Earth Science Test 2 Review

Bubbles trapped in lava after the molten material are cooled are called __________. a. phenocrysts c. porphyroblasts b. vesicles d. pyroclasts

vesicles

Viscosity of a magma does NOT depend on __________. a. temperature c. silica content b. volatile content d. volume of the magma

volume of the magma

If a geologist found preserved polygonal cracks in a sedimentary rock, he or she could conclude that the environment in which they formed a. was once covered in wet mud. b. was once covered by a glacier. c. has been subjected to a major climate change event. d. was the site of a mass extinction event.

was once covered in wet mud

Important volatiles in magmas include __________. a. mafic minerals, such as olivine c. water and carbon dioxide b. potassium and aluminum d. silicon and iron

water and carbon dioxide

Which of the following is most typical of what you would find in a lahar? a. rock fragments c. water and mud b. ash and gas d. lava

water and mud

The breakdown of exposed rock into small fragments and dissolved ions is termed a. deposition. c. weathering. b. erosion. d. lithification.

weathering

Which of the following processes involves the creation of ions in solution? a. deposition c. erosion b. transportation d. weathering

Weathering

1. The internal ordering of mineral crystals can be detected using a. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). c. a scanning electron microscope (SEM). b. X-ray diffraction (XRD). d. cathodized axial tomography (CAT).

X-ray diffraction (XRD)

6. Minerals are all naturally occurring solid substances with a definable chemical composition. They must also possess a. an ability to be synthesized in the laboratory as well as be found in nature. b. metallic elements, such as iron, calcium, or magnesium. c. a nonmetallic, vitreous luster. d. a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions).

a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions).

32. Cleavage in minerals refers to a. a tendency to break in an irregular pattern. b. a tendency to break along planes of weakness. c. the sharpness of edges between crystal faces. d. the development of well-formed crystal faces.

a tendency to break along planes of weakness.

Glacial till is composed of __________ particles. a. mud-sized c. boulder-sized b. sand-sized d. all sizes of

all sizes of

16 The framework silicates are the MOST complicated because a. they contain silica tetrahedra. c. they form in flat layers. b. they form as a crystal lattice. d. all tetrahedral oxygens are shared.

all tetrahedral oxygens are shared.

Volatiles are substances that __________. a. crystallize most rapidly out of a melt b. remain molten even after lava is erupted at the surface c. melt immediately upon contact with a hot body of magma d. are gases at surface temperature and pressure

are gases at surface temperature and pressure

Felsic igneous rocks typically__________. a. contain more iron and magnesium than intermediate rocks b. are lighter in color than mafic rocks c. are darker in color than mafic rocks d. are found in oceanic crust

are lighter in color than mafic rocks

18. The silicates are broken into several groups based on the way silica tetrahedra are a. bonded to anions. c. arranged and bonded. b. bonded to iron atoms. d. arranged and charged

arranged and bonded.

Because the velocity of sediment settling (deposition) is positively related to grain size for waterborne sediments, fluvial deposits are more likely than glacial deposits to a. be well sorted. b. include coarse grains, such as cobbles. c. include fine grains, such as clay. d. have angular grains.

be well sorted

Geologists call individual layers of sedimentary rocks __________, whereas several of them together are called __________. a. beds; strata c. laminations; graded beds b. strata; beds d. graded beds; laminations

beds; strata

35. With regard to minerals, hardness refers to the ability to resist a. melting. c. reactivity to acid. b. being scratched. d. malleability.

being scratched.

