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What was the Wilmot Proviso?

The proviso passed through the House where northern states held the majority but failed in the Senate where the division between free and slave states was equal. The issue of whether to allow or prohibit slavery in new states remained unresolved.

How was the addition of public schools considered a social reform movement?

The Common School Movement hoped to create good citizens, unite society and prevent crime and poverty. Mann advocated a free public education, financed by local funds, and administered by a local school board and superintendent. This model is essentially the one used in America today.

Explain the following amendments: 13th, 14th, and 15th?

13th:abolished and continues to prohibit slavery to this day. 14th:The amendment grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" which included former slaves who had just been freed after the Civil War. 15th:he Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

How did American nationalism develop?

-Expansion of nation westward eased through new federal land purchasing policies that made purchasing a homestead easier. -national finances were strengthened through the creation of a new national bank that served as a depository for federal funds and stable source of currency. -New tariff passed -The Supreme Court strengthened the federal government's power through a series of critical court decisions

Effects of Kansas Nebraska act

-First, the Kansas- Nebraska Act virtually repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850. Settlers in all new territories would have the right to decide for themselves whether their new home would be a free or a slave state. -Second, pro- and antislavery groups hurried into Kansas in an attempt to create voting majorities there. Antislavery abolitionists came from eastern states. -Third, politically, the passage of the act split the existent political parties and gave rise to the Republican Party.

What was the significance of the following battles in the American Civil War: Fort Sumter, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and the Battle for Atlanta?

-Fort Sumter:April 1861-- Guarding the mouth of Charleston Harbor, Fort Sumter was one of the last forts under federal control located in seceding states. Confederate forces staged a 24-hour bombardment against it and, by attacking federal property, had committed an act of open rebellion. To uphold the Constitution, President Lincoln believed he had no choice but to call for troops to respond against the Confederacy. As a direct result, the Civil War began. -Antietam:September 1862--Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee marched his forces to Antietam Creek, Maryland, where he fought the war's first major battle on northern soil. It was the deadliest one-day battle in American history, with over 26,000 casualties, but neither side won a victory. As Lee withdrew to the South, Union forces might have been able to end the war by going after the Confederates-- Union soldiers outnumbered their force two-to-one--but they did not follow Lee.The significance of the Battle of Antietam was that Lee's failure to win and the Union's claim of victory encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. -Vicksburg:May-July 1863--Union Major Gen. Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to Vicksburg, Mississippi, because the army that controlled its high ground over a bend in the Mississippi River would control traffic on the whole river. After a seven-week siege Grant, aided by naval actions along the mouth of the Mississippi River, achieved one of the Union's major strategic goals: by gaining control of the Mississippi River. Confederate troops and supplies in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the Confederacy. This Union victory, coupled with the Union victory at Gettysburg, was the turning point of the war. -Gettysburg:July 1863--Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee hoped that an invasion of Union territory would significantly weaken Northern support for the war effort. Lee's army was met by Union troops at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. In the course of a three-day battle, as many as 51,000 were killed. It was the deadliest battle of the American Civil War. Gettysburg marked the beginning of the end for the Confederate forces in the east. Lee gave up attempts to invade the Union or to show Northerners that the Union troops could not win the war. Four months later, Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery. -Atlanta:July-September 1864--Union Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman besieged Atlanta, Georgia, for six weeks before capturing this vitally important center of Confederate manufacturing and railway traffic. Sherman's goal was to disrupt the Confederacy's capacity to resupply its troops throughout the South. Union troops burned Atlanta to the ground and then marched across Georgia to the Atlantic Ocean, destroying the railways, roads, and bridges along the path, as well as the crops and livestock his troops did not harvest and butcher to feed themselves. Now the South knew it would lose the war, and the North knew it would win. Lincoln easily won reelection against a candidate who wanted a truce with the Confederacy.

Explain the causes and results of the Dred Scott case, how did it hurt abolitionism

Cause: settling a lawsuit in which a slave named Dred Scott claimed he should be a free man because he had lived with his master in slave states and in free states. The Court rejected Scott's claim, ruling that no African American--even if free--could be a U.S. citizen Result:

Explain the importance of the Erie Canal- what did it do for America and New York City

Erie Canal:Connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. It stretches 363 miles from Lake Erie to the Hudson River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean at New York City. It was opened in 1825 after eight years of digging by thousands of laborers, mostly immigrants. The Erie Canal served as a turnpike for barges where a road could not easily be built, and greatly lowered transportation costs. America and New York:Helped unite regions in Atlantic states.The effect of the Erie canal on this country was stunning. Cargo that cost $100 a ton and took two weeks to carry by road could now be moved at $10 a ton in 3½ days. New York City became the largest city by 1835.

