English

compound-complex sentence

Contains at least 2 independent clause and at least one dependent clause

Preposition phrases

Starts with a preposition and ends with a noun. However, their is several types of words that can come in between

Differences between slang and colloquialism

-colloquialism is considered standard language, but slang is not -Colloquialism is geographically restricted, whereas slang may be used in any culture or class of society -Colloquialism enriches a language, while slang waters it down

Transition words for chronology

Before, after, in the meantime, suddenly

1950's slang

Cat- a hip person Dig- understand Gig-a job

Adverbs

Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They often tell how, when, where, how much, or to what extent. Can end in -ly

Homophone

Is pronounced the same but spelled differently. Ate-Eight Seam-Seem

Transition words for cause

It, unless, in order to, in the event that

Transition words for effect

Therefore, consequently, ACCORDINGLY, as a

3 steps in a writing process

1. Prewriting- outlining, brainstorming, mind mapping, and stream of consciousness writing (free writing) *All can be useful in finding a topic or a purpose 2. Writing- drafting (establish thesis, purpose, and audience) *drafting is when you actually put in words on your paper... do not stop to look up at spelling or punctuation *write your ideas in a sentence *write an introduction and a conclusion *write a beginning, middle, and end *this is your "sloppy copy" *write ideas in order 3. Revision- editing, proofreading (improve your writing) *use quotes or add dialogue *include descriptive words *add detail *remove sentence *rearrange words and sent to clarity meaning

coordinating conjunction

A conjunction is placed b/w words, phrases, clauses. - It connects elements of equal importance. One does not depend on the other to substantiate its meaning. Each could function just as well without each other. (My cats AND dogs are great friends. I think Susan or Mary will ask me to the dance.) An acronym to remember coordinating conjunction: FANBOY (For, and, nor, but, or, yet) - They can join 2 verbs, 2 nouns, 2 adjectives, 2 phrases or 2 independent clauses.

Dependent Clause

A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be attached to an independent clause to become complete. This is also known as a subordinate clause. *Although I like spaghetti.. *Because he reads many books...

Independent Clause

An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. -it contains a subject and a verb and is a complete idea *I like spaghetti. *He reads many books.

Verb

Express what the person, animal, place, thing, or concept does. -Determine the verb in a sentence by asking the question "what was the action or what happened?"

1970s slang

Far out- cool Skinny- the truth or real story Psych- you've been tricked

1920s slang

all wet- erroneous idea or individual Bee's knees- extraordinary person, place, or thing Clam- a dollar

What is the difference between formal and informal language?

-Formal and informal language serve different purposes. The tone choice of words and the way the words are put together vary b/w the 2 styles. Formal language is less personal than informal language. It is used when writing for professional or academic purposes like university assignment. Formal language does not use colloquialisms, contractions or first person pronouns such as "I" or "we" Informal language is more causal and spontaneous. It is used when communicating with friends or family either in writing or in conversation. It is used when writing personal emails, text messages and in some business correspondence. The tone of informal language is more personal than formal language.

Object

A person animal, place, thing, or concept that receives the action -Determine the object in a sentence by asking the question "the subject did what?" or "To whom? For whom?"

Subject

A person, animal, place, thing, or concept that does action - determine the subject in a sentence by asking the question "who or what"?

Drop the final "E" when adding a suffix that starts with a vowel but not if the suffix starts with a consent Hope=ing Hoping

Note: their is expectations to this rule

Compound sentences

A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. These two independent clauses can be combined with a comma and a coordinating conjunction or with a semicolon. -She completed her literature review, and she created her reference list. -He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his reference list. -They studied APA rules for many hours, but they realized there was still much to learn. (independent clause +coordinating conjunction+ independent clause)

I before E except after C or when SOUNDED like A

Note: Their is expectations to this rule wEIrd, caffeine

Words that end in "Y" you change the "Y" into an "I" when you add a suffix. Except when their is a vowel before the "Y" of if the suffix starts with and "I". Happy=happiness beauty=beautiful merry=merriment

Note: When a suffix starts with an "I" you do not change the y. apply+ing =applying When a vowel is before the "Y" you don't change the Y. Annoy= annoyance