Cemented shells of marine organisms form which kind of sedimentary rock? a. biochemical c. clastic b. chemical d. organic

biochemical

8. Which of the following is NOT a way for minerals to crystallize? a. solidification of a melt (lava or magma) b. bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds c. solid-state diffusion d. Biomineralization

bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds

38. The image below shows a mineral with hydrochloric acid applied to it. What mineral is this? a. quartz c. calcite b. halite d. fluorite

calcite

9. Which of the following is a mineral? a. granite c. salt dissolved in water b. lab-grown quartz crystal d. calcite

calcite

19. Calcite (CaCO3) is in which mineral class? a. silicates c. oxides b. carbonates d. sulfides

carbonates

Precipitation of gypsum caused by evaporation of seawater produces which kind of sedimentary rock? a. biochemical c. clastic b. chemical d. organic

chemical

17. Minerals are grouped into mineral classes primarily on a basis of a. chemistry, specifically the cations within the chemical formula. b. chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula. c. hardness; hard, soft, and medium are the three primary classes. d. the number of cleavage directions present.

chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula.

__________ form from piles of pyroclastic debris (mainly lapilli) that fountain out of a vent during an effusive eruption. a. Cinder cones c. Shield volcanoes b. Stratovolcanoes d. Fissure volcanoes

cinder cones

What type of sedimentary rocks form from once-separate grains that have been packed together and then cemented to one another (lithified)? a. biochemical c. clastic b. chemical d. organic

clastic

Thick accumulations of sediments and fossils in the deep ocean tend to be __________-sized because of the low amounts of energy. a. cobble c. clay b. gravel d. sand

clay

What type of sediment is typically found in lake bottoms? a. gravel c. pebbles b. sand d. clay/mud

clay/mud

The image below shows a layer of __________, which is an accumulation of dead plant material. a. limestone c. sandstone b. coal d. chalk

coal

39. Trace amounts of impurity in a mineral can commonly produce significant differences in __________ among individual crystals of this mineral. a. color c. luster b. cleavage d. streak

color

Lithification, the process by which sediments are turned into sedimentary rocks, includes a. erosion and transportation. c. erosion and deposition. b. transportation and cementation. d. compaction and cementation.

compaction and cementation

An important first step in mitigating volcanic hazards at a volcano is to __________. a. compile a hazard assessment map b. try to divert or stop active volcanic hazards c. evacuate people at the first sign of trouble d. measure heat flow in the region

compile a hazard assessment map

37. The image below shows a mineral specimen of quartz. What is the term for the smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped surface on the sample below? a. conchoidal fracture c. cleavage plane b. facet d. striation

conchoidal fracture

33. Synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture pattern termed a. glassy fracture. c. one-directional cleavage. b. conchoidal fracture. d. obtuse fracture.

conchoidal fracture.

The image below shows an outcrop of coarse-grained sedimentary rock. Note the rock hammer for scale. What is an appropriate name for this rock? a. sandstone c. breccia b. shale d. conglomerate

conglomerate

Which of the following is FALSE? Compared with arkose, quartz sandstone a. contains more angular grains. b. does not contain significant amounts of feldspar. c. is likely to be found farther away from weathering granitic source rock. d. is considered to be more compositionally mature.

contains more angular grains

Volcanic arcs form along __________ boundaries. a. transform c. convergent b. hot spot d. divergent

convergent

Compared with coarse-grained igneous rocks, fine-grained igneous rocks __________. a. cool and solidify more quickly c. solidify at higher temperatures b. cool and solidify more slowly d. solidify at lower temperatures

cool and solidify more quickly

Consult the figure below. Here, distinct internal laminations are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layers. This is termed __________ bedding a. graded c. horizontal b. cross d. tilted

cross

49. Which of the following is NOT a way in which specific rock types can be distinguished from one another? a. texture c. composition b. crystal shape d. layering

crystal shape

Graded beds are an indicator of a. submarine landslides. c. arid environments. b. quiet, still water. d. current flow.

current flow

If the volatile content of magma is increased, its viscosity will __________. a. increase b. decrease c. stay the same d. Volatile content has no effect on viscosity.

decrease

Topset, foreset, and bottomset beds found together are indicative of __________ environments. a. alluvial fan c. Delta b. lake bottom d. deep-marine

delta

Large layers of cross-bedded sand can be indicative of a __________ environment. a. submarine c. desert b. beach d. fluvial

desert

All other factors being equal (i.e., depth, volume, temperature, etc.), which type of igneous intrusion would cool fastest? a. pluton c. batholith b. dike d. All intrusions cool at the same rate.

dike

The image below (immediately to the right of the person's head) is an example of a small __________. a. sill c. dike b. pluton d. batholith

dike

4. Natural glass is NOT considered a mineral because it a. is not produced by geologic processes. b. is organic. c. does not have a fixed crystalline structure. d. can be made synthetically as well as be a naturally occurring substance.

does not have a fixed crystalline structure.