Explain all the aspects of the Compromise of 1850?

First, Southerners argued that the exclusion of slavery in the territory violated the Missouri Compromise (the compromise line split the state). Second, Northerners already controlled the House and Southerners feared the admission of California would upset the balance of free and slave states in the Senate. Northern and southern representatives argued bitterly over California. Finally, Henry Clay, who defused tensions previously with the Missouri Compromise in 1820 and a compromise tariff in 1833, (earning Clay the title of the "Great Compromiser") presented a plan that Clay hoped would solve the impasse. Collectively, the five laws were known as the Compromise of 1850. The compromise stated: -The state of New Mexico would be established by carving its borders from the state of Texas. -New Mexico voters would determine whether the state would permit or prohibit the practice of slavery. -California would be admitted to the Union as a free state. -All citizens would be required to apprehend runaway slaves and return them to their owners. --Those who failed to do so would be fined or imprisoned. -The slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia, but the practice of slavery would be allowed to continue there.

Explain the roles of Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd garrison, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, and, Sojourner Truth

Fredrick Douglas: a former slave. Douglass worked for Garrison and traveled widely, giving eloquent speeches on behalf of equality for African Americans, women, Native Americans, and immigrants. He later published autobiographies and his own antislavery newspaper, The North Star. Douglass was the most influential African-American in the abolitionist movement. William Lloyd Garrison:was the leading voice for temperance, women's equality and immediate emancipation. He was the founder and editor of The Liberator. Garrison's newspaper was the leading abolitionist newspaper and was noted for graphic stories of the bad treatment received by slaves. Sarah and Angelina Grimke:outhern women who lectured publicly throughout the northern states about the evils of slavery they had seen growing up on a plantation. Their public careers began when Garrison published a letter from Angelina in his newspaper. The sisters were considered very radical for the time because they advocated not just abolition but equality for women and African-Americans. Sojourner Truth:

Who were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott?

However, in the 1840's a number of prominent women activists were denied access to the London World Anti-Slavery Convention because they were women. These women, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and the Grimke Sisters (Angelina and Sarah) became outspoken advocates for women's equality. With the advent of universal male suffrage, women began to hope that suffrage would be extended to them.

How did Eli Whitney's inventions of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts impact the Industrial Revolution?

It is a machine that rapidly removes cotton plant seeds from the valuable cotton fiber used to make thread and fabric. By producing more cotton in a day than any person could do by hand, the gin reduced the cost of processing cotton and greatly raised the profit from growing it.

Describe the Louisiana Purchase and the significance of Thomas Jefferson's role in the purchase, including the territory's exploration by Lewis and Clark.

Jefferson entered the office a strict Constitutional constructionist, but instead his purchase of Louisiana greatly expanded the power of the Presidency as the Constitution made no provision for this type of Presidential action.He bought the Louisiana territory. Lewis and William Clark: to explore Louisiana and the western lands all the way to the Pacific Ocean. On their 16-month expedition, Lewis and Clark charted the trails west, mapped rivers and mountain ranges, wrote descriptions and collected samples of unfamiliar animals and plants, and recorded facts and figures about the various Native American tribes and customs west of the Mississippi River. Most significantly, Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean and established a legal claim to the region along the Columbia River. This claim would allow for the future expansion of the United States to the Pacific Ocean.

Describe the forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction? Be sure to include the Black Codes and the Ku Klux Klan in your explanation.

KKK:Initially, the Klan tried to scare African- Americans into compliance and keep them from voting Black Codes:Black Codes denied African-Americans the rights to testify against whites, to serve on juries or in state militias, to vote, and to express legal concern publicly. Also, the Codes were an attempt by plantation owners to secure the labor supply lost Other forms:Many southern citizens refused to participate politically. Southern states passed harsh laws that restricted the economic and political rights of freedmen. Still others resorted to violence as a means of intimidation towards the freedmen.

Make a chart the North's and South's differences as seen in their population, functioning railroads, and industrial output?

Look at graph and study!!!!!

Explain Manifest Destiny and how did it impact the westward expansion?

