest primates appeared about ____ years ago.
200 million / 65 million
Which of the following statements about self-awareness is incorrect?
American children develop self-awareness earlier than do Ju/'hoansi children.
Which Western anthropologist was the first to encourage the study of non-human primates as a way of understanding humans?
Louis Leakey
A biological perspective on the evolution of our species would emphasize that
all of the above
A cross-cultural comparison of systems of political organization reveals that ____.
all of the above
A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
all of the above
A cross-cultural perspective on manic depression would
all of the above
A culture must satisfy basic needs such as ____.
all of the above
A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that
all of the above
A symbol
all of the above
Because humans have culture, they are able to live in which of the following environments?
all of the above
If an anthropologist who studies cultural models were to analyze the Ilongot concept of liget, she or he might emphasize
all of the above
In which of the following cultural centers is homosexuality openly accepted as part of the urban lifestyle.
all of the above
Increasing, professional anthropologists are
all of the above
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally sttudy
all of the above
The agents of enculturation ____.
all of the above
The canadian government helps preserve the use of french
all of the above
The enhanced cognition of early modern humans allowed for
all of the above
The human mind is
all of the above
The limitation of culture and personality studies was that they assumed
all of the above
Which of the following are minority nations is trying to improve its political position by founding an independent state?
all of the above
Why is it important to map the fieldsite with information from the local people?
all of the above
With urbanization came a sharp increase in the tempo of human cultural evolution. Which of the following occurred with urbanization?
all of the above
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
all of the above are correct
Which of the following groups would be an example of a common-interest organization?
all of the above are examples of common-interest organizations
Which of the following is not a primate?
all of the above are primates
The assumptions involved in the concept of enculturation may be traced to and illuminated by an understanding of the concept of tabula rasa, a term which ____.
all of the above except a
An individual's personality ____.
all of the above.
Which of the following statements about kinesics is correct?
Cross-cultural research indicates that the body language used when people are greeting each other is similar all over the world.
The Russian concept of blat, in which people give and receive favors, interests anthropologists because it appears to be preventing the emergence of capitalist markets.
False
Among people of ____ ancestry, clan affiliation is still a matter of interest, though the importance of such kin groups has diminished.
Scottish
In the 19th century ____, author of one of the most widely read anthropological books of all time, The Golden Bough, made a strong distinction between religion and magic.
Sir James G. Frazer
Which of the following statements about diffusion is incorrect?
The cultivation of the potato diffused to the New World from Ireland.
Which of the following statements about the history of linguistics is incorrect?
The discovery of system, regularity, and relationships in linguistic data occurred in the 17th century.
What do environmental anthropologists study?
The effects of global economic changes on human-nature relationships The impact of pollution on certain groups The impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups
hat does R.K. Williamson mean by the difference between the "blessed gift" and "the curse"?
These are two different cultural perspectives of intersexuality.
All of the following statements except one correctly describe food foraging societies. Which is it?
They are primitive because they did not progress to a higher level.
Religion, magic, and witchcraft are all similar in which of the following ways?
They provide explanation of events and are mechanisms of social control.
The use of wealth to support the tonowi's power; belief in the divine right of kings to rule; the oldest living male becoming the head of the Dahomey state of West Africa--what do all these have in common?
They represent what is considered to be the legitimate basis of political authority in that particular society.
In some cultures people are not born as full persons but gain that as they fulfill social obligations.
True
Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake T/F
True
Nature and nurture are not opposed but intertwined.
True
Which of the following situations involving gender division of labor are likely to produce a sense of equality among males and females?
a and c only.
Kinds of policy research frequently done by anthropologists are ____.
a and d
The belief that nature is animated with spirits is called ____.
animism
In Western countries a culture-bound psychological disorder known as ____ occurs most frequently among young women in which a preoccupation with thinness produces a refusal to eat.
anorexia nervosa
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
Kinesics is a method for notating and analyzing ____.
any form of body language.
The study of the chimpanzee Vicki indicated that ____.
apes are incapable of spoken language
During World War II, cultural anthropologists worked for the government to describe the cultures of Germany and Japan in an effort to provide knowledge that might help the United States win the war. This is an example of ____.
applied anthropology
Witchcraft serves psychological as well as social functions. The Navajo are said to be a peaceful people whose culture emphasizes the importance of harmonious social and spiritual relationships. What would you expect the incidence of witchcraft to be in traditional Navajo society as compared with its incidence in another Native American Indian society that required its members to engage in periodic expressions of fighting with each other?
a higher incidence of witchcraft in Navajo society
"Greater wealth brings greater obligation to give." Such an obligation may be referred to as ____.
a leveling mechanism
The personality typical of a society, as indicated by the central tendency of a defined frequency distribution, is called, ____.
a modal personality
Amish
a pacifist agrarian subculture of the U.S.