When limestone becomes chemically altered so that half of the calcium atoms are replaced by magnesium, the resultant rock is termed a. agate. c. jasper. b. dolostone. d. travertine.

dolostone

Volcanoes that are not currently erupting but have erupted in the last 10,000 years and are likely to erupt again are termed __________. a. dormant c. extinct b. active d. suspended

dormant

The elevation of a mountain could be slowly decreased by weathering and a. lithification. c. erosion. b. sedimentation. d. deposition.

erosion

The process by which solid material is ground away by glaciers, rivers, wind, or waves is called a. deposition. c. weathering. b. erosion. d. lithification.

erosion

47. The diamonds typically seen in engagement rings today do not display their natural crystal faces but rather __________, which are made by grinding the gem on a spinning lap. a. striations c. cleavage planes b. facets d. facades

facets

Viscosity controls how __________. a. hot the fluid is c. quickly the fluid cools b. fast a rock will melt d. fast a fluid flows

fast a fluid flows

Which type of magma has the greatest silica content? a. felsic c. mafic b. intermediate d. ultramafic

felsic

Basins that form on the continental side of mountain ranges are called __________ basins. a. rift c. foreland b. passive-margin d. intracontinental

foreland

22. In which type of silicate are the greatest proportion of oxygen atoms shared by pairs of adjacent tetrahedra? a. chain silicates b. framework silicates c. sheet silicates d. Sharing of oxygen atoms does not occur in silicates.

framework silicates

25. A __________ is a mineral-lined cavity in a rock. a. crystal c. Mohs cavity b. geode d. precipitate

geode

Clastic sedimentary rocks are primarily classified on the basis of a. grain size. c. angularity. b. degree of sorting. d. mineral composition.

grain sized

12. The __________ class of minerals includes a substance commonly known as table salt. a. oxides c. halides b. carbonates d. silicates

halides

27. Which of the following minerals is more commonly known as table salt? a. gypsum c. halite b. feldspar d. quartz

halite

10. Which of the following is a mineral? a. petroleum (oil), a liquid b. cubic zirconia (a synthetic diamond substitute) c. ice (water in the solid state) d. obsidian (volcanic glass)

ice (water in the solid state)

48. What type of rock forms by the solidification of a melt? a. igneous c. sedimentary b. metamorphic d. biologic

igneous

Lithification occurs a. in the shallow subsurface. c. deep under the ground. b. at the surface of Earth. d. high in the mountains.

in the shallow subsurface

All other factors being equal, if a body of magma becomes more felsic, its viscosity will __________. a. increase b. decrease c. stay the same d. Chemical composition has no effect on viscosity.

increase

Shorelines migrate __________ during a transgression and __________ during a regression. a. seaward; inland b. inland; seaward c. parallel to the shore; perpendicular to the shore d. perpendicular to the shore; parallel to the shore

inland;seaward

44. Diamonds are usually found in a. pegmatite. c. sandstone b. kimberlite. d. granite.

kimberlite.

A batholith is a(n) __________. a. large body of sedimentary rock c. large compound igneous intrusion b. large body of metamorphic rock d. small tabular igneous intrusion

large compound igneous intrusion

Large igneous provinces involve more than just the formation of large volumes of igneous rock. Which of the following global events has NOTbeen attributed to large igneous provinces? a. sea-level rise c. extinction b. climate change d. large outcrops of granite

large outcrops of granite

40. Ore minerals, such as galena, tend to be different from typical minerals (such as quartz) in that they have a a. very dark color. c. large specific gravity. b. diamond-like crystal habit. d. vitreous luster.

large specific gravity.

