Enviro 2 Test 1

Total Fertility Rate?

# of children for any woman of reproductive age

what is the formula for population change?

(birthrate + immigration rate) - (earth rate + emigration rate)

what was Malthus's theory?

Malthus believed that population would grow exponentially. He believed that we would have boom and bust cycles of not having enough food or having too much. But in reality population grows with the population.

example of nonrenewable resource is:

fossil fuels, copper, iron/minerals, old growth forests, animals

what is non-point source pollution?

from a wider area, "difficult" to isolate and identify -- from farm fields, urban area, cattle/animal ranges

what is the Ogallala aquifer?

holds about 1/3 of all US groundwater usage o Formed about 10,000 years ago (last ice age) o Of the water withdrawn about 94% is for irrigation o About 20% of the cotton, corn, soybeans, cattle are grown in this area o Irrigates about 14 million acres

how much of earth's surface is water?

about 71%

how much of earth's water is saltwater?

about 96-97%

Replacement Fertility Rate

how many children to replace 2 parents (2.1 to 2.5) -- dependent on infant mortality rate

example of renewable resource is:

water, wind, forests, nutrients (C, P, S, N), animals (fish).

what is uneven distribution?

- Great Lakes contain = 21% of earth's accessible freshwater -- = 84% of N. America's fresh surface water - Water is often transported/pumped from its source -- Infrastructure is expensive (pipes, pumping stations, water treatment...) - Large % of earth's freshwater underground -- Difficult for most to access -- Groundwater Aquifers

what is a water table?

- depth at which water can find water at all times -- Michigan water table averages to about 12 ft

water usages

1. Agriculture/irrigation = 70% 2. Industry/electrical generation = 20% 3. Domestic = 10%

additions

1. Birth rate = # of births/1,000 individuals per year 2. Immigration --> new individuals move in

deletions

1. Emigration --> individuals leave population 2. Deaths --> death rate = # of deaths/1,00 per year

what are some natural services or ecosystem services?

1. Nutrient cycles 2. Clean air and water 3. Pollination 4. Aesthetics 5. Tourism 6. Protection from floods, storms/waves 7. Habitat

what is an acquirer?

1. Underground water storage 2. Unconfined Aquifer -- permeable rock or sediment with an impermeable rock or sediment boundary -- Usually "surface"

how much of earth's water is freshwater?

3-4% is freshwater - Almost all is in polar ice caps - = .25% of the earth's freshwater is easily accessible

what was the average life expectancy in 1900?

47 years

what is the average life expectancy in 2019?

80 years

Which of the following is a property of a nonrenewable resource? A. It takes a long time to reform after its use. B. It can be grown with in a short time after it is used. C. It is recyclable after it is used through a quick and easy process. D. It releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere after it is used.

A. It takes a long time to reform after its use.

Factors increasing earth's ability to support humans that Malthus did not anticipate/predict include A. dramatic increases in agricultural productivity B. cheap fuel sources. C. improved efficiency in extraction and use of natural resources. D. global warming improving climates for increased survival.

A. dramatic increases in agricultural productivity

What were the leading causes of death in the 1900s?

Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Diarrhea (dehydration) - food and water quality

When does zero population growth occur?

birth rate plus immigration is equal to the death rate plus emigration

what is an example of an environmental service?

burning old stands of jack pine to allow for regrowth

what is a sustainable system or process?

can be continued indefinitely, without depleting any of the material or energy resources

what is point source pollution?

easy to isolate and identify source

why is the human population increasing?

medical advances, sanitation practices, and agricultural advances.

what is a stable society?

meets the needs/wants of the present without compromising those of the future

what is a confined aquifer?

permeable layer, spaces in rocks are between 2 impermeable layers -- "recharge area" water enters the aquifer and is trapped between 2 layers... it may become pressurized = Artesian Formation (well)

what does desalination do?

removes salt from water

example of inexhaustible resource is :

sun, tides/moving water, wind.

is this true or false: collectively, we are living unsustainably and degrading the earth's natural capital at an expanding rate.

true