An ethnic psychosis refers to ____.
a psychosis characterized by symptoms peculiar to a particular group
What is GPS?
a satellite device that allows for precise measuring
A sign, sound, emblem, or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way is called ____.
a symbol
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
a way of explaining how the world works
In a stratified society, ____ that are indicative of social class are called symbolic indicators.
activities and possessions
The process by which organisms adjust beneficially to their environment, or the characteristics by which they overcome hazards and gain access to the resources they need to survive, is called ____.
adaptation
If an anthropologists works to help indigenous peoples hold onto their ancestral lands, the anthropologist is called a(n) ____.
advocate
To study and analyze art, anthropologists use a combination of which three approaches?
aesthetic, narrative, and interpretive
The following ____ are passed through by members of North American culture: toddler, teenager, senior citizen.
age grades
____ in modern North American society is exemplified by the educational system, which specifies that at 6 years of age all children must enter the first grade.
age grading
Peyote buttons contain a psychotropic substance called a(n) ____.
alkaloid
A book by Margaret Mead called Coming of Age in Samoa, published in 1928, ____.
all but a
A lineage is a corporate descent group ____.
all but a
As outlined by the Polish-born anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski, which of the following would be considered a fundamental level of needs that must be resolved by all cultures?
all but a
The case of the Swazi may be used to illustrate that ____.
all but a
The Windigo of the Ojibwa can be used as an example of ____.
all but b
The functions of law include ____.
all but c
Eskimo kinship terminology ____.
all but d
To help resolve problems of global structural violence which of the following values and cultural motivations would be needed?
all but d
The rise of separatist movements such as those promoted by French-speakers in Canada, Tamils in Sri Lanka, Croats in the former Yugoslavia, and Latvians in the former Soviet Union indicate that ____.
all large states have a tendency to come apart
"Two-spirit" is a male, passive homosexual in Native North American societies formerly known as ____.
berdache
Among bonobos, which of the following bonds is the most significant to predicting rank and success within the group?
between mother and son
North Americans assume that they are related equally to the relatives on both the mother's and father's side. The group composed of such people to which these individuals feel that they belong is called a(n) ____ descent group.
bilateral
____ kinship affiliates a person with close relatives through both sexes; in other words, the individual traces descent through both parents, all four grandparents, and so forth, recognizing multiple ancestors.
bilateral kinship
A paradigm that emphasizes humans that are made up of complex biological, cultural, and psychological processes is
biocultural
Because the years of crucial human brain development coincide with the years of enculturation, we can refer to the human brain as a ______ brain
biocultural
Which of the following primate females show the incidence of perpetual genital swelling and the ability for constant sexual activity?
bonobos
Anthropologist believe that our behavior is influenced by
both
Anthropologists use ____.
both quantitative and qualitative data
Global warming is primarily caused by ____.
burning fossil fuels
Zulu healers have addressed the AIDS epidemic by all of the following except ____.
by providing standard health care, regardless of the patient's cultural background
Animal call systems
can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli
A fairly fixed membership, strongly endogamous, membership is ascribed; these attributes would describe which of the following?
caste system
When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activist, and political leaders
challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist
When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders
challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist.
A ____ is a regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single authority figure at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people.
chiefdom
Which of the following primate groups has been observed tool-making most frequently?
chimpanzees
When Spanish invaded Mexico and Guatemala, they adopted the local practice of using ____ as money.
chocolate
What is the first step in doing ethnographic fieldwork?
choosing a research question
Aztec
civilization of Mexico which engaged in large-scale sacrifices
A ____ is a noncorporate descent group whose members claim descent from a common ancestor but cannot trace their genealogical links to that ancestor.
clan
A clan is similar to a lineage except that ____.
clan members are unable to trace exact genealogical links to their common ancestor
Following Professor Price's definition and explanation of cultural relativism, Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban's (in Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights) initial refusal to directly oppose female circumcision (or genital cutting) was an example of
confusing cultural relativism with moral relativism
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called
cultural anthropology
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is
cultural relativism
The protection of cultural resources as part of archaeology is called ____.
cultural resource management
Although the drive toward imaginative play may be a human universal, the form that it takes is determined by ____.
culture
An archaeologist studies material remains to understand ____.
culture
The ________ school emphasized that processes of enculturation shape the characteristics of a person's individual makeup.
culture and personality
Because the years of crucial human brain development coincide with the years of enculturation, we can refer to the human brain as a ______ brain.
cultured
In general, ethnologists study ____.
cultures as they have been observed, experienced, and discussed with persons whose cultures they seek to understand
According to Mauss and Durkheim, a key feature of the concept of personhood in many other culture is
defined socially
When a mother says to her daughter, "I want you to go to college and meet someone who can support you in the style to which you are accustomed," she is conveying the idea that the daughter must marry someone outside of the immediate family--a concept of ____.
exogamy
The "little songs" of the Bedouin are antistructural because they ____.
express ideas and feelings that go against the moral system
Dependence training is more likely in ____.
extended families in societies whose economy is based on subsistence farming
Two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group is a(n) ____.
extended family
Diversity defined anthropologically
focuses on multiplicity and variety
The ____ way of life is the oldest and most universal type of human adaptation.