To make something plural add an "S" - plural means more than 1

Note: expectations. Words that end in CH, SH,S,X,Z you add "ES" to the word. - lunch=lunches sax= saxes boss=bosses Words that end in "F" or "FE" you change it to "VES" when you want to make it plural -self=selves life=lives Words ending in -ff you just add -s, words that end in 2 vowels + -f you add -s with some expectation

Prepositional phrase

- A phrase that begins with a preposition (in, at, for, behind, until, after, of, during) and modifies a word in the sentence - A prepositional phrase answers one of many questions -Here are a few examples: where? when? In what way? * I like spaghetti FOR dinner *He reads many books IN the library

Colloquialism

-Informal language used by people on everyday speech -Vocabulary many last longer -Used by ordinary people in their daily speech -Informal language; an expression not used in formal speech or writing (said with family or close friends) -Colloquial language is the informal language used by people in everyday speech. Its form is distinct to certain people and lends them their identity... colloquialism may be words, phrases, or complete a aphorisms Example: Word- gonna Phrase- What's up Aphorism- The rich get richer and the poor get poorer -it is the variety of language that speakers typically use when they are relaxed and not especially self- conscious *Some colloquial speech contains a great deal of slang, but some contains no slang at all Colloquialism- an informal version of a language used in everyday relaxed speech by people found in the same geographical region. Colloquial language often contains slang. *gonna, wanna, ya'll, ain't, gotta (contractions words) - raining cats and dogs, old as this hills

SLang:

-Informal use of language by certain group of people, specifically teenagers -Vocabulary is created by the user; thus it is most likely to change with time -Used by certain groups such as teenagers Slang, is more informal than colloquialism, it is used only by certain groups- like teenagers or people of certain profession. Example: Stinks- for "is bad" Buzz off- for "go away" Salad dodger- an obsessed person Slang- An informal/ watered down version of a language that is only used by certain social groups such as teenagers

complex sentence

A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Dependent clauses can refer to the subject (who, which) the sequence/time (since, while), or the causal elements (because, if) of the independent clause. If a sentence begins with a dependent clause, note the comma after this clause. If, on the other hand, the sentence begins with an independent clause, there is not a comma separating the two clauses. (independent clause +subordinating conjuction+ dependent clause) *A dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun & contains a subject & a verb. -Although she completed her literature review, she still needed to work on her methods section. Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause. Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier for his readers to follow. Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a dependent clause. They studied APA rules for many hours as they were so interesting.

Simple sentence

A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb, and it may also have an object and modifiers. However, it contains only one independent clause. -She read. -She completed her literature review. -He organized his sources by theme. -They studied APA rules for many hours. -"The tall man wearing a black raincoat, a yellow hat, and one red shoe entered the restaurant, walked to the back, and sat down alone at the smallest table farthest away from the staff and other patrons."

Transition words for conclusion

After all, in short, altogether, ultimately

Transition words for agreement

Also, likewise, in addition, similarly

Colloquialism

An immoral version of a language used to in everyday, relaxed speech by people found in the same geographical region. Colloquialism often contains slang. (gonna, wanna, ya'll , aint, gotta. Contraction words- Raining cats and dogs, old as the hills) - informal language used by people in everyday speech -Vocabulary may last longer -Used by ordinary people in their daily speech -informal language; an expression not used in formal speech or writing (said with family or close friends) -Is the informal language used by people in everyday speech. Its form is distinct... Colloquialism may be words, phrases, or complete aphorisms Example: Word- gonna Phrase- What's up? Aphorism- The rich get richer & the poor get poorer -Is the variety of language that speakers typically use when they are relaxed and not especially self-conscious -Some colloquial speech contains a great deal of slang, but some contains no slang at all

Preposition

Are often small words that shows relationship. They show position and time, location. Tip: a preposition sits in front of its object. ("pre-position") You can take the prepositional phrase and put it in the front of the sentence to check if it is a preposition and if it doesn't make sense then it is a particle phrase. The word position is hidden in the word preposition -If you have a noun following a preposition then you have a preposition phrase.

Transition words for opposition

But, although, then again, CONVERSELY

Informal language:

Is a language used characterized by spontaneous speech in situations that may be described as "natural" or "real- life" - A relaxed, unofficial style -Situations where informal language takes place are instructions to subordinates, conversation w/ family and friends, portrayal of "real" life in a soap opera.

