ENVR 1402 - CH. 1

Rank the following by how much share they have in the overall ecological footprint. Put the source with the largest share on top.

1. Carbon Emissions 2. Crop Land 3. Forest Land 4. Grazing Land 5. Fishing Grounds

By 2050, we expect that all of the developed countries, and 75 percent of the developing world, will experience a below-replacement fertility rate of________________ children per woman.

2.1

World population is currently estimated at ______ people.

7.7 billion

The UN Population Division predicts that by 2050 all developed countries, and ______ percent of the developing world, will experience a below-replacement fertility rate of 2.1 children per woman.

75

The price of photovoltaics has dropped over ______ since the 1980s.

90 percent

What area has the lowest overall human development index?

Africa

Due to their location near the equator, many ____________ countries such as Kenya are well-poised to generate much of their energy through solar energy and other renewable resources.

African

Which of the following statements correctly describes the current state of global hunger?

An estimated 800 million people are currently undernourished.

Choose all the countries that have the highest level on the Human Development Index.

Australia Canada Japan

Which of the following is a likely result of the increased speed at which new ideas, technologies, and strategies are expanding around the world?

Developing nations will benefit from the mistakes made by industrialized nations.

A(n) ___________________ ________________ is a measure that calculates demands placed on nature by individuals and nations.

Ecological footprint

______ is the study of the environment and our place in it.

Environmental Science

______ is defined as your sense of right and wrong.

Ethics

Match the following environmental ethics terms with their correct definitions.

Ethics → A sense of right and wrong Moral extensionism → Widening the circle of value to include the environment Inherent value → The intrinsic right for nature to exist Instrumental value → Significance relating to usefulness

Which of these planetary boundaries have we already passed the point or irreversible damage?

Extinction rate

Which of the following reflect successes of the Millennium Development Goals?

Extreme poverty in developing countries dropped by about 35%. The proportion of undernourished people dropped by 10%.

True or false: Environmental science is the study of earth's natural hazards.

False

What type of energy resource currently provides the majority of supplies in developed countries?

Fossil Fuels

Which of the following natural resources is considered the most critical in terms of future supply and demand?

Freshwater

What natural source of energy is Costa Rica using to become nearly fossil-fuel independent for energy generation?

Geothermal

Match the following concepts with their respective definition.

Inherent Value → An intrinsic right to live or exist An intrinsic right to live or exist Instrumental values → The usefulness of something to someone

______ cities in Europe and North America are cleaner and more livable now than they were a century ago.

Many

What is the name of the 15-year effort from 2000-2015 by the United Nations that included improving literacy, health, and access to water?

Millenium Development Goals

If everyone in the world were to have an ecological footprint equal to an average ______, we would need about four more planets to support us all.

North American

Many kinds of knowledge contribute to environmental science. Match the type of knowledge with the question that knowledge might help answer.

Political Science → Which policies lead to sustainable solutions? Economics → What are the benefits and costs of energy sources? Chemistry → How can we make better batteries? Sociology → How do people adopt new ideas?

According to the text, why is it important to understand environmental improvements that have occurred in the past?

So that we are reminded that the hard work of generations before us was fruitful

How successful were the Millenium Development Goals set by the United Nationals from 2000 - 2015?

Some of the goals were met; others were not so successful.

________________________ development involves social progress without environmental devastation. (Use only one word per blank.)

Sustainable

This graphic represents the 17 _________________ ____________ _______________ initiated in 2016 by the United Nations.

Sustainable Development Goals

According to the text, many religious leaders are including stewardship in their messages. In so doing, they urge us to take care of ______.

all the resources we have been given

Which atmospheric gas has increased by approximately 35 percent in the past 200 years?

carbon dioxide

Services provided by environmental systems are called ____________ services.

ecosystem

Water purification, production of food and atmospheric oxygen by plants, and the decomposition of wastes by fungi would all be considered _____________ services.

ecosystem

The information contained in this figure illustrates examples of ______.

ecosystem services

The term ___________________ means "to circle or surround" and can be defined as the circumstances or conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms.

environment

Environmental __________________ extends moral and inherent value to plants, animals, and nonliving items such as water, rocks, and mountains. (Use only one word per blank.)

ethics

True or false: Currently, human population growth is being severely hindered by global food production.

false

European countries, in particular, are actively cutting their use of _____________ fuels and switching to renewable resources for energy production.

fossil

If everyone in the world were to have an ecological footprint equal to an average North American, we would need about __________ more planets to support us all.

four

Growth industries such as the arts, education, and leisure are based primarily on ______ as a resource.

human ingenuity

The amount of land that we protected or preserved between 1990 and 2018 ______.

increased

Literacy and access to education are ______ in most regions of the world.

increasing

Environmental racism refers to the ______.

inequitable distribution of environmental hazards based on race

The essay entitled "Tragedy of the Commons" argued that population growth ______.

inevitably leads to overuse and then destruction of common resources

That a tree exists in nature would be its ______ value, whereas the money that could be made on its timber sales would be its ______ value.

inherent; instrumental

Civil rights and environmental protection come together in environmental ________________, with a goal that everyone has a safe and healthy place to live.

justice

Environmental ______ gives equal protection to everyone.

justice

World population growth currently involves the addition of about 80 ______ more people each year.

million

The least-developed countries have ______ infant mortality rates compared to the most-developed countries.

much higher

Understanding the customs of ______________ people will increase our understanding of ecological processes and biodiversity. Many still live in their traditional homelands and possess important information regarding the surrounding ecosystems.

native or indigenous

The richest nations consume more than their share of resources and create more than their share of ______________. (Use just one word for your answer.)

pollution

Environmental ________________ is inequitable distribution of environmental hazards based on race.

racism

The use of ______________ energy sources, such as wind and biomass, will continue to increase as traditional, nonrenewable sources become scarce. (Use only one word per blank.)

renewable

Global population is currently ______.

rising

The UN Environment Programme reports that more than 800 species have disappeared and at least 10,000 species are now considered to be

threatened

Polluted _______________ and inadequate sanitation are estimated to contribute to illness for more than 5 million children annually. (Use only one word per blank.)

water

The potential loss of the world's 6,000 distinct languages is of ecological concern because ______.

with the loss of a language comes the loss of valuable ecological wisdom

Which of the following are involved in the large-scale loss of native species on earth?