food-foraging
Comanche
foragers of Idaho
Which of the following is not a chemical found in chocolate?
formaldehyde
According to Bronislaw Malinowski, the nature of an institution is determined by its ____.
function
The levirate and the sororate ____.
function to maintain the relationship between the family of the bride and the family of the groom
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is call
functionalism
In Western societies between A.D. 1000 and 1800, divorce was next to impossible, but few marriages lasted more than about 10 or 20 years, owing to ____.
high death rates
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
holism
If Jakob Grimm, who developed what has come to be known as Grimm's law, were analyzing the historical relationships among the so-called dialects of Chinese (such as Cantonese and Mandarin), what data would he be looking for in his linguistic fieldwork?
how the speakers of each dialect pronounce different words with similar meanings in the several dialects
Anthropology studies the language of a culture, its philosophy, and its forms of art; and in the process of doing research, ethnographers involve themselves intensively in the lives of those they study, trying to experience culture from their informants' points of view. In this sense, anthropology is ____.
humanistic
The classification of hominoid includes ____.
humans and apes, living and extinct
Digital ethnography is also known as ____.
hypermedia ethnography
An assertion of opinion or belief formally handed down by an authority as true and indisputable is called a(n) ____.
hypothesis
Cultural ________ occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.
imperialism
The concept of tabula rasa ____.
implies that individuals are shaped primarily by their experiences, which differ from culture to culture
Anthropology has sought directly to do each of the following except ____.
impose a Western and modern approach to life
Cooperative work groups are found ____.
in all societies.
Upward mobility in social class is more possible ____.
in nuclear families with neolocal residence
Ethnographies are ____.
in-depth descriptive studies of specific cultures
The price humans pay for spoken language is a(n) ____, caused by a lower position of the larynx and epiglottis.
increased risk of choking to death.
The enhanced cognition of early modern humans allowed for
increased sophistication in toolmaking better defense against predators. organizing social groups.
One becomes the owner of one's self and capacities in societies that practice ____.
independence training
The defining feature of historical particularism is
individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change
In Western society, "personal offenses" pertains to offenses committed against ____.
individuals
Anthropologist Kim Hopper believes
industrialized nations produce "surplus people"
Because subsistence practices involve tapping into available resources to satisfy a society's basic needs, this aspect of culture is known as ____.
infrastructure
The materialist perspective is a theoretical approach that stresses the primacy of the cultural ____.
infrastructure
Among the Kapauku Papuans of New Guinea, the fact that an attempt to eliminate warfare (which would create a balanced sex ratio) would affect the practice of polygyny, which would affect the economy (since women raise pigs, and the more wives a man has the more pigs he can keep), shows that culture is ____.
integrated
Ju/'hoansi
interacted with Bantu farmers for 2000 years
Because our values and beliefs are reflected in many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
intergrated
Which of the following is not an element associated with the barrel model of culture?
interstructure
The comparative method
is a general approach, holds that no society or behavior should be seen in isolation, refers to the practice of comparing two or more cultures.
What is unique about the Mongolian shaman's drum?
it is made from a tree struck by lightening
What is the purpose of genito-genital rubbing among primates?
it is the most frequent type of reconciliation among bonobos
A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except
it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology.
Anthropology is different from other disciplines that study humans because ____.
it synthesizes data from many fields in an effort to describe human behavior as a whole
A key feature of environmental ______ movements is their attention to the linkages between social marginalization and environmental degradation.
justice
The members of a society who work most closely with the anthropologist to provide an understanding of cultural phenomena are called ____.
key consultants
Where nuclear families are important, the principle of bilateral descent and the group called the ____ will probably exist.
kindred
____ are frequently found in industrial societies such as that of the United States, where mobility weakens contact with relatives.
kindreds
Paralanguage is to speech as ____ is to position of the body.
kinesics
What was the main focus of Kinji Imanishi's primate studies?
kinship and social behavior
Inca
known for redistribution
A system of communication based on symbols is called a ____.
language
The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
language death
All ____, as systems of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules, are organized on the same basic plan.
languages
Which of the following are of greatest importance in human speech?
larynx and epiglottis
Adamson Hoebel defined ____ as a social norm enforced by the legitimate use (or threat of use) of physical force.
law
In 1948 anthropologists discovered that aborigines in Arnhem Land were able to sustain themselves well on an average workday of ____.
less than 6 hours
Among the Hopi, ____ function as landholding corporations, allocating land for the support of member households.
lineages
In France, a committee exists which has the job of eliminating subversive foreign influences in the form of words borrowed from other languages. English is a major offender (as in le bluejeans or le hamburger). This is an example of ____.
linguistic nationalism
The French attempt to purge their language of such Americanisms as le hamburger, is a case of ____.
linguistic nationalism
The modern scientific study of all aspects of language is ____.
