ENG Final

Although less oriented towards artistic forms, the "Boy Inmate" and "Living Wage" texts offer examples of writing as similarly beneficial to society: if the suffering of youths on streets and of workers in factories can be made known to readers, then there is hope for improving the laws and regulations offering social assistance and livable working conditions. In addition, one can imagine that this writing offered its writers the opportunity for self-expression and connection to others. Given that such writers might have been illiterate a century before, we're reminded that industrialization in 19th century Britain brought with it increased literacy, offering a potentially powerful tool—writing—to individuals from a vast range of social backgrounds.

"Boy Inmate of the Casual Wards" (Victorian) "A Living Wage..." (Victorian)

1816

"the year without summer" eruption of mt Tambora -lord Byron "darkness"

WW1

1914-1918

WWII

1939-1945

Sublime

A feeling of being overwhelmed or awestruck, often by powerful natural forces -Wordsworth's "Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey"

Ballad

A narrative poem written in four-line stanzas, characterized by swift action and narrated in a direct style. A popular narrative song passed down orally. In the English tradition, it usually follows a form of rhymed (abcb) quatrains alternating four-stress and three-stress lines.

Dramatic monologue

A poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader. Examples include Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess," T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock,"

Rhyme, pararhyme, assonance, alliteration

A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds in the final stressed syllables and any following syllables of two or more words. Owen also made considerable use of the half rhyme, frequently interspersing half rhyme line endings with pararhymes, to give an overall distorted feel to the end of each line. assonance - repeated vowel sounds in multiple words. alliteration - repeated initial consonant sounds in multiple words

Metaphor, simile

A simile makes a comparison using the words "like" or "as." Example: The concert was so crowded, it felt like a million people were there. A metaphor makes the comparison directly, substituting one thing for another. Example: That test was a killer.

But in her web she still delights To weave the mirror's magic sights, For often thro' the silent nights A funeral, with plumes and lights And music, came from Camelot: Or when the moon was overhead Came two young lovers lately wed; 'I am half sick of shadows,' said The Lady of Shalott

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, "The Lady of Shalott" confined by desire -medievalism -suffering artist -women in confinement "dangerous world" -she will be cursed if she stops weaving

1922

BBC is established (radio) -also Ulysses was written -also wasteland -also a Virginia wolf work

Each of these novels affords historical consciousness, each in its own way and each through the lens of stories about individuals and families. Dickens' novel is a self-conscious journey to a past well-known by reputation, not experience, to its original readers. That past is the French Revolution: its causes and aftermath. Dickens' novel ends with the imagination of a future.

Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities (1859)

Though the goblins cuff'd and caught her, Coax'd and fought her, Bullied and besought her, Scratch'd her, pinch'd her black as ink, Kick'd and knock'd her, Maul'd and mock'd her, Lizzie utter'd not a word; Would not open lip from lip Lest they should cram a mouthful in: But laugh'd in heart to feel the drip Of juice that syrupp'd all her face, And lodg'd in dimples of her chin,

Christina Rossetti, "Goblin Market" -temptation, supernatural, a fairy tale. Explore sexual curiosity, independence -Lizzie -Laura (tempted)

And has the remnant of my life Been pilfered of this sunny Spring? And have its own prelusive sounds Touched in my heart no echoing string? Yet never in those careless days When spring-time in rock, field, or bower Was but a fountain of earthly hope A promise of fruits & the splendid flower.

Dorothy Wordsworth "Thoughts on My Sick-bed"

Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wise men at their end know dark is right, Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night.

Dylan Thomas "Do Not Go Gentle into That Goodnight"

O land of opportunity, you are not the suppers with meat, nor the curtains with lace nor the unheard of fire in the grate on summer afternoons, you are this moon, this dish of fruit which has never seen its own earth. Or had rain fall on it all one night and the next. And has grown, in consequence, a fine, crazed skin of porcelain.

Eavan Boland "Exile! Exile!" -about Irish immigrants, personification similar to Keats.

"Irland. Absence. Daughter"

Eavan Boland "lost land" last line

Dead ! One of them shot by the sea in the east, And one of them shot in the west by the sea. Dead ! both my boys ! When you sit at the feast And are wanting a great song for Italy free, Let none look at me !

Elizabeth Barrett Browning "Mother and Poet"

Mark Gertler, The Merry-Go-Round

Gertler's visceral reaction to - and protest against - the First World War, perhaps triggered by the possibility that Gertler could be conscripted into the British Army. war as a machine, people look like wearing masks

Iambic pentameter, tetrameter, trimeter

Iambic pentameter is a rhythm structure, used most commonly in poetry, that combines unstressed syllables and stressed syllables in groups of five.

