Endocrine System

91. Cushing syndrome occurs when the body is exposed to high levels of ____ for a long time. Aldosterone Cortisol Calcitriol Progesterone

Cortisol

47. Vitamin ___ is produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight. A B C D

D

34. What promotes body growth by stimulating the ends of the long bones? PRL TSH GH ACTH

GH

9. Parathormone increases the calcium absorption rate in the: Long bones Gastrointestinal tract and kidneys Ileum and spleen Liver

Gastrointestinal tract and kidneys

66. What is characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average? Addison's disease Gigantism Hypoparathyroidism Cushing syndrome

Gigantism

35. The posterior lobe of the pituitary releases two hormones which are both synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary. They are oxytocin and ACTH. True False

False

46. The A1C test measures the average blood glucose for only the past 2 to 3 weeks. True False

False

81. TSH is stimulated by somatostatin from the hypothalamus. True False

False

87. The liver stores glycogen as glucose. True False

False

88. Endocrine glands secrete their products, hormones, directly through a duct. True False

False

92. The cause of type 1 diabetes is environmental factors that include diets high in fats and sugar. True False

False

95. Hormone production by endocrine glands is maintained at a homeostatic level mostly by a positive feedback mechanism. True False

False

99. Which hormone stimulates the liver to produce glucose and decrease glycogen which is a storage form of glucose? Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin None of the above

Glucagon

94. Which statement is incorrect concerning blood sugar and pressure control? Glucocorticoids lower blood sugar levels by increasing gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from amino acids. Glucocorticoids play a role in the immune system's inflammatory response and help the body respond to stress. Cortisol helps regulate blood pressure and normal function of the cardiovascular system. Cortisol regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats into usable energy.

Glucocorticoids lower blood sugar levels by increasing gluconeogenesis.

75. Which statement is incorrect concerning glucose? Glucose is a sugar and is a source of energy for the cells that make up muscles, brain and other tissues. Glucose comes from two major sources: food and liver. Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream, where it enters cells with the help of glucagon. The liver stores glucose as glycogen. When glucose levels are low, the liver breaks down stored glycogen into glucose to keep glucose level within a normal range.

Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream, where it enters cells with the help of glucagon.

55. Oxytocin is often given to: Help a patient sleep Relieve symptoms of depression Increase attention Induce or augment labor

Induce or augment labor

78. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by an ____ of calcium and therefore, to compensate, the parathyroid glands release ____. Excess, parathormone Insufficiency, parathormone Excess, calcitonin Insufficiency, calcitonin

Insufficiency; parathormone

90. Which hormone stimulates cells to absorb glucose? Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin None of the above

Insulin

8. Which statement is incorrect concerning hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome? It is most frequently seen in older type 1 diabetes patients. The kidneys try to lower the elevated blood sugar by passing it into the urine. The resulting increased urination leads to dehydration. The dehydration serves to pull water from tissues including the brain and can induce a coma. None of the above

It is most frequently seen in older type 1 diabetes patients.

28. Which trait is not included by the NIH guidelines for determining metabolic syndrome? A large waist circumference that measures at least 35 inches for women and 40 inches for men Elevated triglyceride level, low HDL Angina pectoris Hypertension Elevated fasting blood sugar

Angina pectoris

20. Which is not a symptom of type 1 diabetes? Polydipsia Anorexia Polyphagia Polyuria None of the above

Anorexia

48. Diabetes is diagnosed at two hour blood glucose of greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl. True False

True

50. The beta cells secretes insulin into the bloodstream to stimulate cells to absorb glucose, promote the synthesis of glycogen, and antagonizes glucagon. True False

True

67. The primary goal of diagnosing and treatment of diabetes is to maintain blood glucose at normal levels and to prevent complications. True False

True

68. LH in males acts on the interstitial cells (also known as Leydig cells) of the testes stimulating them to synthesize and secrete the male sex hormone. True False

True

49. Primary aldosteronism can be caused by all but: Conn's disease which is an aldosterone-producing adenoma Over activity of both adrenal glands called idiopathic hyperaldosteronism Adrenal cortical carcinoma Pituitary adenoma

Pituitary adenoma

69. The ____ is surrounded by a small bony cavity called the sella turcica and has an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe. Hypothalamus Thyroid Pituitary gland Adrenal gland

Pituitary gland

61. Women with ____ are characterized by excessive hair growth, obesity, and irregular menstrual periods. Type 2 diabetes Diabetic ketoacidosis Polycystic ovary syndrome Macrosomia

Polycystic ovary syndrome

22. ADH and oxytocin are both synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the: Posterior pituitary Adrenal gland Liver Pineal gland

Posterior pituitary

13. What is the treatment for hypoparathyroidism? Iron supplements Splenectomy Supplements to normalize calcium and phosphorus levels There is no treatment