linguistics
Claire Sterk built rapport with the prostitutes she studied by
listening to the women's stories, providing practical assistance, truly wanting to learn from the women and acknowledging their expertise
Among the Iroquois, males and females performed different duties, but both were considered significant. The women were sedentary and the men nomadic, but when the men were in the village they lived with the women rather than in a separate men's house. You would expect the rate of rape in this society to be ____.
low
The hunting and butchering of large game as well as the processing of hard or tough raw materials are almost universally ____ occupations.
male
Analyses of human skeletal remains from the Maya city of Tikal reveal that, on average, ____.
males interred in more elaborate graves were taller than those from simple graves
Tool-making puts a premium on ____.
manual dexterity
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoffs study of genderized speech, you might find that talking like a lady
marginalize women voice in work context
From skeletal remains, the forensic anthropologist cannot establish which of following?
marital status
The affects and feelings we experience as humans
may not have an exact equivalent in another culture
What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?
meat consumption increased
Chimpanzees are the only animals to use ____ as a mechanism of reconciliation.
mediators
Many food foraging groups have rituals celebrating the association of men with hunting and warfare, and women with generation of life. They interpret this difference to mean that ____.
men and women are different, but one is not ranked higher than the other
Among the Igbo of Nigeria, ____.
men and women each had separate, autonomous spheres of political activity
The Afar people of Ethiopia specialize in ____.
mining salt
Which of the following is not a traditional field or subdiscipline of anthropology?
molecular anthropology
Something used to make payments for other goods and services as well as to measure their value is called ____.
money
In the United States today, ____.
monogamy is the only legally recognized form of marriage
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called
morphology
The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called
morphology
The hypothesis that modern human originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world is called the ____.
multiregional hypothesis
The first generation of formal anthropologists began their careers working for ____.
museums
Slight, unpredictable variation in the genetic code that occurs during reproduction is called
mutation
Which of the following is not a Maori cultural concept?
namus
The type of verbal arts that has received the most study and attention is ____, because it is the easiest to collect.
narrative
Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except
narrative symbol
Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except
narrative symbols
In industrial societies, such as the United States, the most common form of residence after marriage is ____.
neolocal
The culture concept was first developed by anthropologists toward the end of the ____ century.
nineteenth
Just 16% of the world's adult population claim to be ____.
non-religious
Margaret Mead's study of three societies in New Guinea demonstrated that ____.
none of the above
The long history of human involvement in hunting and gathering as a mode of cultural adaptation probably helped to shape ____.
none of the above
Intelligence is
not marked by a single fixed gene
The ____ system divides the octave into five nearly equidistant tones.
pentatonic
Which of the following analyses of Christmas shopping would be least likely to come from a follower of cultural economics?
people always make decisions about what to buy on the basis of getting the lowest price.
Norms tend to be stable because
people learn them when they are young
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes that
people make sense of the world through binary oppositions
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?
people make sense of the world through binary oppositions ie. raw/cooked
An archaeologist has a research project involving the analysis of an old campsite of a people who relied primarily on foraging for wild foods about 500,000 years ago. This project would be considered ____.
prehistoric
The discovery that the firing of clay makes it permanently hard is an example of a(n) ____.
primary innovation
Which of the following study living primates?
primatologists
A ____ is a deliberate effort by members of a society to construct a more satisfying culture.
revitalization movement
In Southeast Asia, the crop complex adapted to tropical wetlands was ____.
rice, yam, taro
The core value to which European-Americans subscribe is, according to Francis Hsu, ____.
rugged individualism
Society is held together by ____ known as its social structure.
rule-governed relationships
Awards, titles, recognition, imprisonment, corporal punishment, and ostracism from the community are all examples of ____.
sanctions
The deliberate use of basic ideas in some practical application, such as making use of the knowledge of how electricity works to develop the telephone, is called ____.
secondary innovation
Anthropologist overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
Mary Douglas compared food's structure in society with language and a formal dinner with a _______________.
sentence
The extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops then planted among the ashes is known as ____.
swidden farming
According to Clyde Kluckhohn, Navajo witchcraft serves to channel ____.
symptoms related to pressures of Euramerican society
In acculturation, subordinate groups will often incorporate new cultural elements into their own culture, creating a blend of old and new; a reinterpretation of new cultural elements to fit them with already existing traditions is called ____.
syncretism
If Benjamin Whorf were trying to find further proof that grammar shapes the way people perceive the world, which of the following would NOT be a focus of his research?
the density of the population in the several communities.
Which of the following is an example of primary innovation?
the discovery of the principle of the wheel
The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals
the interconnections between different domains of a society
In their fight against HIV/AIDS, traditional Zulu healers offer all of the following except:
the latest technological advances in disease treatment
A commodity chain analysis applied to motorcars would be interested in all of the following except
the layout of the factory in which they are built.
Which of the following is an example of animism?
the malevolent spirit inside your baseball who jumps erratically through the air just as you think you're about to hit a home run
An anthropologist who studies the cultural landscape of Zapotec farmers of southern Mexico would be primarily interested in
the meanings and images they have of nature that shape their farming practices.
An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as
the natural abilities of more "civilized" people to control less "civilized" people.