Manifest Destiny was a phrase coined to describe the belief that America was to expand and settle the entire continent of North America.

How did slavery become an important issue is American politics?

Party politics were also affected by slavery. The two-party political system re- emerged in the early 1830's with the birth of the Whig Party but the issue of slavery fatally split the party by the end of the 1850's. New parties far more vocal on abolition, such as the Liberty Party and the Free Soil Party which emerged in the early 1850's. These parties caused great fear among southerners who felt increasingly besieged, but by 1860 nearly all of these minor parties had self- destructed.

explain all the causes of the War of 1812? How was this war significant to the development of a national identity?

Reasons:1)First, Americans objected to restrictions Britain was enforcing to prevent neutral American merchants from trading with the French. 2)Second, Americans were outraged by the British policy of impressment. Under this policy, thousands of American sailors were forced against their will to serve in the British navy after their merchant ships were captured at sea. 3)Third, the British had refused to turn over fortifications along the Great Lakes as required by the Treaty of Paris of 1783. Americans suspected the British were using these British-held sites to give support to Native Americans as they continued to fight to keep Americans from settling lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. 4)Fourth, Americans wished to drive the British out of North America altogether by conquering Canada while the British army was fighting the French in Europe. Part 2)The War of 1812 also served to stimulate America's economic growth. The War of 1812 was the end of all U.S. military hostility with Great Britain. Never again would Britain and the United States wage war over diplomacy, trade, territory, or any other kind of dispute.

How was the Northwest Ordinance important in the westward migration of Americans, slavery, public education, and the formation/addition of new states?

The Land Ordinance was also significant because it provided a way for free public education to be financed through the sale of the Sixteenth section in each township.which new territories would be admitted to the United States. The ordinance banned slavery in the Northwest Territory effectively making the Ohio River the boundary between free and slave regions. The Northwest region was a lawless region prior to the passage of the 1787 act. This law demonstrated to Americans that their national government intended to encourage westward expansion. The laws of the nation would follow its citizens across the continent. New states would be admitted to the nation as equal members of the Union.

Compare/Contrast the Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican Reconstruction.

The Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South severely for the Civil War. Lincoln and the moderates wanted to bring the South into the Union quickly. The process of rebuilding the South began before the war ended. In 1863 Lincoln proposed the Ten Percent Plan which called on Southern states to complete three tasks in order to restore their status in the Union. First, they had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. Next states had to repudiate secession. Finally, when ten percent of 1860 voters had taken an oath of allegiance, the state would be restored to the Union. Radical Republicans objected saying the plan was too lenient and did not go far enough to protect the rights of the newly freed slaves. In response, they proposed the Wade-Davis Bill. In addition to ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, the proposed law would have required the 50% of southern voters to swear that they did not support secession. Southern supporters believed that this was an impossible task designed to keep the South dominated by Northern political interests. Lincoln vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill. Sadly, before Lincoln could reintroduce his plan, he was assassinated.

What was the Missouri Compromise? How did the issue of slavery in the western states and territories lead to this Compromise?

The admission of Missouri as a new state is an excellent illustration of how Congress sought to maintain a "perfect equilibrium" between the number of free and slave states. Slavery in western states and territories:The admission of Missouri would have kept the number of free and slave states balanced. However, attempts were made to limit slavery within the new state. Southern Senators killed the measure in committee. In December 1819, Alabama was admitted to the Union (as a slave state) restoring the balance of free and slave states. When Missouri petitioned in early 1820 for admission, northern Senators were reluctant to agree because the balance of power would favor slave states.

How was Andrew Johnson's impeachment related to Reconstruction?

The attempt to impeach the President was a clear move by the Radical Republicans to seize control of Reconstruction.

What was abolitionism?

The belief that slavery should be abolished.

Why did people go west, what routes did they take

The conclusion of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 doubled the size of America's land holdings and brought new opportunities to move westward into the Mississippi River Valley.

explain John Brown's raid?

The final action was John Brown's Raid. John Brown, an ardent abolitionist, decided to fight slavery with violence and killing. In 1856, believing he was chosen by God to end slavery, Brown commanded family members and other abolitionists to attack proslavery settlers in Kansas, killing five men.

Why was the War with Mexico fought?