Supplements to normalize calcium and phosphorus levels

23. Treatment of type 1 diabetes aims at maintaining normal blood sugar levels through all but which method? Regular monitoring of blood glucose Insulin therapy Suppressing glucagon Diet Exercise

Suppressing glucagon

12. Prolactin secretion is under the stimulatory control of: Dopamine Serotonin TRH ACTH

TRH

2. The pituitary gland is NOT composed of: The anterior pituitary The posterior pituitary The pars intermedia The optic chiasm

The optic chiasm

52. Which statement is incorrect concerning pituitary tumors? Most pituitary tumors are pituitary adenomas. They are benign, fast-growing tumors. Arise from cells in the pituitary gland. They can function and produce hormones. As the pituitary adenomas grow they can compress the optic chiasm.

They are benign, fast-growing tumors.

71. What is cretinism? Untreated congenital hypothyroidism A complication of hyperthyroidism A severe vitamin D deficiency None of the above

Untreated congenital hypothyroidism

6. Which is not a sign or symptom of hyperthyroidism? Anxiety and irritability Fine tremor of the hands or fingers Heat sensitivity Weight gain Change in menstrual cycles

Weight gain

37. Which statement is incorrect concerning type 1 diabetes? Can develop at any age but typically appears during childhood or adolescence. It is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility and unknown environmental factors that result in the lack of insulin. Without insulin, glycogen builds up in the bloodstream. The immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. None of the above

Without insulin, glycogen builds up in the bloodstream.

56. Risk factors for gestational diabetes doesn't include: Women older than age 20 Family or personal history of prediabetes Gestational diabetes during a previous pregnancy Delivery of a very large baby or an unexplained stillbirth Being overweight before pregnancy

Women older than age 20

32. The ____ produces weak androgens and estrogens responsible for some secondary sex characteristics in both men and women. Medulla Cortex Zona reticularis Glucocorticoid

Zona reticularis

53. Dehydroepiandrosterone is the main androgen produced by the: Medulla Cortex Zona reticularis Glucocorticoid

Zona reticularis

17. Which statement is incorrect concerning myxedema and its symptoms? It is advanced hypothyroidism. It is rare and but not life-threatening. Symptoms include low blood pressure, decreased breathing. It can lead to decreased body temperature, unresponsiveness and even coma. None of the above

It is rare and but not life-threatening

30. Which statement is incorrect concerning Hashimoto's thyroiditis? It is also called chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an inflammatory disorder. Patients have antibodies to thyroid peroxidase which is referred to as TPO which is an enzyme essential for thyroid hormone production. If untreated, can lead to a number of health issues including goiter, enlarged heart, possible heart failure. It may be associated with an increased risk of heart disease because high levels of HDL cholesterol. Signs and symptoms of Hashimoto's disease are mainly those of hypothyroidism.

It may be associated with an increased risk of heart disease because high levels of HDL cholesterol.

76. ____ are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough available insulin in diabetes type 1. Alpha cells Polydipsia Ketones None of the above

Ketones

82. An ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor of non-adrenal origin produces ACTH in excess. These tumors are usually found in all but the: Lungs Pancreas Thyroid Thymus gland Kidney

Kidney

85. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome is a serious condition where the ____ try to lower the elevated blood sugar by passing it into the ____. Liver, stool Kidney, stool Liver, urine Kidney, urine

Kidney; urine

58. Graves' disease is also referred to as: Hypoparathyroidism Primary aldosteronism Thyrotoxicosis Hyperprolactinemia

Thyrotoxicosis

26. The infundibulum is a stalk between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. True False

True

31. In sexually-mature males, FSH acts on spermatogonia stimulating (with the aid of testosterone) the production of sperm. True False

True

86. Which statement is incorrect concerning Graves' ophthalmopathy? Primary treatment is to inhibit overproduction of thyroid hormones. About 40 percent of people with Graves' disease show some signs of Graves's ophthalmopathy. Graves' ophthalmopathy is caused by inflammation and the immune response affecting eye muscles. It results in bulging eyes, known as exophthalmos. Other treatments consist of thyroidectomy or large doses of radioactive iodine.

About 40 percent of people with Graves' disease show some signs of Graves's ophthalmopathy.