To say that food foraging societies are egalitarian means that ____.
the only status differences are age and sex
Historians, who usually study the past through written sources, are limited chronologically to ____.
the past 5,000 years
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community.
Ethnopsychology is largely concerned with
understanding how other societies make sense of selves, persons, and emotions
A word that best describes participant observation is
unstructured
Clyde Snow is an anthropologist who ____.
used forensic evidence to investigate "disappearances" in Argentina
A focus on ________ in a culture allows an anthropologist to understand what people hold to be near and dear
values
The most common pattern characterizing violence against indigenous people in Brazil is ____.
violence against indigenous people
What is the fear reaction of being bewitched found among Algonquian hunters?
windigo
Which of the following is not a signal?
winking
Matrilineal descent groups are associated with farming societies in which ____ are the breadwinners.
women
What was the focus of Annette Weiner's research in the Trobriands?
women's productive work
Apache
a Native American group with distinct architectural needs
Navajo
exhibited "negative reciprocity"
Anthropology is ____.
the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time
The observation that all cultures include activities that provide aesthetic pleasure suggests that ____.
All of the above
Which of the following White performers presented their own versions of African American music to White audiences?
All of the above
____ is typical of peoples who see themselves as a part of nature rather than superior to it.
Animism
In North America, ____ is thought of as a specialized activity done for play, recreation, or aesthetic appreciation.
Art
The greatest single cache of hominin fossils in the world was found at ____.
Atapuerca in Spain
The Upper Paleolithic is marked by human migration to ____ for the first time.
Australia
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Australopithecus inhabited an area of dense woodlands.
Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson did their most significant photographic research in ____.
Bali
In the 1930's and 40s, Edward Sapir and ____ investigated the idea that language, by providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see the world in a certain way.
Benjamin Lee Whorf
At the top of the caste system in India is the ____ caste.
Brahmans
The theoretical approach of structural-functionalism is primarily associated with the ____ School.
British
Unlike today, when anthropologists are specially trained before conducting fieldwork, ____ early in the twentieth century had received no special training.
Bronislaw Malinowski
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?
Bronislaw Malinowski
The thinker who developed the evolutionary theory or natural selection in the 19th century
Charles Darwin
The core values of ____ culture promote the integration of the individual into a larger group.
Chinese
One well-known forensic anthropologist is ____.
Clyde C. Snow
ethnography is associated with what field?
Cultural anthropology
____ refers to the position that because cultures are unique, each one can be evaluated only according to its own standards and values.
Cultural relativism
The members of this Indian caste constitute a large pool of cheap labor at the beck and call of those controlling economic and political affairs.
Dalits
____ are child-rearing practices that foster compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and reliance on the domestic group, rather than reliance on themselves.
Dependence training
People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.
False
An important pioneer in the anthropological study of law was ____.
E. Adamson Hoebel
The 19th century British anthropologist who is credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective where the most evolved societies resembled the British societies in which he lived was
E.B. Tylor
Australopithecine fossils have been found in all of the following modern-day areas except ____.
Egypt
Among the oldest writing systems in the world is ____, developed about ____ years ago and in use for about 3,500 years.
Egyptian hieroglyphics / 5,000
What of the following statements is correct?
Ethnic groups collectively and publicly identify themselves as distinct.
Most mammals use some form of call system to communicate with others of their species. Dogs and chimpanzees share an additional linguistic characteristic because they can communicate simple combinations of ideas about things they are not currently seeing.
False
Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans.
False
All humans are born with some culture.
False
Although cultural differences produce different behaviors and practices, humans feel emotions in the same way worldwide.
False
An ecological footprint is a measurement of the population an area can support.
False
Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank.
False
Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociologist have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the US T/F
False
Contemporary cultural anthropologists still rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" T/F
False
Cultural models and personal cognitive models are the same thing.
False
Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend anything done by people in other cultures.
False
Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provides an accurate description of the way the people actually lived.
False
____, like other pastoral nomadic tribes of the Middle East, described their god in masculine, authoritarian terms.
Hebrews
Which of the following is not a classification proposed by Linnaeus?
Homo sylvestris
A(n) ____ child is born into its mother's clan, cared for by the elder women, it spends the first nineteen days of its life wrapped in a blanket and secluded indoors.
Hopi
Peyote art is a traditional form among the ____.
Huichol
The vast collection of cross-indexed ethnographic and archaeological data catalogued by cultural characteristics and geographic locations is called the ____.
Human Relations Area Files
Which of the following illustrates the fact that culture is learned rather than biologically inherited?
Human societies differ in whether their members eat five meals a day or only one, and what types of food and drink are considered appropriate or taboo
Which of the following statements about linguistic divergence is incorrect?
If languages were isolated from each other, there would be very little linguistic change.
____ magic is based on the assumption that things that are like each other somehow have a connection with each other; and thus if you do something to one, it will affect the other.
Imitative
Social classes are closed in ____ where membership in hierarchically ranked groups known as castes is determined by birth and remains fixed for life.