Adjectives

Is a word or set of words that modifies/"describes" a NOUN or PRONOUN. Tip: adjectives can appear before the word they modify. - That is a CUTE puppy Or they can follow the word they modify. -The puppy looks cute.

Homograph

Is spelled the same but mean two different things.

Types of paragraph constructions: -It does not matter the type of paragraph being used in a writing... the main point is that the information is presented in a logical way (cause and effect, chronological, emphasis, narrative, technical, expository, and persuasive)

Cause and effect: -To determine the cause of something.. ask why it happened??? -To determine the effect of a cause.. ask what happened??? (the cause is an action or event that makes something else (the effect happen) Chronological order: -In which the time sequence guides the message Emphasis paragraph: - Is typically a short paragraph used to draw attention with the flow of the larger piece -A short emphasis paragraph can also be used as a transition Narrative: -Narrative text is often fiction (not true) Its tells a story -It contains a setting -It contain a plot -It contains characters -It contains a conflict and a resolution -It contains a theme Examples: novels, fables, diaries, myths, historical fictions Expository: Introduces or explains a subject, gives groundwork information that is necessary for understand later ideas, or analyzes information objectively - Expository text is non-fiction (true) -It seeks to explain or inform -The information can be VERIFIED AS TRUE -Structures: Descriptions, comparison/contrast, cause/effect, problem/solution -Focused on a specific topic -There are often headings and subheadings -It contains facts and information Examples: Biographies, autobiographies, reports/graphs/charts, newspaper and magazine articles Persuasive: -With persuasive text the author tries to convince the reader to agree -The writer takes a stand on an issue -There are facts to back up their claims -There is an attempt to solve a problem -The writer often addresses the opposing side -There is a call to action (what can be done to address the issue) Example: advertisement (commercials), debates, letter to the editor/editorials, movie critiques, speeches Technical: Writing passes along precise information, usually about a specific topic, and usually in a formal or semi- formal style -Technical text is non-fiction -It gives the reader information to perform a task -It contains steps -It often contains bullets, and numbered items -Sentences are short -Theres no humor -There is specific terminology -Factual Example: brochures, classified ads, directions, floor plans, recipes, menus. formal letters cover,letter or resume, agendas

Linking verbs

Connects subjects with words or phrases in the predicate. Unlike helping verbs, linking verbs can stand alone. A linking verb is a verb that connects the subject of a sentence to another word, or the predicate, in the same sentence to describe or identify it Linking verbs do not show action. They connect the subject of the verb to more information about the subject. Common linking verbs: be, am, is, was, were, become, seem, appear, believe, grow, remain, prove. -You seem tired. -Emily remains popular Verbs for the five senses also are linking verbs: look, feel, sound, taste, smell -A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective that renames or describes the subject. This noun or adjective is called the subject complement - most common linking verb is the verb to be in all of its form (am, are, is, was, were) This verb may also be used as a helping verb. To become and to seem are always linking verbs.

Verbs

Expresses action, feeling/thinking or state of being (am, are, is, have been, will be, was, seem or feel)

Helping verbs

Helps the main verb express action or a state of being. They work together with other verbs. Forms of "be" are often helping verbs. Other helping verbs are has, have, had, can, could, will, shall, should, may, might A helping verb can be used to designate a tense in the sentence, such as the continuous or the passive tense. Helping verbs are also used to create the progressive and the perfect -can gradate -have decoded, will have flown Helping verb are used before the action or linking verbs to convey additional information regarding aspects of possibility (can, could, ) or time (was, did, has) The main verb with its accompanying helping verb is called a verb phrase.

Transition words for location

Here, there, wherever, adjacent to (next)

Subordinate conjunction

You have 2 independent sentences but you add a word to make one sentence dependent. (After, although, as, because, before, after, if, since, so that, unless, until, when, where, while.) -connect elements of differing importance -one element is always a main clause & the other is a subordinate clause -The main clause has a subject and a predicate and may stand on its own as complete thought (independent clause) -the subordinate clause also has a subject and predicate but it cannot stand alone and make sense. It depends on the main clause. - A subordinate conjunction will have both a subject and a verb following it, forming a subordinate clause

Main Clause

a clause that can form a complete sentence standing alone, having a subject and a predicate.