60. ____ is a hormonal disorder that develops when the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood. Acromegaly Gigantism Pachydermoperiostosis Pituitary dwarfism

Acromegaly

16. Long-term complications of diabetes include all but: Cardiovascular problems Neuropathy Adenopathy Nephropathy Retinopathy

Adenopathy

80. Myxedema is: Advanced hypoparathyroidism Congenital hypothyroidism Advanced hypothyroidism Congenital hyperthyroidism

Advanced hypothyroidism

45. ____ promotes sodium reabsorption by stimulating the collecting ducts of the kidneys to absorb more sodium and excrete hydrogen ion and potassium ion from the urine. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Somatostatin Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone

Aldosterone

10. The treatment of gestational diabetes includes: Regular glucose testing Diet modification Insulin for some patients All of the above

All of the above

14. Metabolic syndrome is closely linked to and associated with: Obesity Inactivity Insulin resistance All of the above

All of the above

21. Which treatment for hyperthyroidism can cause hypothyroidism? Radioactive iodine Anti-thyroid medications Thyroid surgery Radiation used to treat cancers of the head and neck All of the above

All of the above

40. Diabetes increase the risk of: Cataracts and glaucoma Skin problems such as bacterial and fungal infections Hearing problems Alzheimer's disease All of the above

All of the above

51. In females prolactinoma can cause: Amenorrhea and galactorrhea Facial hair Tender breasts Vaginal discharge and itching

Amenorrhea and galactorrhea

77. Prediabetes FBS is ____ mg/dl. Type 2 diabetes FBS is ____ mg/dl and greater. 99-110, 111 100-125, 126 110-130, 131 112-120, 121

100-125; 126

11. Who is more likely to have hyperthyroidism? A woman older than 60 A man older than 40 A child born premature An adult with diabetes

A woman older than 60

57. Which statement is incorrect regarding the adrenocorticotropic hormone? Adrenocorticotropic hormone is also known as ACTH. ACTH acts on the cells of the adrenal cortex, stimulating them to produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol. ACTH acts on the cells of the adrenal cortex, stimulating them to produce mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone. ACTH acts on the cells of the adrenal cortex, stimulating them to produce ADH. Production of ACTH depends on secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus.

ACTH acts on the cells of the adrenal cortex, stimulating them to produce ADH.

19. ____ facilitates the reabsorption of water into the blood. LH ADH Dopamine Oxytocin

ADH

74. ____ acts to reduce the volume of urine formed and make it more concentrated. PRL TSH GH ACTH ADH

ADH

79. Diabetes insipidus is the failure of the posterior lobe to produce ____. Insulin ADH ACTH TRH

ADH

89. Type 2 diabetes can develop at ____, commonly in people ____. Childhood, less than 5 Adolescence, older than 20 Adulthood, less than 50 Any age, older than 45

Any age; older than 45

98. Which statement is incorrect concerning gestational diabetes? Untreated or uncontrolled blood sugar levels can cause the development of macrosomia which is excess growth of the baby. Macrosomia occurs because higher levels of glucose cross the placenta, which causes the fetal pancreas to produce more insulin which causes the fetus to become macrosomic. Larger babies are more likely to require a C-section birth. Sometimes babies of mothers with gestational diabetes develop low blood sugar shortly after birth because their own insulin production is too high. Babies of mothers who have gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing obesity and type 1 diabetes later in life.

Babies of mothers who have gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing obesity and type 1 diabetes later in life.

65. Which cell produces insulin? Beta cells Alpha cells Delta cells None of the above

Beta cells

39. Which statement is incorrect concerning C cells and calcitonin? C cells are parafollicular cells. C cells are located between the thyroid gland follicles. C Cells produces calcitonin. Calcitonin raises blood calcium levels. None of the above

Calcitonin raises blood calcium levels

83. Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism include all but: Fragile bones that easily fracture Excessive urination Kidney stones Constipation Bone and joint pain

Constipation

7. Which cell produces somatostatin? Beta cells Alpha cells Delta cells None of the above

Delta cells

24. Hypothyroidism signs and symptom may include all but: Fatigue Increased sensitivity to cold Diarrhea Weight gain Muscle weakness

Diarrhea

73. ____ inhibits the release of prolactin (PRL) from the anterior lobe of the pituitary. LH ADH Dopamine Oxytocin

Dopamine

36. Cushing syndrome may result from the body's own overproduction of cortisol. Which one of the four factors listed below is the least common? Overproduction by one or both adrenal glands Overproduction of ACTH which normally regulates cortisol production Pituitary adenoma which occurs more often in women Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor occurs

Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor occurs

97. What prepares the body for the "fight or flight" response, which enables the individual to think quicker, fight harder and run faster? Epinephrine and norepinephrine Dopamine and oxytocin Somatostatin and vasopressin Prolactin and melatonin

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

63. In males prolactinoma can cause: Gynecomastia and tender nipples Erectile dysfunction and decreased body and facial hair Prostate hyperplasia Decreased sperm count

Erectile dysfunction and decreased body and facial hair

44. Which test, done first thing in the morning, measures blood glucose after not having anything to eat or drink (except water) for at least 8 hours before the test? A1C FPG OGTT None of the above

FPG

72. In sexually-mature females, ____ (assisted by LH) acts on the follicle to stimulate it to release estrogens. ADH FSH CRH GnRH