I found a ball of grass among the hay And proged it as I passed and went away And when I looked I fancied something stirred And turned again and hoped to catch the bird When out an old mouse bolted in the wheat

John Clare, "Mouse's Nest" -slice of life, pastoral, grotesque, 14 line sonnet, a contrast to Wordsworth's grand awe of nature, this takes it simply, with curiosity.

Yet 'tis a gentle luxury to weep That I have not the cloudy winds to keep Fresh for the opening of the morning's eye. Such dim-conceived glories of the brain Bring round the heart an undescribable feud; So do these wonders a most dizzy pain, That mingles Grecian grandeur with the rude Wasting of old time—with a billowy main— A sun—a shadow of a magnitude.

John Keats, "On First Seeing the Elgin Marbles"

And they are gone: ay, ages long ago These lovers fled away into the storm. That night the Baron dreamt of many a woe, And all his warrior-guests, with shade and form Of witch, and demon, and large coffin-worm, Were long be-nightmar'd. Angela the old Died palsy-twitch'd, with meagre face deform; The Beadsman, after thousand aves told, For aye unsought for slept among his ashes cold.

John Keats, "The Eve of St. Agnes" -beadman -angela/dame -madeline -prophyro -on the eve of st agnes virgins after preforming a ritual will dream of their lover. Prophyro and madeline are in love, across class, and he sneaks in during this night, wakes her from her dream, and they run away together. An invasion of her bedroom (like nutting), seduction, trickery, dream confusion/manipulation, beadsman frames to story.

To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees, And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core; To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells With a sweet kernel; to set budding more, And still more, later flowers for the bees, Until they think warm days will never cease, For summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells.

John Keats, "To Autumn" -turning outward ot nature for comfort/inspiration, personification, autumn is masculine

Free verse

Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme

Juliet Margaret Cameron

Portrait of Lord Tennyson-studio photography

She had A heart—how shall I say?— too soon made glad, Too easily impressed; she liked whate'er She looked on, and her looks went everywhere. Sir, 'twas all one! My favour at her breast, The dropping of the daylight in the West, The bough of cherries some officious fool Broke in the orchard for her, the white mule She rode with round the terrace—all and each Would draw from her alike the approving speech, Or blush, at least. She thanked men—good! but thanked Somehow—I know not how—as if she ranked My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name With anybody's gift.

Robert Browning, "My Last Duchess" -had old lover killed? -warning of his power -revenge for unfaithfulness

"Let us go then you and I"

T.S. Eliot" The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" first line. figurative language "like a patient etherized on a table" -modern condition of artist, not understood -dramatic monologe, persona -cant talk to women, disturb their universe -watched -about making art -artistist connected to supernatural world

Eliot's and Woolf's texts reflect modernist aims to break through barriers to truth and find a more authentic form of writing in a context where writing and literature have come to seem exhausted. In Eliot's case, a new awakening might come through depersonalization and surrender of the egoistic self to a range of past writers who have made important intellectual and artistic discoveries. Otherwise, one is locked up in one's own narcissistic and very limited personality and emotions. If everyone is locked up in that way, then how can society function? This is an implicit question of Eliot's essay. In Woolf's case, modern writing has become too cluttered with materialist details (buttons). If everyone is overly concerned with surface realities, then over-attention to surfaces blocks access to the inner life and the deeper levels of psychology. Literature can open up that access by giving voice to invisible truths; this is possible in languages of interiority. What might be the benefit to society? The benefit might be more individuals who have realized their own truths, and therefore can live in more authentic ways unburdened by fear, rage, denial, etc. This could allow them to create bonds with others, including ethical bonds with strangers (as we see in Mrs. Dalloway).

T.S. Eliot, "Tradition and the Individual Talent" (modernism) Virginia Woolf, "Modern Fiction" (modernism)

Ford Madox Brown, Work

The painting attempts to portray, both literally and analytically, the totality of the Victorian social system and the transition from a rural to an urban economy.

Sula is more like A Tale of Two Cities in its use of dates. It affords to its readers a consciousness of linear progress through the years, which is also a structure that affords a "coming of age" story (Sula's and Nel's) and the experiences of old age and illness. The time frame of Sula encompasses a period known in American history as the Great Migration (1910-1970), during which millions of African Americans moved from Southern to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states. But the Great Migration is not named; we get individual stories of movement, such as Helene's from New Orleans to Ohio, or Sula's roaming away from and back to Medallion. We also get the opening story of the formation of the Bottom, which implies but does not directly name the migrations of African Americans. In addition to the unnamed Great Migration, Morrison's novel uses World War I as a reference point and focal point, foregrounding Shadrack at the outset.