India
____ are semihistorical narratives that account for the deeds of heroes, the movements of peoples, and the establishment of local customs.
Legends
One of the "founding mothers' of anthropology is ____.
Margaret Mead
This woman anthropologist was hired by the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1888, making her one of the first women in the U.S. to receive a full-time position in science.
Matilda Cox Stevenson
____ is the pioneering American anthropologist who did work among the Zuni and founded the Women's Anthropological Society in 1885.
Matilda Cox Stevenson
____ was the tool industry found among the Neandertals.
Mousterian
Although details differ from one society to another, woman/woman marriages among the ____ of western Kenya may be taken as reasonably representative of such practices in Africa.
Nandi
In North American society, the stereotypic car salesman would practice what type of reciprocal exchange?
Negative
Which of the following statements about the Nayar is correct?
None of the above.
Homo erectus fossils have been found in all of the following areas except ____.
North America
In ____ there has been a recent decline in participation of common-interest associations of all types.
North America
On April 10, 1984, the ____ became the first community of Native Americans in the United States to affirm the right of its members to regain and maintain fluency in the ancestral language.
Northern Ute
____ is viewed most simply as organized belief in the supernatural, and all fulfill numerous social and psychological needs.
Religion
____ may be defined as the beliefs and patterns of behavior by which people try to control those aspects of the universe that are otherwise beyond their control.
Religion
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
Renato Rosaldo
Which of the following anthropologists was involved in the creation of "culture-at-a-distance" studies?
Ruth Benedict
Which of the following statements about the relationship between sex and gender is incorrect?
Sex is the same as gender.
____, with its often dramatic ritual, promotes a release of tension among individuals in a society.
Shamanism
The ____ deliberately avoided modernization, until they felt they had no other option if they were to fend off the same outside forces that elsewhere in Amazon basin have destroyed whole societies.
Shuar
In which of the following locations would you find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?
Silicon Valley, A factory, A Malawian village
____ establishes group cohesion and makes it possible for people to consistently satisfy their basic needs.
Social structure
Which anthropologist was the first to carry out an advocacy project within a North American Indian community?
Sol Tax
If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?
Survey Interview
The ____ authority system is characterized by a highly developed dual monarchy, a hereditary aristocracy, and elaborate kinship rituals, as well as by statewide age sets.
Swazi
Which of the following statements about the concept of tabula rasa is incorrect?
The concept expresses the idea that adult personalities are formed largely by their biological inheritance
The concept of "fortress conservation" would be applicable to all of the following situations EXCEPT
The construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas
What is ethnohistory?
The study of cultures recently passed.
According to some observers of U.S. culture, common-interest associations may not be showing a decline so much as a(n) ____.
Transformation
Although language is one of the most rule-bound aspect of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious T/F
True
Although language is one of the most rule-bound aspects of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious.
True
American's pattern of gender inequality is built into our linguistic practices T/F
True
Anthropologists of the 1880s are referred to as "armchair anthropologists" because they never traveled abroad and they gathered data from other people's reports.
True
Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.
True
Which of the following questions would cross-cultural research be suited to answer?
a and b
In contrast with historical linguistics, descriptive linguistics ____.
a and b only
Bakhtiari
West Asian pastoralists
What is the most frequent type of reconciliation among chimpanzees?
a and b only
An archaeologist might attempt to study ____.
a and c
Which of the following political systems would be considered centralized system?
a and c
Which of the following nature-oriented religions has 310,000 adherents today in the United States?
Wicca
In 1980, ____ as a practitioner of dispute management, helped the U.S. and the Soviet Union replace their obsolete "hot line" with fully equipped nuclear crisis centers in each capital.
William L. Ury
Anthropologists interpret myth as the ____ of cultures that do not use scientific methods; myths explain the world and a people's place in it.
Worldview
Ideal personality traits among ____ men would include being fierce, belligerent, and flamboyant.
Yanomami
Why were there differences between the original field research of Malinowski and that of Weiner some sixty years later?
all of these
Cross-cultural studies show that in many non-Western cultures "co-sleeping" (infant sleeps with mother) is the rule. Which of the following are benefits of mother and infant co-sleeping?
all of these are benefits of mother and infant co-sleeping
What is the best way to ensure that a people has the right to maintain their own culture?
allow them to collaborate with the anthropologist's study
A residence pattern in which a married couple may choose to live in the husband's father's or wife's mother's place of residence is called ____ residence.
ambilocal
One of the first U.S. anthropologists to study acculturation was Margaret Mead in her 1932 fieldwork ____.
among the Omaha Indians
A cultural relativist would explain neural plasticity as
closely related to cultural differences in how people perceive and think.
