Cultural Psychology Exam 1
Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure?
journal entry
what can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition
learning a sign language is subject to a similar sensitive window constraint as learning a spoken language
two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter, a 3-year-old son, and a 2-year-old daughter. they decide that the 2-year-old would sleep alone...
protection of the vulnerable
martians use steel gardening tools, whereas earthlings use wooden gardening tools. in a gardening competition, the martians easily defeated the earthlings. which of the following best describes why the martians defeated the earthlings
proximal cause
The tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to report valuing food more than those living in conditions where food is abundant is an example of
the deprivation effect
Which of the following is one problem especially associated with studies using WEIRD samples?
they have very low generalizability
what theory is best supported for why primates evolved such large brains
they tend to live in large social groups, which requires intelligence to function effectively
a 2.5-year old human child, a chimpanzee, and an orangutan are presented with the same problem-solving task - they must figure out how to use a tool to reach up to the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden block that will knock over a banana. based on hermann and colleagues' findings, which of the three participants will outperform the others
they will all perform equally well
your friend recently entered a few chess competitions, but lost them all really badly. if he has an entity theory of self, what is he most likely to do.
think he has bad chess "genes"
Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans' and Kenyans' self-descriptions, which of the following is the most accurate in describing the Samburu
collectivistic
Your study doesn't have enough power. To maximally increase power in your study, which of the following should you do?
get a more sensitive independent variable and a more sensitive dependent variable
Xing, a chinese stock broker, and Joe, a canadian stock broker, are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past 3 years. Xing likely thinks the stock will ______, and Joe likely thinks the stock will _______.
go down; continue to go up
ambrose has an independent self, and hayden has an interdependent self. which of the following is TRUE about hayden
he activates the same brain regions when thinking about himself and his mother, whereas ambrose doesn't
cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that
Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians
Yuexi, a chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child. based on the textbook, which of the following would most likely NOT occur as a result
her child feels a lack of family cohesion
Mr. X is a member of a stamp-collecting group. he cares a great deal about this group and identifies highly with it. which of the following most likely characterizes Mr. X
He has lived in the same residence all his life
Based on Ma and Schoeneman's study with Americans and Kenyans, which of the following would be expected
Kenyan undergrad: "I am a resourceful person" Kenyan tribesman "I am a member of an association"
which of the following was NOT found in Suh's research on Koreans and Americans
Koreans who are more consistent across situations have lower subjective well-being than Koreans who are less consistent
According to Dunbar, why would larger social groups be associated with the evolution of larger brains
Larger groups had greater social complexity, driving the evolution of larger brains to handle such complexity
a few townsfolk begin a movement promoting social harmony. over time, they expand the movement by interacting with other townsfolk. soon, they've influenced the whole town to join in the movement. the best illustrates which of the following
Latane's dynamic social impact theory
which of the following (historically inaccurate) examples best demonstrates the process of the ratchet effect
Marx creates a new political ideology, Lennon builds on this ideology, and Stalin further expands on it
Which of the following is a difference between between-groups and within-groups experimental designs?
Random assignment is not necessary for within-groups designs
after measuring the neocortex ratio of two species, it was determined that Species A has a ratio of .25, whereas Species B has a ratio of .20. Based on the evidence discussed in the textbook, which of the following can one most likely conclude about these two species
Species B lives in a smaller social group than Species A
A team of scientists observes that a new species (Species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool; instead, they are very adept at figuring out on their own how to best use the tool. conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, paying attention to the behavioral strategies of the model. based on this observation, what trajectory should we expect their respective cultural development to be like
Species X will likely not have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely have cumulative culture
which of the following statements is TRUE about parent-child interactions across cultures
Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants, as compared with rural mothers
according to research using the Sex Role Inventory, which of the following does NOT agree with the research findings
Uruguay, a country south of the equator, has more egalitarian gender values than Eritrea, a country north of the equator
You want to study how large people's faces are in Cultures X and Y. To do this, you simply ask people, "On a scale of 1 (small) to 10 (large), how large is your face?" To your surprise, most people in Culture X think they have small faces, even though their faces are much larger than those in Culture Y. Conversely, most people in Culture Y think they have large faces. How can you address this problem of trying to assess cultural differences in how large people's faces are?
Use concrete as opposed to subjective response options
Xiao, a 7-year-old chinese child, and jess, a 7-year-old american child, are each listening to and audio tape in their individual rooms...
Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb; Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun
when americans and japanese evaluate themselves in front of a mirror,
americans have more negative views of themselves than they normally do
why isn't there much cumulative culture among chimpanzees
chimpanzees aren't very good at imitative learning
what child(re) below demonstrate(s) the existence of theory of mind
a child who hides his toys so his mother won't find them
which of the following depicts an evoked culture
a culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the abundance of vegetation but the scarcity of animals and fish in the area
Shuang is a chinese mother. compared with shuang, alex, an american mother is more likely to
acknowledge her children's perspective
While helping your colleague analyze data, you realize that she has turned the participants' responses into z-scores. Based on the response biases in the textbook, which one is she most likely to be trying to account for?
acquiescence bias
Wan-Ying wants to use the jiaox xun type of parenting on her child. what is she NOT likely to do?
allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk
participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements about what they think about themselves. after a while, a mirror magically appears on a wall in each room. comparing their self-descriptions before and after the mirror appeared, how much they differ
american participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared, and Japanese participants did not change their views after the mirror appeared
shweder and colleagues found that indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their children than are american parents. given their studies, which of these is the most compelling explanation for their results
americans place more value on providing parents with exclusive sleeping space
which of the following is an example of a proximal cause
an Egyptian pharaoh brought in horse-drawn chariots, which allowed his army to outmaneuver and defeat his enemy in battle
the kinds of ideas that are best remembered over time are those that
are mostly intuitive, with the occasional counterintuitive idea included
shawna, a mother from the united kingdom, is trying to determine which parenting style she should use with her child maximize the child's school achievement, autonomy, and self-reliance. according to baumrind's typology as found among western samples, which parenting style should she use
authoritative parenting
according to Atran and Norenzayan's idea about minimally counterintuitive ideas persisting, which of the following phrases would be the most likely to persist in the reader's memory
blinkning newspaper
One advantage of experimental methods over survey methods in cultural psychological research is that
cultural differences in response biases are controlled better with experimental methods than with survey methods
If you wanted to do a study using a within-groups manipulation to examine whether European Canadians can be made to think like Canadians and East Asians, which of the following would be the MOST relevant and appropriate methodology?
cultural priming
one of the biggest challenges with applying Darwinian principles of natural selection to studying cultural evolution is that
cultural replication is not of sufficiently high fidelity
A group of researchers want to learn about the characteristics of home-cooking recipes in Culture X. What is this type of method an example of?
cultural-level measure
how does one find an animal's encephalization quotient (EQ)
it is the ratio of an animal's brain weight to the brain weight predicted for a comparable animal with the same body size
the textbook describes the relationship between IQ changes across time and television viewing as showing
decreases in verbal intelligence but increases in problem-solving intelligence
natural selection and sexual selection are similar in that they both
depend on the number of surviving offspring an individual has
you meet a new chinese friend, huang. you find that huang is responsible, optomistic, and trustworthy. after having just learned about chinese personality constructs in class, you decided to figure out which construct he scores highly on. which of the following constructs best encompasses the three traits that you know about Huang
dependability
given bosterup's thesis about agricultural methods centuries ago affecting gender attitudes now, what is this type of relationship between agricultural methods and gender attitudes an example of
distal cause
east asia is at a similar latitude to a region with many easily domesticated plants and animals. these early conditions benefit east asian cultures such that they propel these cultures to prosperity in the future, what is this scenario an example of
distal causes
humans tend to copy everything that a prestigious model does, because humans
don't know what it is about the model that made him/her successful
army recruiters are assigned randomly into specific quarters, where they do a lot of socializing during break time and at night. the political and religious attitudes of the recruits were surveyed before they were assigned sleeping quarters, and then again after several weeks of training. the generals found that recruits' political and religious ideas tended to form clusters based on sleeping quarters. which of the following can explain this situation
dynamic social impact theory
which of the following does NOT explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools
east asian mothers spend more time teaching their kids math before their kids start kindergarten
the ecology and sex roles are related in the sense that
egalitarian sex roles are more common where food is plentiful and easily acquired
a child observes a model using a new tool to crack open an acorn. the child does not copy exactly what the model does, nor understand that the model wanted to crack acorns and tries to figure out on his own how to use the tool to crack acorns. what is the child exhibiting
emulative learning
Takeshi witnesses a murder, and tells his mother. she understands the gist of the story, and then conveys that to the police. which model of cultural evolution does this best illustrate
epidemiology of ideas
if a child wants to be a great ice hockey player and chooses to learn from Wayne Gretzky as the prestigious model, what aspect(s) of Wayne Gretzky is the child most likely to imitate