FSH

93. In sexually-mature males, ____ acts on spermatogonia stimulating (with the aid of testosterone) the production of sperm. ADH FSH CRH GnRH

FSH

100. The alpha cells produce glucagon which is released when the blood glucose level rises after 100 mg/dl. True False

False

29. The hypothalamus produces 10 hormones. True False

False

3. FSH is controlled by: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

41. Acute adrenal failure, a.k.a. Addisonian crisis, signs and symptoms may include all but: Severe vomiting and diarrhea leading to dehydration High blood pressure Loss of consciousness High potassium Low sodium

High blood pressure

59. Cushing syndrome can develop from exogenous corticosteroid medication administered in high doses over an extended period of time. This medication treats all except: Rheumatoid arthritis Lupus Hyperprolactinemia Asthma

Hyperprolactinemia

4. Endocrine gland disorders fall into one of two categories: ____, which is increased secretion of the hormone, or ____, which is decreased secretion of the hormones. Hyposecretion, hypersecretion Hypersecretion, hyposecretion Surged secretion, depreciated secretion Ascended secretion, descended secretion

Hypersecretion; hyposecretion

43. Which statement is incorrect concerning LH? LH is synthesized in different pituitary cells from FSH synthesis. LH in sexually-mature females causes a surge of LH which triggers ovulation. Stimulates the empty ovulatory follicle to develop into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone during the latter half of the menstrual cycle. LH in males acts on the interstitial cells of the testes stimulating them to synthesize and secrete the male sex hormone, testosterone.

LH is synthesized in different pituitary cells from FSH synthesis.

70. The major glands of the endocrine system include all but: The hypothalamus Pituitary gland Liver Pancreas Thyroid gland

Liver

15. Calcitonin ____ blood calcium levels and is produced by the ____ gland. Raises, parathyroid Lowers, parathyroid Raises, thyroid Lowers, thyroid

Lowers; thyroid

84. Hyperparathyroidism symptoms include all of the following but: Fragile bones that easily fracture Kidney stones Forgetfulness Nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting

96. Metabolic syndrome complications include all but: Diabetes Cardiovascular disease High cholesterol High blood pressure Nephropathy

Nephropathy

42. Which statement about thyroid-stimulating hormone is incorrect? TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are thyroid hormones. With T3 and T4, the numbers designate the number of iodine atoms per molecule. A deficiency of TSH causes hyporthyroidism. None of the above

None of the above

54. Which is not a hormone produced by the thyroid gland? Triiodothyronine Thyroxine Calcitonin All of the above None of the above

None of the above

62. Which test is a two-hour test that checks the blood glucose levels before and 2 hours after drinking a glucose drink? A1C FPG OGTT None of the above

OGTT

5. ____ stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone and release calcium into the bloodstream. Somatostatin Thyrotropin releasing hormone Dopamine Parathormone

Parathormone

27. Which statement is incorrect concerning type 2 Diabetes and prediabetes? It occurs when cells become resistant to the action of insulin. Type 2 diabetes can develop at any age but more common in people older than 45. Before people develop type 2 diabetes, they almost always have "prediabetes." Prediabetes is blood glucose levels that are lower than normal. None of the above

Prediabetes is blood glucose levels that are lower than normal.

1. During pregnancy ____ helps in the preparation of the breasts for future milk production. After birth, it promotes the synthesis of milk. Dopamine Somatostatin Oxytocin Prolactin

Prolactin

25. Which hormone inhibits digestive enzyme secretion? Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin None of the above

Somatostatin

38. Which statement concerning the anterior pituitary is incorrect? The anterior pituitary is also called the adenohypophysis. The anterior pituitary contains the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a capillary network called the hypophyseal portal system. The hypothalamus communicates and controls the anterior pituitary gland by secreting hormones into this capillary network.

The anterior pituitary contains the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

33. Which statement is incorrect concerning ADH? Diabetes insipidus is the failure of the posterior lobe to produce ADH. The primary function of ADH is to regulate extracellular fluid volume by regulating renal handling of water. ADH acts at the kidney renal tubules and causes them to reabsorb water. Without ADH the urine is not concentrated, water is not conserved and the patient has continual thirst and urination. A secondary function of ADH is to bind to receptors on vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction which increases arterial pressure. The cause of central diabetes insipidus in adults is usually damage to the pancreas or hypothalamus.

The cause of central diabetes insipidus in adults is usually damage to the pancreas or hypothalamus.

64. Which statement is incorrect concerning the adrenal glands? The adrenal glands are on top of each kidney. Each gland has an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The cortex is divided into four zones. All of the above None of the above

The cortex is divided into four zones.

18. ____ is the source of energy for muscles and tissues. Insulin Fructose Glycogen Glucose

glucose