Which of the following processes is unlikely to result in magma formation within the Earth? a. decompression (a drop in pressure) b. addition of volatiles c. transfer of heat from adjacent magma or very hot rocks d. loss of volatiles to the atmosphere

loss of volatiles to the atmosphere

All things equal, a magma will have __________ viscosity than a lava. a. the same c. lower b. fractional d. higher

lower

The mantle is composed entirely of __________. a. felsic rock c. mafic rock b. ultramafic rock d. intermediate rock

mafic rock

The difference between magma and lava is that __________. a. magma cools more rapidly than lava b. magma is found at the surface, whereas lava is found below the surface c. magma is found beneath the surface, whereas lava is found at the surface d. There is no difference; the two terms mean the same thing.

magma is found beneath the surface whereas lava is found at the surface

The analogy in which hot fudge is injected into ice cream, thereby causing the ice cream to melt, is associated with which cause of melting? a. melting due to a decrease in pressure b. melting due to an addition of volatiles c. melting due to heat transfer from rising magma d. melting due to an increase in pressure

melting due to heat transfer from rising magma

50. What type of rock forms when preexisting rocks undergo changes in response to a modification of their environment, without first melting? a. igneous rocks c. metamorphic rocks b. sedimentary rocks d. meteorites

metamorphic rocks

Decompression melting occurs at both __________ and __________. a. mid-ocean ridges; hotspots c. subduction zones; hotspots b. mid-ocean ridges; trenches d. subduction zones; mid-ocean ridges

mid-ocean ridges- hotspots

In general, if a body of igneous (source) rock is subjected to partial melting, the magma that is produced is expected to be __________. a. identical in chemical composition to the source rock b. more mafic than the source rock c. more felsic than the source rock d. The melt composition is not predictable.

more felsic than the source rock

If a body of magma undergoes fractional crystallization, the first rock that crystallizes from the magma will be __________. a. identical in chemical composition to the magma b. more mafic than the magma c. more felsic than the magma d. The composition of the rock is not predictable.

more mafic than the magma

Magma tends to __________. a. move upward, away from where it formed b. move downward, away from where it formed c. move laterally d. stay in one place

move upward, away from where it formed

13. Which class of minerals is highly conductive because of metallic bonding? a. native metals c. silicates b. sulfides d. carbonates

native metals

What are the ways a mineral can crystallize in nature? List and explain

1.crystallization of magma (cools inside the crust) or lava (cools & hardens on the surface) 2. crystallization of materials dissolved in water.

The image below shows a series of graded beds. How many full sets of graded beds are shown? a. 1 c. 12 b. 3 d. 15

3

What is the definition of a rock?

A rock is defined by geologists as a coherent, naturally occurring solid consisting of an aggregate of mineral grains or, less commonly, a mass of glass.

How are sedimentary rocks different from igneous rocks?

A sedimentary rock forms mainly either by the cementing together of grains or precipitation of mineral crystals out of water solutions. Igneous rocks form from molten rock (melt) through cooling and crystallization.

Volcanoes are able to cool global climate in which of the following ways? a. They release heat during eruptions. b. Gas emissions reduce the amount of moisture in the atmosphere c. Aerosols and ash reflect sunlight, causing cooling. d. There is no evidence that volcanoes can affect climate.

Aerosols and ash reflect sunlight, causing cooling

5. Which of the following is NOT true about minerals? a. All minerals are compounds of more than one element. b. All minerals are naturally made. c. Some minerals are precipitated by organisms. d. All minerals can be expressed as chemical formulas.

All minerals are compounds of more than one element.

A gravel bar in a river is an example of a landform created by a. deposition. c. transportation. b. erosion. d. lithification.

Deposition

42. Using the Mohs hardness scale below, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. A fingernail can scratch a sample of gypsum. b. Diamonds are twice as hard as apatite. c. Diamonds are more than seven times as hard as quartz. d. Quartz cannot scratch anything made of diamond.

Diamonds are twice as hard as apatite.

Why are minerals sometimes referred to as the building blocks of Earth?

Earth is made of many different types of rocks, and rocks are composed of a mixture of minerals in various forms. Thus, minerals are a fundamental "building block" of Earth.

__________ melting occurs at subduction zones because the down-going plate __________. a. Heat transfer; is extremely hot b. Heat transfer; creates abundant friction c. Flux; contains abundant water d. Decompression; rises toward the surface

Flux- contains abundant water

29. Which of the following minerals is a silicate? a. galena c. calcite b. olivine d. halite

olivine

In Bowen's discontinuous reaction series, the first mineral to crystallize out of a mafic melt is __________. a. olivine c. pyroxene b. plagioclase d. quartz

olivine

41. For most minerals, the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is a. only useful if the mineral is softer than porcelain. b. more variable than the color in a hand sample among crystals. c. not useful because the porcelain will often chemically react with the mineral. d. always dark brown or black.

only useful if the mineral is softer than porcelain.

Coal and oil shale are considered __________ sedimentary rocks. a. clastic c. organic b. biochemical d. chemical

organic

2. Carbon-containing compounds that either occur in living organisms or resemble compounds in living organisms are called a. organic compounds. c. crystals. b. minerals. d. atoms.

organic compounds.

43. Geologists refer to an exposure of bedrock on the surface as a(n) a. bed. c. outcrop. b. foliation. d. pegmatite.

outcrop.

24. Which layer of Earth does NOT contain silicate minerals? a. oceanic crust c. outer core b. upper mantle d. continental crust

outer core

14. The tetrahedral structure that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element? a. magnesium c. iron b. oxygen d. carbon

oxygen

Which of the following is not considered a type of pyroclastic debris? a. lapilli c. ash b. blocks d. pahoehoe

pahoehoe

If a geologist finds thick accumulations of fossiliferous limestone, in what type of basin might they have been formed? a. passive-margin c. rift b. intracontinental d. foreland

passive-margin

What type of basins contain the largest accumulation of marine sediments? a. rift c. foreland b. passive-margin d. intracontinental

passive-margin

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of obsidian? a. It is composed of volcanic glass. c. It is typically felsic in composition. b. It exhibits conchoidal fracture. d. It cooled very slowly.

It is composed of volcanic glass.

Compaction and cementation of grains occur during a. erosion. c. transport. b. lithification. d. weathering.

Lithification

7. Which of the following is NOT a mineral? a. quartz c. petroleum b. diamond d. gold

petroleum

An irregular-shaped and bloblike igneous rock body that cooled beneath the surface of Earth is a __________. a. dike c. sill b. pluton d. laccolith

pluton

45. A facet is a __________ on a gem. a. polished surface c. small impurity b. cleavage plane d. crystal face

polished surface

An igneous rock with a mixed texture of coarse crystals (phenocrysts) surrounded by fine crystals (groundmass) is termed __________. a. porphyritic c. aphanitic b. phaneritic d. vitric

porphyritic

The primary difference between breccia and conglomerate is that conglomerate __________ than breccia. a. is finer grained b. is coarser grained c. possesses more angular grains d. possesses more rounded grains

possesses more rounded grains

3. When a solution becomes oversaturated, new solid particles are said to a. precipitate from the solution. c. react with the solution and produce heat. b. dissolve into the solution. d. rapidly expand, causing an explosion.

precipitate from the solution.

Cementation of sediments occurs when minerals __________ the spaces between sediment grains. a. swell into c. precipitate in b. pass through d. dissolve in

precipitate in

26. Minerals that grow around volcanic vents MOST likely form by a. solidification from a melt. c. biomineralization. b. diffusion in a solid. d. precipitation from a gas.

precipitation from a gas.