everything that wayne Gretzky does, both related and unrelated to hockey
a key difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture is that
evoked culture is limited to a specific geographical setting, whereas transmitted culture can move across different ecologies
according to the social brain hypothesis, which of the following is TRUE
evolution favors those who do well in maintaining social relationships
which of the following is NOT a way in which genes and memes differ
genes can replicate horizontally and vertically, whereas memes can only replicate vertically
genes and memes differ in that
genes vary randomly, but memes often vary from planned innovations
which of the following i NOT direct evidence for the social brain hypothesis
humans have a large encephalization quotient
when completing the Twenty-Statements Test, people from non-western cultures, in contrast with people from western cultures, are likelier to put down which of the following
i am a karate student
you are introduced to a person who is said to have an independent view of self. based on markus and kitayama's model, which of the following would you least expect the person to say
i'm a member of a ballet dance group
one difference between Americans and Hindu Indians is that
in the united states the male identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized
why do motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among east asians than among westerners
in the west, self-consistency correlates more strongly with subjective well-being and with being liked by others than it does in east asia
the westermarcks, a large american family with growing sons and daughters, need to build a new house, and are particularly concerned about making appropriate sleeping arrangements. based on shweder and colleagues' research, which moral principle will the family consider the most important
incest avoidance
which of the following are accessibility universals
incest avoidance
according to Steven Johnson, which of the following is a contributor to people's growing intelligence
increased complexity is inherent in modern pop culture
Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity, and does not see any sort of divide between strangers he just met and his family members. what is this characteristic of
independent theory of self
you are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop. overtime you ask him something about himself, he talks about associations he belongs to and clubs he has joined. he rarely talks about his own attributes. which of the following best describes him
interdependent view of self
Adolescent rebellion
is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities
An advantage of the situation-sampling method is that
it allows researchers to see how people in different cultures would respond if they were in the other group's cultural worlds.
jack was talking to his friend jane about all his positive characteristics. in the middle of the conversation, he took a prescription pill for a sore throat. this pill had an interesting side effect- it altered the way Jack thinks. after taking the pill, he no longer talked about his positive characteristics; instead, he talked about how he needed to improve on his shortcomings, and the disappointment that his mother has about many of his qualities. which of the following most accurately characterizes the side effect of this pill
it gave him more objective self-awareness
one thing that the findings from research by Kashima and colleagues constraining men and women reveals that
men and women score similarly on agency
incremental theories of the self are
more common among east asians than westerners
the finding that the prevalence of parasites in a region correlates positively with the degree that people value physical attractiveness is argues to be evidence for
none of the choices are correct
the big five personality traits
none of these statements are true
which of the following is TRUE about cultural change in the United States
none of these statements are true
which of the following is TRUE about cultural change in the United States
on average, americans are less likely to belong to formal organizations than they were 40 years ago
according to the ideas as replicators model, which of the following rumors is the WORST replicator
one that is about one's peers, but not about one's parents
Reference-group effects in cross-cultural research occur because
people use social comparison to evaluate themselves
as a parent, Leslie thinks that he should place as few restrictions on his children as possible, and give them the warmth and responsiveness that children need. what parenting style is this indicative of
permissive parenting
pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to
persistence of particular cultural practices
it is not at all unusual for the officers at police station 54 to observe their colleagues using confrontational interview techniques. even though they do not personally like the technique, many officers believe that the practice is widely approved of by others and expected of them. this is an example of
pluralistic ignorance
which of the following statements is NOT true
primate species that rely heavily on fruit in their diets have larger neocortex ratios than do primate species that do not rely much on fruit
the Parkers are an american family planning for how its family members will be sleeping. the moral value that won't be reflected in their sleeping arrangement is
protection of the vulnerable
Homer sharpens a rock and uses it to shave. Schick adds a handle to the rock for better grip. gillette then changes the rock to a titanium blade for durability. the progression of improvements made to the shaving utensil is an example of
ratchet effect
you work for an international charity foundation and are in charge of seeking donations from Americans and Poles. based on cialdini's research, which of the following would you use to secure the most donations from the two populations
remind americans of their past donations, but remind poles of their peers' donations
dynamic social impact theory can explain why
residents of one community have more conservative political attitudes than residents of a nearby community
After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A, you find that people tend to answer "yes" to all the questions, regardless of the content. How do you deal with this problem in the future so this doesn't recur?