Toni Morrison, Sula (1973)

Woolf addressed the status of women, and women artists in particular, in this famous essay, which asserts that a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write. According to Woolf, centuries of prejudice and financial and educational disadvantages have inhibited women's creativity.

Virginia Wolf "Room of One's Own"

Woolf's novel takes place on a single June day in 1923, but it is also a journey, through memory, to several pasts: Clarissa's, Peter's, Septimus's, Rezia's, Miss Kilman's, etc. Woolf's novel journeys to the recent past of its original readers. It engages the actual experience, of combatants and non-combatants, of World War I (known then as the Great War), and of the 1918 flu pandemic. Unlike A Tale of Two Cities, Mrs. Dalloway does not use dates to order its chronology (after all, it takes place on a single day). But in Peter's memory, the time away from London, in India, has been 1918-1923, so the reader does have someone's consciousness of calendrical time. Septimus's sense of time is much less orderly. It is a sense not of chronological order, but of the past erupting into the present, or the present collapsing into the past.

Virginia Woolf, Mrs. Dalloway (1925)

Land! land! O land! Whichever way I turn, O I think you could give me my mate back again if you only would, For I am almost sure I see her dimly whichever way I look. Lisp'd to me the low and delicious word death, And again death, death, death, death, Hissing melodious, neither like the bird nor like my arous'd child's heart, But edging near as privately for me rustling at my feet, Creeping thence steadily up to my ears and laving me softly all over, Death, death, death, death, death.

Walt Whitman, "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking"

Gas! GAS! Quick, boys!—An ecstasy of fumbling Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time, But someone still was yelling out and stumbling And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime.— Dim through the misty panes and thick green light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning.

Wilfred Owen "Dulce Et Decorum Est"-in the war, putting the reading into that setting

The darkness drops again; but now I know That twenty centuries of stony sleep Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle, And what rough beast, its hour come round at last, Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?

William Butler Yeats, "The Second Coming" -about end of the world -socity falling apart cause of WW1

I came to one dear nook Unvisited, where not a broken bough Drooped with its withered leaves, ungracious sign Of devastation; but the hazels rose Tall and erect, with tempting clusters hung, A virgin scene!—A little while I stood, Breathing with such suppression of the heart As joy delights in; and, with wise restraint Voluptuous, fearless of a rival, eyed The banquet;—or beneath the trees I sate Among the flowers, and with the flowers I played;

William Wordsworth, "Nutting" -gathering nuts, rape of the natural world, untouched unsullied, he happens upon this untouched part, eats his nuts, and then becomes angry and breaks/destroys it Bower-a cottage, in poetry a living space/bedroom/sexual room

Wordsworth, Mill, Wilde, and Anzaldua all offer examples of writing that conceives of literature as therapeutic for both the individual and society. Through poetry and music, individuals can find comfort in art, connection to others, and an opportunity to confess. The self-discovery and solace that individuals find through reading, listening, and composing their thoughts and selves, can also lead to a broader social inclusiveness, visibility, audibility, and forgiveness.

William Wordsworth, "Preface to the Lyrical Ballads" (Romanticism) John Stuart Mill, "From Autobiography: A Crisis" (Victorian) Oscar Wilde, from "De Profundis" Gloria Anzaldua, "How to Tame a Wild Tongue" (postcolonial and late 20th century)

My dear, dear Friend; and in thy voice I catch The language of my former heart, and read My former pleasures in the shooting lights Of thy wild eyes. Oh! yet a little while May I behold in thee what I was once, My dear, dear Sister! and this prayer I make, Knowing that Nature never did betray The heart that loved her; 'tis her privilege, Through all the years of this our life, to lead From joy to joy: for she can so inform The mind that is within us, so impress With quietness and beauty, and so feed With lofty thoughts, that neither evil tongues, Rash judgments, nor the sneers of selfish men, Nor greetings where no kindness is, nor all The dreary intercourse of daily life,

William Wordsworth, "Tintern Abbey" -is relationship with nature over time, no longer childish, thoughtful, written to his sister...wishes her to see the same experiences as him, prays that to her. Nature is trustworthy

"recalled to life"

father daughter bond in tale of two cities -doctor and Lucie mannete

J. M. W. Turner, Interior of Tintern Abbey

religion in decay, dwarfs the human figures, Wye valley (river), him putting his relationship with nature over time, no longer childish, thoughtful, written to his sister...wishes her to see the same experiences as him, prays that to her. Nature is trustworthy

Flaneuse

the female flaneur; (walks street observes and displays self) female freedom-opposed to prostitutes which were alone women...previously

Blank verse

verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter.