DH226 Quiz #1
Immanuel Kant is associated with which of the following theories of ethical thinking? Virtue ethics Nonconsequentialism None of the above Consequentialism
Nonconsequentialism Immanuel Kant is credited for establishing one of the most detailed nonconsequentialist or deontological theories of ethical thinking. Plato and Aristotle are associated with virtue ethics. John Stuart Mill is associated with consequentialism.
Moral education programs seem to be most effective among which of the following members of society? Children Adults Adolescents Infants
Adults Adults seemed to gain more from such programs than did younger children, most likely because a wider range of life experiences typically enriches a person's awareness of the moral aspects of situations. A review of moral education programs revealed that almost half were effective in promoting moral development, especially if the program lasted longer than a few weeks and if the program involved the participants in discussions of controversial moral dilemmas.
Dental hygienists are required to maintain their level of knowledge and skill through participation in which of the following? Using top quality rather than inferior quality materials Graduation from an accredited institution where dental hygiene is taught Appropriate continuing education programs Using standardized operating procedures
Appropriate continuing education programs Practitioners are required to maintain their level of knowledge and skill through participation in appropriate continuing education programs. Someone could have graduated from an accredited institution and use standardized operating procedures and good quality materials; however, they need to stay current with changes in treatment procedures and regulations. A dental hygienist who is unfamiliar with sealant placement procedures or local anesthesia techniques should defer performing that service until achieving competency.
Which of the following principles is self-determination and the ability to be self-governing and self-directing? Paternalism Veracity Beneficence Justice Autonomy
Autonomy An autonomous person chooses thoughts and actions relevant to his or her needs, independent from the will of others. In health care autonomy gives rise to the concept of permitting individuals to make decisions about their own health. Beneficence is directed toward the practitioner and focuses on removing existing harm and doing good for the patient. Justice is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved. Paternalism means that the health care professional acts as a parent and makes decisions for the patient on the basis of what the professional believes is in the best interest of the patient. Veracity is being honest and telling the truth.
Nonmaleficence is concerned with doing no harm to a patient. Beneficence requires that existing harm be removed. Both statements are false. Both statements are true. The first statement is false, the second statement is true. The first statement is true, the second statement is false.
Both statements are true. Beneficence focuses on "doing good" for the patient. Doing good requires taking all appropriate actions to restore patients to good health. Health care providers, based on their knowledge and skill, use all reasonable means to benefit the patient. Beneficence and nonmaleficence are linked because they are both founded in the Hippocratic tradition, which requires the physician to do what will best benefit the patient.
John Stuart Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, which states that an action should be judged to be moral on its capacity to provide the greatest good for the largest number of people. Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The first statement is false, the second statement is true. You Answered The first statement is true, the second statement is false.
Both statements are true. John Stuart Mill was one of the most famous proponents of utilitarianism. Mill often is described as saying that an action should be judged to be moral on its capacity to provide the greatest good for the largest number of people. However, his teacher Jeremy Bentham said that, not Mill, and Bentham himself eventually repudiated the phrase because it misled people into thinking that, for a utilitarian, whatever benefited the majority was the right thing to do. Both men did teach that the moral action is the one that maximizes good and minimizes harm when the consequences for every affected person are considered.
People operate on their experiences to make sense of them. The experiences, as we make sense of them, change the basic conceptual structures by which people construct meanings. Both statements are false. Both statements are true. The first statement is true, the second statement is false. The first statement is false, the second statement is true.
Both statements are true. This is the basic tenet of cognitive theory. Researchers studying the relation between moral judgment and behavior can see that many factors determine behavior. For example, studies link moral perception with actual, real-life behavior as well as moral judgment.
Moral development is thought to be a process, because moral development has been shown to typically occur in progressive steps or stages. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
Both the statement and reason are correct and related. Just as each individual develops physically and intellectually, moral development also has been shown to typically occur in progressive steps or stages. Some researchers have related age, maturation of components of personality, and increased experience with moral development, whereas others have stressed that moral development has a cognitive component as well.
Paternalism was more prevalent in health care in the past because the health care provider had superior knowledge and skills and because the patient expected the health care provider to make decisions in the best interest of the patient. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. Both the statement and reason are correct and related.
Both the statement and reason are correct and related. Patients often had no knowledge that alternative care options were available. Even if patients did know other options existed, many placed the professional in a parental role by asking the professional what they should do. The historic benchmark for refuting paternalism was a political philosophy essay written by Mills in the mid-1800s.
Which of the following principles is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved? Autonomy Justice Nonmaleficence Beneficence
Justice The principle of justice is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved. The foundation of justice has frequently been described as the principle of equality. Nonmaleficence is to avoid doing harm and beneficence is to do good. Autonomy is self-determination and the ability to be self-governing and self-directing.
Which of the following theorists of cognitive moral development created the concept of the ethic of care? Jean Piaget Carol Gilligan Lawrence Kohlberg
Carol Gilligan Carol Gilligan worked with Lawrence Kohlberg but wrote that his model reflects a male-oriented perspective of morality. She stated that women tend to see morality in the context of a relationship that she called the ethic of care. She proposed that feminine moral reasoning is typically different from masculine moral reasoning. Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context of two moral orientations—a male justice orientation and a female ethic of care—and therefore that Kohlberg's measurement of moral development only in a justice-oriented scoring system is biased toward the male.
Adding fluoride to a community water system is a good example of the application of which of the following types of ethical reasoning? None of the above Consequentialism or utilitarian ethics Virtue ethics Deontology or nonconsequentialism
Consequentialism or utilitarian ethics This is one of the best examples of utilitarianism in dentistry. The consequence is a benefit to society through caries reduction, provided at a relatively low cost and available to all members of a community regardless of social status or income, and with almost no possibility of causing harm. Nonconsequentialism would say that an action is right or wrong regardless of the consequences.
Which of the following terms is used to describe the allocation of resources in large social systems? Primum non nocere Autonomy Distributive justice Prima facie duty
Distributive justice Every society must address the problem of how its resources will be distributed because every society has a scarcity of resources. Resources are scarce whether referring to materials, specially trained individuals, money, or time. Autonomy is a principle of self-determination and the ability to be self-governing and self-directing. Prima facie duty is a duty that must be done before any other considerations enter the picture. Primum non nocere means to first do no harm.
The application of patient autonomy is based upon which of the following theories of ethical thinking? Virtue ethics Consequentialism Nonconsequentialism
Nonconsequentialism The application of autonomy is founded in deontology and is based on respect for persons. The deontologist holds that the health care provider has a duty to allow patients to make decisions about actions that will affect their bodies. The health care provider also has a duty to provide patients with all the unbiased information they would need to make a decision about treatment options.
The principle that the first obligation of a health care provider is to do no harm is known as which of the following? Integrity Nonmaleficence Justice Beneficence
Nonmaleficence Patients place themselves in the care of another person and, at a minimum, should expect that no additional harm will result from that act. The patient grants another person the privilege of access to a portion of his or her body for an explicit purpose, a privilege founded in trust. Fundamental to that trust is that the health care provider will do no harm to the patient. Whereas nonmaleficence is concerned with doing no harm to a patient beneficence requires that existing harm be removed. Professional integrity is a commitment to upholding the Code of Ethics and the standards of care. The principle of justice is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved.
Which of the following is the most basic stage of Kohlberg's three-level model of moral development? Social contract legalistic orientation Instrumental relativist orientation Law and order orientation Punishment and obedience orientation Interpersonal concordance orientation
Punishment and obedience orientation Kohlberg's theory focuses primarily on cognitive processes. He defined six stages, of which punishment and obedience orientation is first. This stage is followed by Stage 2: instrumental relativist orientation, Stage 3: interpersonal concordance orientation, Stage 4: law and order orientation, Stage 5: social contract legalistic orientation, and Stage 6: universal ethical principle orientation.
Ethical decision making is a behavior and can be done well or done poorly. It is inherent and is not taught or learned. The first statement is true, the second statement is false. Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The first statement is false, the second statement is true.
The first statement is true, the second statement is false. Ethical decision making is something that can be done well or done poorly and it is something that can be taught and learned. Many problems are situations in which we can easily determine what to do, but in other situations determining what is the ethical action takes careful reflection. An introduction to the foundation of ethical theory can guide ethical decision making and assist in understanding the process by which such decisions are made.
Which of the following is the focus of virtue ethics? To reflect on what kind of person we ought to be The consequences of our actions Our perfect duties and our imperfect duties Our duties and rights rather than the consequences of our actions
To reflect on what kind of person we ought to be Rather than focusing first on consequences or nonconsequentialist factors such as duty or rights, philosophers of virtue ethics urge us to reflect on what kind of person we ought to be and not the ethical characteristics of the acts we ought to do. Perfect duties and imperfect duties are part of Immanuel Kant's nonconsequentialist or deontological theories of ethical thinking rather than virtue ethics.
Each of the following is one of the main normative principles in health care EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? Nonmaleficence Veracity Autonomy Justice Beneficence
Veracity Veracity is not one of the main normative principles. The main normative principles in health care are nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. These principles provide direction about what should and should not be done in specific situations.
An ethical dilemma occurs when one or more ethical principles are in conflict. are additive with one another. are involved. cancel each other out.
are in conflict. It occurs when one or more ethical principles are in conflict. Weighing and balancing ethical principles are the major tasks involved in ethical decision making. What is in the patient's best interest may be open to question depending on whose perspective is being considered.