reverse-code half of the items
One way of correcting for problems associated with an acquiescence bias is to
reverse-score half of the items
on planet X, you observe that a primate-like species is undergoing rapid evolution, with their brains having grown significantly in volume. based on the textbook's discussion about a similar process that took place in human evolution, what physiological changes to this alien species would you NOT expect to accompany this growth in brain volume? assume that body size has not changed
shorter fingers and limbs
according to Henrich's mathematical model, why would complex cultural knowledge deteriorate, as was the case in 18th-century Tasmania
shrinkage in the population leads to a lack of skilled models for people to copy
among three newly discovered species of primates, Species A's diet is based fully on fruits, Species B's diet is based fully on food the requires extractive foraging methods, and Species C's diet is highly social. Which species should have the largest encephalization quotient (EQ)
the answer cannot be determined with the available information
you and a small handful of people have split off from a large and technologically advanced society to settle on another island. according to hornet's mathematical model, what will most likely happen to the development of cultural technology in your splinter group
the cultural technology of your group will likely devolve due to a lack of skilled models
american and chinese children were recruited for a study. all children were either 13 years old or 5 years old. they were first told that a child is always happy...
the difference in predicted likelihood between chinese and american children is much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds
the considerable cultural differences between the Nuer and Dinka of southern Sudan indicates that
the effects of transmitted culture are substantial
a key difference between the epidemiological view of cultural evolution and the "ideas as replicators" view is that
the epidemiological view involves people recreating what they have learned, whereas the ideas as replicators view involves the replication of ideas
the term "noun-bias" means that
the first words children learn tend to be nouns rather than other kinds of words
a group of Japanese and North Americans are in a restaurant late at night. some people ordered for themselves, an some people ordered for friends who had not arrived yet. because the restaurant was about to close, it ran out of everything they ordered. instead, they had to choose between the only two dishes that remained, both of which were deemed to be average dishes by everyone. which of the following is most likely to result from this scenario
the japanese would end up liking the "average dish" they picked more than the "average dish" that they didn't pick when ordering for others, whereas north americans would feel this way when making the choice for themselves
research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that
the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older
yuan, a chinese mother, and Alexis, a Euro-Canadian mother, both decide to read their children's diaries. how might the memories of Yuan's child differ from the memories of Alexis's child
the memories of yuan's child have more third-person imagery in which she is the center of attention than the memories of Alexis's child
which of the following is TRUE of the relationship specifically between human brains and group size, according to Dunbar
the neocortex ratio in humans gives them the capacity to keep track of about 150 relationships
The Blurgs, an alien family from Neptune, want to build a new house. this family consists of a father, a mother, an older brother, a younger brother, and a baby sister...
the older brother sleeps in his own room
according to Atran and Norenzayan, which of the following is more likely to come commonly known
the rainbow mouse ate the quick berry
which of the following is an example of pluralistic ignorance
the rise of Nazi power in Germany
the Singhs, and Indian family, are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house that they are building. which of the following moral principles is likely to be the least important for the family
the sacred couple
what is a proximal cause for why a small group of spaniards was able to conquer the incan empire
the spaniards had better weapons than the incans
according to jared diamond, why were the germs brought by the spaniards so much deadlier to the Incans than the Incan germs were to the Spaniards
the spaniards had lived in close proximity to domesticated animals for much longer than the Incans
Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after having lived in Hong Kong all their lives. according to cheung, chudek, and Heine, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada
there is no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian
Nisbett and Cohen argue that the U.S. South has historically been more violent than the North because
there were more herders in the South than in the North
which of the following statements is TRUE regarding chimpanzees living in the wild
they do not show conclusive evidence theory of mind
As seen in the textbook, finding that U.S. southerners respond aggressively to insults more than northerners because the southerners also score higher on measures of honor would be an example of
unpacking a cultural difference
What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference-group effect?
using concrete response options
an infant of Species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. which of the following scenarios best demonstrates that the infant is engaging in emulative learning
when given the tool, the infant figures out on her own how to use the tool to achieve the same goal
an infant of species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. which of the following demonstrates that the infant is engaging in imitative learning
when given the tool, the infant mimics exactly how the model used the tool
comparisons of men and women from East Asian and the United States reveal that
women and men are similar in most factors underlying individualism and collectivism