- Introduction of exotic species - Habitat destruction - Water and air pollution

Which of the following would be considered suitable definitions for sustainable development?

- Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs - Progress in human well-being that can be extended or prolonged over many generations rather than just a few years

The Sustainable Development Goals promoted by the United Nations include which of the following?

- Promoting gender and economic equality - Eliminating severe poverty and hunger - Providing safe water and clean energy

Which of the following accurately describes the environmental impact of richer nations in comparison to poorer ones?

- Richer nations tend to emit more CO2. - Per person, richer nations consume more natural resources.

Choose all the quality of life indicators that represent the least-developed countries.

- Secondary education for 17% of females - A GDP of (U.S.)$2,122 per year per person - A life expectancy of 63 years

The 2009 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was given to Elinor Ostrom for promoting the idea of managing the commons. Successful cases of this concept shared which of the following characteristics?

- The ability to exclude outsiders who did not understand the rules of use - Effective and inexpensive monitoring of resources - Strong social networks among users

True or false: It is important to acknowledge how and why conditions on earth have changed over time and to take the time to understand the environmental improvements that have occurred over time.

true

True or false: Poverty and environmental degradation are very closely linked.

true

True or false: The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased significantly in the past 200 years.

true

Choose all answers that could be considered examples of ecosystem services.

- Carbon capture by green plants - Production of atmospheric oxygen by plants - Decomposition of wastes by fungi and bacteria

Which of the following represent ways in which poverty can lead to environmental degradation?

- Forests are cut down in order to grow food. - Soil is overworked and quickly loses its nutrients. - People congregate in areas without adequate sanitation.

Which of the following are true regarding recent trends with water resources?

- Some waterborne infectious diseases have declined dramatically. - Hundreds of millions of people have gained access to modern sanitation.

Even though the amount of people living below the international poverty line has dropped dramatically in the past 30 years, there are still about ______ people who live on less than $1.90 US per day.

700 million

_______________________ pollution is no longer just a local problem as exemplified by the fact that particulates measured in western North America can be traced back to Asia.

Air

Which of the following terms is a measure of the environmental demands placed by individuals and nations?

Ecological footprint

Which of the following terms can be defined as the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community?

Environment

What concept refers to "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs"?

Sustainable development

What are ecosystem services?

The services and processes provided by environmental systems

The information represented in this figure would be considered ______ news to environmental scientists.

bad Reason: Increasing ecological footprints lead to increased environmental degradation.

The information represented in this figure (world biocapacity) would be considered ______ news to environmental scientists.

bad Reason: Increasing ecological footprints lead to increased environmental degradation.

Toxic _______________ describes the practice of shipping waste to communities dominated by minorities in poor nations.

colonialism

The overall trend in this figure (total fertility graph decreasing) would be considered ______ news to environmental scientists.

good

In the past 25 years, more than 800 million people have _____

gotten access to better water supplies and sanitation

This image shows calculated planetary boundaries which are environmental ______.

limits beyond which change is irreversible

The sustainable development of shared resources is called "______", an idea published by the 2009 Nobel Prize winner Elinor Ostrom.

managing the commons

The majority of people living below the international ______________ line are women and children.

poverty

Environmental scientists use many other kinds of knowledge to reach their goals. If a scientist wanted to know how best to urge people to adopt new ideas, they would need an understanding of ______.

sociology

Many improvements in conservation are associated with monitoring and protection of _________________ while are the same time promoting human development. (Use just one word for your answer.)

species

The concept of ______ involves taking care of the resources we are given and inspires many religious leaders to promote conservation.

stewardship

Managing common resources, using the particular knowledge of indigenous people, and valuing ecosystem services are come of the core concepts of ________________ development.

sustainable

Toxic colonialism refers to the practice of ______.

targeting poor communities of color in the developing nations for waste disposal or experimentation with risky technologies

Growth can occur without increased resources consumption, such as increased commitment to ______.

the arts and entertainment

The North Atlantic cod fisheries, once one of the world's greatest fish populations, was functionally destroyed by a free-for-all of unregulated fishing by fleets of many nations. This is a classic example of ______.

the tragedy of the commons

True or false: Air pollutants are linked to millions of deaths each year.

true

Ethics can be defined as ______.

your sense of what is right and wrong

The _____________ _______________ promoted the eight Millenium Development Goals from 2000 - 2015 to improve literacy, health, access to clean water, children's welfare, and other goals.

United Nations

In what areas of the world is air pollution improved from what it was 50 years ago?

- Europe - North America

Which of the following are considered to be core concepts in sustainable development?

- Shared resources and ecosystem services can be described as commons. - Relieving extreme poverty is an aim of sustainable development. - Ecosystem services is a term for goods, products, and services we rely on.