EBP Final

What type of qualitative research is based off of past experiences? (collected from written records, photographs, interviews, pictures)

Historical

Describe the relationship between reliability and validity?

If your bathroom scale reads the same weight everyday it's reliable, but if the weight it's displaying is incorrect because the scale isn't calibrated correctly- it's not valid

What is considered 2nd level coding?

Axial coding/Categories

What type of non-probability qualitative sampling is it when researchers deliberately choose the cases that will best contribute to the study?

Purposive sampling

What type of probability sampling is it when the researcher selects broad groups rather than selecting individuals?

Cluster sampling

What are the steps of EBP using the Iowa model?

1.) Ask clinical question 2.) Search literature 3.) Critically appraise evidence 4.) Implement practice change 5.) Evaluate outcomes

What are the steps of the research process?

1.) Identify the research question 2.) Conduct a review of the literature 3.) Identify a theoretical framework 4.) Select a research design 5.) Implement the study 6.) Analyze data 7.) Draw conclusions 8.) Disseminate findings

Rank the following evidence from weakest (1) to strongest (7) RCT Cohort/Case Control Studies Meta-Analysis Evidence from a single qualitative study Expert Opinion Systematic review of qualitative studies Controlled trials w/o randomization

6, 4, 7, 2, 1, 3, 5

The measuring tape on the height board was nailed to the backboard too high so every child is measured 5 cm too tall A. Measurement error B. Sampling Bias C. Sampling Error

A

The scales were old and consistently measure 500 grams too light. A. Measurement error B. Sampling Bias C. Sampling Error

A

Qualitative data are made up of words rather than numbers. Because of this, analyzing the data is _____________. (Select all that apply) A. More subjective B. More labor intensive C. Easily done with software (SPSS or Excel) D. More objective

A, B

Which of the following is an example of dissemination? (Select all that apply) A. Presenting results of a study in a poster presentation. B. Presenting results of a study as a speaker in a presentation C. Printing and filing results of research studies in a personal filed. D. Sharing results of a study on a blog

A, B

Common barriers to implementing Evidence Based Practice include which of the following? (SATA) A. Organizational culture B. Nurses' belief systems related to practice C. Research-related barriers as some of the reasons D. Lack of available research to implement into practice

A, B, C

A nursing _________ is one who is willing to try new things in practice, using evidence, to enhance the quality of patient care and to foster nursing knowledge. (Blooms: Comprehension) A. Researcher B. Innovator C. Leader D. Manager

B

One team decided they did not like travelling by foot, so they ignored their randomly selected list of clusters of children living far from the villages and only weight and measured children who lived in villages on the road. A. Measurement Bias B. Sampling Bias C.Sampling Error

B

The purpose of a nurse presenting research findings at a conference is which of the following: A. To get input from peer nurses to make improvements to the research findings B. To disseminate information allowing others to learn from the research findings C. To engage in scholarly activities and get advancement in their place of work D. To ensure that all nurses provide the same care at all facilities ensuring consistency

B

This is best defined as adopting an innovation on a trial basis: (Blooms: Analysis) A. Adoption B. Pilot C. Active adoption D. Passive adoption

B

Which occurs first axial coding or open coding? (Blooms: Analysis) A. Axial coding B. Open coding C. They occur at the same time D. Only open coding occurs

B

Reliability coefficients greater than ____ are considered to be high and stable (SATA) A. .00 B. .05 C. .07 D. .08

C, D

What are the three types of validity?

Content, criterion, construct

What type of non-probability qualitative sampling is it if the researches ask for volunteers?

Convenience

What are the types of sampling for qualitative research? (non-probability)

Convenience, snowball, quota, purposive, and theoretical

What type of non-experimental quantitative research measures the numerical strength of relationships between and among variables? (Discovers whether a change in the value of one is likely to occur when another increases or decreases)

Correlational

What are the four criteria to assess data quality?

Credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability

A major advantage of poster presentations over other methods is that opportunities for _________ exist. A. Exhibition B. Using pictures C. Working remotely D. Networking

D

Grades on a multiple-choice final exam are an example of which level of measurement? A. Ordinal B. Interval C. Nominal D. Ratio

D

Identify type of the following hypothesis: "Exercisers exhibit higher self-efficacy scores compared to nonexercises." A. Complex, directional research hypothesis B. Complex, non-directional research hypothesis C. Simple, non-directional research hypothesis D. Simple, directional research hypothesis

D

Which of the following is an example of random measurement error? A. Actual measures smaller than true measure B. Including elements of hope in a measure of self-concept C. Measuring blood sugar immediately after breakfast D. Punching the wrong key when entering data into the computer

D

__________ is best defined as the degree to which participants are like the population. A. Ethnograph B. Data interpretation C. Common synthesis D. Representativeness

D

What variable is the OUTCOME?(can't be manipulated)

Dependent (Y)

What type of non-experimental quantitative research describes phenomena (ideas) in real-life situations? (Counts, measures, classifies the phenomenon of interest or its characteristics)

Descriptive

What are the two types of quantitative research designs that describe the phenomenon without an intentional intervention?(Non-Experimental)

Descriptive and correlational

What type of qualitative research is based off of culture? (Relies on observation and field work)

Ethnography

What is defined as the integration of best research evidence, patient values, and clinical expertise?

Evidence based practice

What variable INFLUENCES the outcome? (can be manipulated)

Independent (X)

What is defined as an ethical practice requiring researchers to obtain voluntary participation by subjects after they have been informed of possible risks and benefits?

Informed consent

What is defined as the extent to which all the instrument's items are measuring the same attribute?

Internal consistency

What is defined as the degree of agreement among raters?

Interrater reliability

What type of level of measurement gives values meaning with equal categories that may or may not contain a zero? Manmade scales are all at this level of measurement (Ex. Thermometer)

Interval

What are the 5 types of PICO questions?

Intervention, etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, meaning

What are some barriers of EBP?

Lack of time, Lack of value placed on research, Lack of knowledge about EBP, Lack of tech skills to find evidence, Lack of resources to access evidence, Lack of ability to read research, Resistance to change, Lack of organization support for EBP

Experimental designs must have what 3 properties?

Manipulation, randomization, control

Quasi-experimental designs MUST have ___________ but lack either _________ , __________ or both

Manipulation, randomization, control group

Which measure of central tendency equals the sum of all scores divided by the total number of scores and is the most stable and widely used indicator? Ex: 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Mean (5)

Which measure of central tendency is the point in a distribution above which, and below which 50% of cases fall? (useful mainly as descriptor of typical value when distribution is skewed) Ex: 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 -- what is it in this example

Median (4.5)

Which measure of central tendency is the most frequently occurring score in a distribution and is useful mainly as a gross descriptor, especially of nominal measures? Ex: 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 -- what's it in this example

Mode (3)

What is defined as a planned and systematic activity that leads to new knowledge and/or discovery of solutions to problems or questions that are important to the nursing profession?

Nursing Research

What is considered 1st level coding?

Open Coding/Codes

What type of level of measurement orders/ranks values without equal intervals.It categorizes data into natural, ordered categories (Ex- income categories $0-500, $501-1,000, $1001- $1500)

Ordinal

What does PICO(T) stand for?

P= Patient, Problem, or Population I= Intervention C= Comparison O= Outcome T= Timing

What type of qualitative research is based off of a lived experience? (collected through in-depth interviews)

Phenomenology

What are the four major types of qualitative research?

Phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, historical research

What kind of research is defined as a systemic, subjective approach to describe life experiences and give them meaning, and is also useful in understanding human experiences such as pain, caring, powerlessness, and comfort? (focuses on understanding the whole)

Qualitative research

What is defined as research that uses numbers to obtain precise measurements?

Quantitative research (4 types -- experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, correlational)

What type of non-probability qualitative sampling is it when the researchers identify the sample strata so that its a proportional representation of the population?

Quota sampling

What type of level of measurement is the highest form, numbers are in order, and always contains a zero?(Ex- height, weight, BP, age in years, grade on a final exam)

Ratio

What is defined as the ability of an instrument to measure the attribute of a variable or construct consistently?

Reliability

What is a correlation coefficient and where do you want it for good reliability?

Represents reliability: above 0.70 or 0.80 (1 is the strongest)

What are the three ethical principles of research?

Respect for persons, beneficence, justice

What is considered higher level coding?

Selective coding/Themes

What type of probability sampling is it when the researcher defines the population (a set), lists all the units of the population (a sampling frame), and selects a sample of units (a subset) from which the sample will be chosen.

Simple random sampling

What are the four types of probability sampling?

Simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling

What type of non-probability qualitative sampling is it if it's restricted to a small network of acquaintances and the participants are responsible for recruiting additional volunteers?

Snowball sampling

What are the three attributes of a reliable tool?

Stability, equivalence, internal consistency/(Homogeneity)

Whats the term used to describe how far the variables are spread from the mean?

Standard deviation

What type of probability sampling is it when the researcher divides a population into homogeneous strata or subgroups; to allow for more representativeness?

Stratified random sampling

What are the two types of measurement error? Describe each

Systematic Error: Error that occurs in the same way with each measurement Random Error: Errors that occurs by chance

What type of probability sampling is it when the researcher selects every kth case from a list?

Systematic random sampling

What are the 5 S's on the pyramid of evidence? (from top to bottom; give an example for each)

Systems (EHR), summaries (national guidelines), synopses (abstract), syntheses (systematic reviews), studies (case study)

What type of non-probability quanitative sampling involves decisions about where to find data to develop an emerging theory optimally?

Theoretical sampling

What must occur for the nurse researcher to randomly select a sample of subjects? A. Each subject should have an equal chance of being selected. B. Subjects who might die or leave the study voluntarily should be eliminated. C. Subjects should be grouped according to homogeneity. D. Each subject should be selected on the basis of his or her ability to participate.

A

Which of the following is an example of a testing threat to the internal validity? A. Events can happen during the conduct of a study that influence how subjects respond to treatment or in how they answer survey items. B. Participants being retested with the same instrument may remember how they answered previously or may have learned as a result of the test itself. C. Extreme values on an instrument may resolve naturally over time. D. Answering a large number of test questions may make subjects tired, frustrated, or bored, so they answer questions at the end of the task differently.

B

Which one of the following is the most useful first question to ask when deciding upon the design for a quantitative research study? A. Can I eliminate bias from the study by choosing one design rather than another? B. Is the study interventional or non interventional: will a cause-and-effect relationship be tested? C. What do I need to do to best control for extraneous variables? D. Which analyses will be performed on the data, in order to answer the research question?

B

Identify the dependent variable(s) in the following hypothesis: "Exercisers exhibit higher self-efficacy scores compared to nonexercises." A. exercisers B. non-exercisers C. self-efficacy D. exercise vs non-exercisers

C

Mr. Thompson runs his own printing and bookbinding business. He suspects that the machine isn't putting enough glue into the book spines and decides to inspect his most recent order of 70 textbooks to test his theory. He numbers them 01-70 and, using the random digit table printed below, selects a simple random sample of 5 books to check. Random digit table = 05007 16605 81194 14873 0419719223 95034 05756 28713 9640973676 47150 99400 01927 27754 Question: Which books are in the sample? {number represents book number} A. 05, 66, 71, 81 , 19 B. 05, 00, 71, 66, 05 C. 05, 66, 19, 41, 48 D. 05, 71, 66, 05, 81

C

Nonexperimental correlational studies are used frequently in nursing research for which reason? A. Findings of nonexperimental correlational studies can be generalized to larger populations. B. Independent variables can be manipulated precisely in correlational studies. C. Many of the phenomena of clinical interest do not lend themselves to manipulation, control, or randomization. D. To determine the best clinical practices, nurses must be aware of cause-and-effect relationships.

C

What are the key concepts of quantitative designs:

Causality vs Probability; Control, Manipulation, Bias; Randomization; Between-Groups and Within-Groups; Prospective, Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal VS Retrospective; Validity

What should be included on an EBP poster?

Clinical question, review of literature, method, synthesis of findings, decision about practice, implementation, evaluation, discussion

What type of review is needed when there is no apparent risk to subjects in a research study?

Exempt from review

What type of review is needed when there is minimal risk to the subjects in a research study?

Expedited review

What are the two types of quantitative research designs that test the effect of an intervention? (Cause and Effect)

Experimental and quasi-experimental

What type of review from the IRB is required if there is greater than minimal risk to subjects in a research study?

Full review

What type of qualitative research is based on the process of a journey? (collected by observation)

Grounded theory

What type of level of measurement classifies/categorizes data, each group is considered equal and variables can be dichotomic (two categories, i.e. male/female) or categorical variable (more than two categories, i.e. freshman, sophomore, junior, senior)?

Nominal

What are the ANA's 6 guidelines for protecting the rights of human subjects?

1.) Right to self-determination 2.) Right to freedom from risk/harm 3.) Scope of application 4.) Responsibilities to support knowledge development 5.) Informed consent 6.) Participation on IRB

Which of the following statements about instrument validity is true? A. The validity of an instrument reflects the extent to which the instrument is able to measure the construct under investigation. B. Instrument validity is measured when it is being normed. In subsequent research, its validity always retains the same value. It is an absolute indicator. C. How stable the instrument's items are. D. The validity of the instrument regardless of the situation or population in which it is used.

A

When might an entire population be used in a research study? A. When comprehensive results are desired B. To increase generalizability of the findings C. When the population size is very small D. When the study is highly funded

C

Which of the following is an example of adopting? (Blooms: Application) A. Testing a new innovation for replication B. Reading journals to learn about new innovations C. Applying a new innovation in practice D. Research the concept of a new innovation

C

Which of the following measurements is at the ratio level? A. Self-rating on the following scale: Nonsmoker, Light smoker, Heaving smoker B. Religious affiliation C. Minutes of the second stage labor D. Aged defined as individuals < 25 years old and those >25 years old.

C