A Scottish butler in an English mansion says to the lady of the house, "You may wish to stay inside today, Madam; it's quite cold outside." But when he goes back to his own cottage he is likely to say to his wife in broad Scots, "Shut the door and get inside, Maggie, you'll freeze your buns off." In linguistics this is an example of ____.
code switching
Although human beings always have been interested in other human beings, anthropology first began to emerge as a formal discipline during ____.
colonialism
The linked elements that contribute to the manufacture of an object like a T-shirt is called a
commodity chain
The term ____ is usually used to refer to varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible.
dialect
Individuals who live and work far from their original homelands form part of a growing population that is classified as ____.
diasporic
The spread of cultural elements from one culture to another is called ____.
diffusion
The process by which culture is transmitted from one generation to the next is called ____.
enculturation
Which of the following is not a form of descent?
endogamy
Robert Hitchcock works with the San peoples in southern Africa in order to ____.
ensure their land rights
____ serve to transmit and preserve a culture's legal and political practices.
epics
Windigo would be an example of a so-called ____.
ethnic psychosis
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is
ethnocentrism
The belief that one's own way of life is superior to others is ____.
ethnocentrism
The major problem associated with cultural pluralism has to do with ____.
ethnocentrism
Malinowski's Trobriand work was of such high quality that it made ____ a scientific enterprise.
ethnography
The two main scholarly components of Cultural Anthropology are ____.
ethnography and ethnology
If an anthropologists is studying a culture of the recent past using oral histories, accounts of explorers, missionaries, and traders and also through the analysis of such records as land titles, birth and death records, and other archival materials; that anthropologist is doing ____.
ethnohistory
Cross-cultural research that allows the anthropologist to develop theories that help explain why certain important differences or similarities occur between groups is known as ____.
ethnology
____ are anthropologists who try to understand the relationship between folk ideologies (the native classifications and explanations for the universe) and the way a group survives.
ethnoscientists
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on
everyday interactions
The branch of medical anthropology that uses evolutionary principles to contribute to contemporary human health issues is called ____.
evolutionary medicine
The ____ of culture is/are what a culture must do to satisfy basic needs of its members.
functions
The movement of genes through interbreeding or intermarriage among humans from different population is
gene flow
When an Australian hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what is expected in return, he is exemplifying ____.
generalized reciprocity
If a single female immigrant brings a trait to a small, sparsely populated island and within many generations it is present in 50% of the population, it would be an example of
genetic drift.
Punching the palm of the hand for emphasis, raising the head and brows when asking a question, or using the hands to illustrate what is being discussed are forms of ____ messages that accompany spoken messages.
gestural
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that
global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves. it is easier to study local settings than global settings. anthropologists have always been locally focused.
The author uses the Nayar of southwest India to illustrate that rules about sexual access can be highly variable. Nayar women ____.
go through three transactions that define sexual eligibility, rights of sexual access, and legitimacy of children
Which of the following would invoke informal sanctions against an individual in a restaurant in the United States?
going barefoot
Although all primates use some form of call system, some, such as chimps and ______, are known to be capable of more complex communication than a simple call system.
gorilla
Though pastoral nomadic peoples are often blamed for causing environmental degradation, the fault is not theirs. Rather, it lies with ____.
governments that restrict their movements causing overgrazing
The entire formal structure of a language consisting of all observations about its meaningful units of sounds and the rules or principles of making phrases and sentences is called its ____.
grammar
Over the past 5,000 years, political units have ____.
grown steadily larger in size and fewer in number
Aztec society in the 16th century ____.
had a capital city with a population five times the size of London at that time
One reason many environmental anthropologists are skeptical of _______ as a sole explanation for environmental degradation is that it doesn't recognize that different societies and people within each society consume differing amounts of resources.
overpopulation
The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike is called ____.
parallel evolution
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
parole
A research method in which one learns about a group's beliefs and behaviors through social participation and personal observation within the community is called ____.
participant observation
The primary method in the anthropologist's toolkit, regardless of the time period, has always been ____.
participant observation
is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out."
participant observation
Ceremonies such as bar mitzvahs, elaborate wedding ceremonies, baby showers, and graduation parties that help individuals make major changes in their lives are referred to as rites of ____.
passage
The major difference between animism and animatism has to do with whether the supernatural force which occupies an entity is ____.
personal or impersonal (a being or an impersonal force without identity)
From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that
personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions.
The set of visible characteristics of an individual is called a
phenotype
The systemic study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds is ____.
phonetics
The study of abstract rules that guide the sound patterns of a language is called ____.
phonology
_______ refers to the structure of speech sounds
phonology
refers to the structure of speech sounds.
phonology
forensic anthropology is associated with which field?
physical anthropology
Linguistics refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
pidgin language
Marvin Harris argues that pork was not generally raised in the Middle East historically because ____.
pig-raising threatened the natural ecosystem
The basis of the tonowi's wealth is ____.
pigs
If you were conducting a symbolic analysis of TV programs and wanted to identify a key scenario such as the Horatio Alger myth, which of the following would you focus on?
plots that are repeated in many of the programs that American viewers interpret as commonplace social experiment
The term ____ refers to the way power, or the ability to control others' behavior, is distributed or embedded in society.
political organization
Two people playing different patterns of beats at the same time is called ____.