The extremely high __________ within Earth prevents rock from melting. a. temperature c. silica content b. pressure d. water content

pressure

Ash, and larger fragments of pumice are all examples of __________. a. intrusive igneous rocks c. volatiles b. hot spots d. pyroclastic debris

pyroclastic debris

30. Which common rock-forming mineral shows up in all three major rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic)? a. diamond c. olivine b. quartz d. kaolinite

quartz

Lake deposits tend to be composed of finely laminated mudstones, indicative of a. quiet water. c. bioturbation. b. oscillating waves. d. current flow.

quiet water

Which of the following is not a way in which geologists can monitor a volcano with the goal of making short-term predictions about volcanic activity? a. earthquakes c. radioisotope dating b. heat flow d. gas emissions

radioisotope dating

Shallow-marine deposits tend to have abundant fossils because of their proximity to a. reefs. c. deltas. b. beaches. d. rivers.

reefs

The composition of magma will __________ when it erupts and turns into lava. a. remain the same c. become more mafic b. become more felsic d. have more silica

remain the same

Granite, a course-grained, felsic intrusive igneous rock is most similar in mineral composition to __________, which is a fine-grained, felsic extrusive equivalent. a. andesite c. gabbro b. basalt d. rhyolite

rhyolite

A well-sorted sandstone with asymmetric ripples was MOST likely deposited as sand by a(n) a. river (far from source). c. river (near source). b. glacier. d. alluvial fan.

river(far from source)

Most of the rocks that are formed at the surface of Earth are __________ rocks. a. intrusive igneous c. sedimentary b. extrusive igneous d. metamorphic

sedimentary

46. Which of the following forms either by the cementing together of grains broken off preexisting rocks or by the precipitation of mineral crystals out of water solutions at or near the Earth's surface? a. igneous rocks c. metamorphic rocks b. sedimentary rocks d. meteorites

sedimentary rocks

15. The mineral olivine is in the __________ mineral class. a. sulfate c. silicate b. carbonate d. oxide

silicate

20. Potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) is in which mineral class? a. silicates c. oxides b. carbonates d. sulfides

silicates

23. The mineral class that makes up more than 95% of rocks in the continental crust is termed the a. silicates. c. halides. b. carbonates. d. oxides.

silicates.

Diagenesisrefers to a. the development of layering within sedimentary rocks. b. the act of deposition of sediment that will ultimately form sedimentary rock. c. physical and chemical alterations, including compaction and cementation, that occur as sediment is transformed into rock. d. the natural process of separating sediment by grain size.

Physical and chemical alterations, including compaction and cementation, that occur as sediment is transformed into rock.

28. The mantle is composed almost entirely of the mineral class a. silicates. c. halides. b. oxides. d. sulfates

silicates.

In the figure provided below, what type of igneous intrusion is the horizontal rock unit indicated by the arrow? a. dike c. pluton b. sill d. laccolith

sill

Biochemical limestones are dominated by carbonate mud and fragments of a. siliceous shells of planktonic diatoms and foraminifera. b. skeletons of marine invertebrates made of calcite and aragonite. c. the phosphate-rich bones of fish. d. the organic breakdown products of wood and leaves from trees.

Skeletons of marine invertebrates made of calcite and aragonite.

Some physical properties are more useful for identifying certain minerals than others. Explain how color can be useful to identify some minerals but not others. Be sure to use mineral examples in your answer.

Some minerals, like olivine, are always the same color. However, other minerals, such as quartz, come in a variety of colors, and thus color is not a useful physical property to use to identify quartz.

The interior of Earth consists almost entirely of __________ rock. a. solid c. sedimentary b. molten d. felsic

solid

Compared with mafic igneous rocks, all felsic igneous rocks __________. a. cool and solidify more quickly c. solidify at higher temperatures b. cool and solidify more slowly d. solidify at lower temperatures

solidify at lower temperatures

36. A mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm3) is a. mass. c. luster. b. specific gravity. d. streak.

specific gravity.

31. The color of a mineral in powdered form is termed a. color. c. luster. b. specific gravity. d. streak.

streak.