The war began as a result over differing frontier claims. The United States insisted that the U.S.-Mexican border was the Rio Grande, while Mexico insisted that the border was marked by the Nueces River. In addition, it was clear to Mexico that the United States had set its sights on the Mexican territories of New Mexico and California. The United States had attempted twice to purchase the territories from Mexico. When the United States sent troops south of the Nueces to Rio Grande, the Mexican Army attacked the cavalry patrols.

What was the Indian removal Act and the Trail of tears

Trail of Tears:In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects. Indian removal Act:was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.

What roles did the following people have in the American Civil War: Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, "Stonewall Jackson," William T. Sherman, and Jefferson Davis?

Ulysses Grant:Appointed by Abraham Lincoln Gen. commanding general of Union armies Robert E. Lee:Appointed Robert E. Lee as General in Chief of Confederate armies. Stonewall Jackson:Fought under Confederate Gen. Lee at Antietam and Second Bull R William T Sherman:Served under Gen. Grant during Siege of Vicksburg Destroyed Atlanta; on his March to the Sea due to use of total warfare ended the Confederates' ability to fight Jefferson Davis:

How did President Lincoln work to preserve the Union as seen in his second inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech?

Union victory over the Confederacy was certain, and Americans foresaw an end to slavery. Instead of boasting about that victory, Lincoln expressed sorrow that the states had not been able to resolve their differences peacefully. However, he clearly stated that slavery was such an evil that the North was right to have gone to war over the issue. Nevertheless, he urged Americans not to seek revenge on slaveholders and their supporters and military.

Describe the role of the Freedmen's Bureau as related to redistribution of Southern land.

While the Freedmen's Bureau did help some former slaves acquire land unclaimed by its pre-war owners, Congress did not grant land or the absolute right to own land to all freed slaves. Such land grants would have provided African Americans some level of economic independence. Without it, and with few skills outside of farming, the newly freed slaves had few options other than entering the sharecropping, crop lien, or tenant farming system, where they often ended up working for former slaveholders in conditions little different from slavery.

What did the Monroe Doctrine say and why was it important?

announced that the United States would prevent European nations from interfering with independent American countries. Further, Monroe said the United States would remain neutral in wars between European nations and would not interfere with their American colonies. In summary, the Monroe Doctrine defined a key aspect of U.S. foreign policy to which America still holds today.

What was the Industrial Revolution and what was its impact?

began in Great Britain in the 18th century when the country began the transformation from purely agrarian to a modern industrial and commercial economy. Soon hand-made and home-made goods were replaced by machine made and factory made goods and power-driven machines operated by semi-skilled or unskilled workers came to replace skilled laborers.

What was the temperance movement?

emperance movements originally attempted to get people to drink less (temper their drinking) but quickly moved to pledges of abstaining from drinking.

What was Nat Turner's slave rebellion?

he led a slave rebellion on four Virginia plantations. About 60 whites were killed before Turner and his band were captured, tried, and executed. Fear and anger over the murder of primarily women and children led to many innocent African- Americans becoming victims of mob violence. Virginia, who had been considering banning slavery, instead passed a series of laws to strengthen the institution of slavery. Other southern states quickly passed laws that emulated Virginia's revised slave codes.

Explain at least 3 aspects of Jacksonian Democracy?

never to be dragged into another international crisis that also, through partisan political politics, nearly split the Union. -A new tariff was passed in order to protect American industry from what was seen as unfair trade practices by British manufacturers who had a reputation of dumping cheaply produced goods on American markets to the detriment of American manufacturers. -The Supreme Court strengthened the federal government's power through a series of critical court decisions that backed the power of the new national bank to regulate finances. -The expansion of the nation westward was eased through new federal land purchasing policies that made purchasing a homestead easier. New roads, canals, and river improvements were made so that western farmers could market products in the growing eastern cities.

What was the Seneca Falls Conference and its importance to the women's suffrage movement?

to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman."Curiously, none of the women felt that they could preside over the meeting so Mott's husband initially led the conference. Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments, modeling her work after the Declaration of Independence. Stanton's Declaration called for an end to the unequal treatment of women.Also, marked beginning of Women's Right's Movement

How did the cotton gin affect slavery?

unskilled slaves were often put to work running the cotton gins in the southern states.

What was the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation?

warmly welcomed by African Americans living in Union states. The proclamation in essence declared the issue of ending slavery to be an aim of the Union war effort. The proclamation also opened the way for northern African- Americans to join the Union Army.

What was the Nullification Crisis?

was a United States sectional political crisis in 1832-1837, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government.

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

was passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´.


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