polyrhythm
Pollution, although a worldwide consequence of certain agricultural and industrial activities, is more of a problem in ____ because chemicals that may be banned in richer nations can be used more easily.
poor countries
The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent
post-structuralism
The notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their cultural development is called ____.
progress
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
proof of their primitive nature
A ______ is when anthropologists drop into a community for just a few weeks to collect data.
rapid apprasial
Most people plan for the future by looking at trends in ____.
recent history
If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies, what method would you use?
record how younger people, middle aged, and senior citizens pronounces ordinary american words
The system by which goods flow into some central source, and then out again to the community is called ____.
redistribution
The term "modernization" ____.
refers to the process of cultural and socioeconomic change whereby societies acquire the characteristics of industrialized societies
The ethical obligation to self-monitor while doing ethnographic research (constantly checking and re-checking personal or cultural biases) is called ____.
reflexivity
Bride ____ refers to the period of time a groom is expected to work for his bride's family.
service
A stoplight is a visual example of a
sign
Which of the following is not considered to be a primate?
sloths
Claire Sterk gained initial entry to the community of prostitutes she wished to study
slowly and by not presenting herself as an expert.
Changes in Skolt Lapp society occurred because ____.
snowmobiles were used to herd reindeer
A major social impact of industrial agriculture is __________, as can be seen by the creation of a peasant class.
social stratification
The rule-governed relationships that hold a society together, with all their rights, duties, and obligations, are known as its ____
social structure
One method used by linguists to find out the rules by which morphemes are combined in larger chains is called ____. In this method, the linguist puts together strings of morphemes, looking for categories within which certain morphemes will fit (e.g., the category "adjective" applies to all morphemes that fit in the phrase, "I am looking for a [***] house").
substitution frames
is the study of how sociocultural norms and contexts shape language use in society.
sociolinguistics
The uniquely patterned sounds of a particular language are called ____.
speech
Although all societies have some kind of incest taboo, the relationship which is considered incestuous may vary. Concepts of incest seem to be related to a group's definitions of endogamy and exogamy, thus suggesting that incest taboos may help to promote ____.
stability of the family
The type of political organization that is most likely to resolve conflict with a neighboring social unit by means of warfare is the ____.
state
On the island of Java in Indonesia, nearly every sentence marks a person's _______ between speaker and listener.
status (position)
When groups within a society function with their own distinctive standards of behavior, we refer to it as ____.
subcultural variation
In the movie Witness, a policeman named John Book was able to hide from his corrupt boss by staying with the Amish. He was protected by adopting their mode of dress, by the fact that they had no telephones, and by their being a closely-knit community united by shared values that differed from those of the larger society. The Amish in the United States are an example of a(n) ____.
subculture
There are four major modes of _______ that anthropologists understand as the social relationships and practices necessary for procuring, producing, and distributing food.
subsistence
If an anthropologist who studies cultural models were to analyze the Ilongot concept of liget, she or he might emphasize
that individuals have their own idiosyncratic ideas and experience of the emotion, that Ilongot culture has a patterned way of understanding liget, that Ilongot understandings of liget help them interpret other people's actions
A realistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-cola in Tzotzil Maya communitites in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize
that they, the Tzotzil, are dominated by globalization
From an economist's point of view, "market exchange" is defined by ____.
the buying and selling of goods and services whose value is determined by supply and demand
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some dont see what they do as science because
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
The controversy between Native Americans and NCAA schools using mascots illustrates
the power of tradition
The degree of mobility in a stratified society is related to ____.
the prevailing kind of family organization
The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals
the processes of cultural appropriation
The anthropologist has to consider obligations to three sets of people:
the profession of anthropology, the people who funded the study, and the people studied.
Anthropologists prefer to use the term verbal arts rather than the term folklore because ____.
the term folklore implies lack of sophistication, and is a condescending term to use
An explanation in science of natural phenomena, supported by a reliable body of data, is called a(n) ____.
theory
In the 19th century Darwin's theory of sexual differences between males and females was called ____.
theory of sexual selection
All languages are organized on the same basic plan in that ____.
they take no more than 50 sounds and put them together in meaningful ways according to rules that can be determined by linguists
The term "core values" refers to ____.
those values which are emphasized by a particular culture
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
through systematic connections of different parts
Which of the following is not goal of science?
to eliminate the need to use the imagination
What was the primary purpose of advocacy anthropology among the Micmac?
to help them obtain official tribal recognition
In some societies, if a husband dies and leaves a wife and children, his widow is expected to practice the custom called the levirate. This means that she is expected ____.
to marry one of the dead man's brothers
What are the long-term goals of the Chantek Foundation?
to obtain greater legal rights for primates
A language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning is called a ____.
tonal language
The initiation rites for male Australian aborigines include a stage when they are isolated from the rest of society and undergo a cram course in tribal lore; the trauma associated with their ordeal is part of a teaching method that ensures that they will remember what they are taught. This particular stage in the puberty ceremony would be referred to as the stage of ____ by Arnold Van Gennep.
transition