Sedimentary basins are often subject to __________, which allows them to fill with thick accumulations of sediments. a. erosion c. uplift b. diagenesis d. subsidence

subsidence

11. The __________ class of minerals contains the anion Sc. a. oxides c. sulfides b. halides d. sulfates

sulfides

21. Pyrite (FeS2) is in which mineral class? a. silicates c. oxides b. carbonates d. sulfides

sulfides

A sill is a(n) __________. a. tabular intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock b. cooled layer of an ancient lava flow c. intrusion formed within the magma chamber of a volcano d. tabular intrusion that cuts across preexisting layers

tabular intrusion that lies parallel to surrounding layers of sedimentary rock

Compared with metamorphism, diagenesis a. is exactly the same thing. b. takes place at lower temperatures and pressures. c. takes place at higher temperatures and pressures. d. takes place at greater depths that are well within the mantle.

takes place at lower temperatures and pressures

34. Which of the following common minerals is softest? a. quartz c. talc b. calcite d. fluorite

talc

Despite the fact that the temperatures within Earth are hot enough to melt rock, Earth is mostly solid. Why do the rocks within Earth NOT melt? a. The pressure is too high. c. There is not enough water. b. The pressure is too low. d. They are not in contact with air.

the pressure is too high

How are chalk and chert different? a. They have different grain sizes. b. They are made of different source materials. c. Chalk is terrestrial; chert is marine. d. Chalk is biochemical; chert is chemical.

they are made of different source materials.

149.Sea level rises locally, and marine sediments are deposited on top of terrestrial sediments during events termed a. transgressions. c. turbidity currents. b. regressions. d. cross bedding.

transgressions

Grains become rounded primarily during a. weathering at the outcrop. c. transportation. b. lithification. d. deposition.

transportation

Which of the following does NOT reflect transport distance? a. angularity c. rounding b. type of cement d. mineral content

type of cement

If water is the primary transport mechanism for a given sediment, the grain size MOST closely indicates the a. geographic extent of the weathering source rock at outcrop. b. average velocity of the water from the time of erosion until deposition. c. velocity of the water at the moment the sediment settled to the bottom. d. climate conditions at the time of deposition.

velocity of the water at the moment the sediment settled to the bottom

Why is the outer core the only layer in Earth that is molten? a. The pressure decreases within Earth, thus allowing iron to melt. b. The pressure increases within Earth, thus allowing iron to melt. c. The temperature is high enough but pressure low enough to melt iron. d. The temperature is high enough but pressure low enough to melt olivine.

The temperature is high enough but pressure low enough to melt iron

Which of the following is FALSE about regressions? a. They are not typically well preserved in the sedimentary record. b. They can occur when the climate warms and continental ice sheets melt. c. They occur when the land is uplifted by tectonic processes. d. Coastal environments will migrate seaward.

They can occur when the climate warms and continental ice sheets melt.

Which type of volcano forms from layers of mafic lava erupted in primarily effusive eruptions? a. cinder cone c. shield volcano b. stratovolcano d. fissure volcano

shield volcano

Columnar jointing forms primarily because of __________ a. Contraction and cracking of rock during the cooling process b. Changes in density of the material as it cools c. Partial remelting of lava on the surface d. Fragmentation of the rock due to volatile escape

Contraction and cracking of rock during the cooling process

The May 18,1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens was unique in which way? a. Lava flows erupted from the base of the volcano. b. The explosion was initially directed sideways. c. Large amounts of gases were emitted. d. The explosion was directed vertically only.

The explosion was initially directed sideways.

Given the solidus and liquidus curves below, which location represents material that is partially melted? a.a. c.c. b.b. d.d.

c

A fine-grained clastic sedimentary rock that splits into thin sheets is a. mudstone. c. sandstone. b. shale. d. arkose.

shale

Siltstone or mudstone containing marine fossils likely formed in a __________ environment. a. shallow-marine c. lacustrine b. deep-marine d. coastal-beach

shallow-marine