Ethics in Policing Mid-Term

8. The power and authority to choose one of two or more alternative behaviors is known as: a. discretion. b. coercion. c. value analysis. d. duty.

a. discretion.

55. According to the text, which of the following is not a factor affecting the ethical climate of an organization? a. Leadership b. State and local laws c. Reward structure d. Organizational messages

b. State and local laws

27. Situational ethics is often used as a synonym for: a. absolutism. b. relativism. c. formalism. d. pluralism.

b. relativism.

88. The use of physical force to obtain a conviction became illegal with which Supreme Court case? a. Diaz v. Texas b. Bartley v. Montana c. Brown v. Mississippi d. Miranda v. Connecticut

c. Brown v. Mississippi

79. Use of force can be predicted by: a. characteristics of the target, such as gender and demeanor. b. situational characteristics, such as whether the pursuit is in car or on foot. c. characteristics of the officer, such as ethnicity. d. All of these are correct. .

d. All of these are correct.

7. According to the text, the last step necessary to clarify any dilemma is to _______________________. a. identify of potential values involved b. review all the facts c. identify all possible moral dilemmas d. resolve the ethical dilemma by using some means of decision making

d. resolve the ethical dilemma by using some means of decision making

20. Krogstand and Robertson described three principles of ethical decision making, which include all of the following except: a. the imperative principle. b. the utilitarian principle. c. the generalization principle. d. the caring principle.

d. the caring principle.

31. Telling a lie to someone who doesn't deserve the truth is not a lie according to ethical formalism. a. True b. False

True

36. Rawls's theory of justice is consistent with rights-based theories of justice. a. True b. False

True

37. Marxist theories state that resources should be distributed according to what one deserves or has earned. a. True b. False

True

25. Someone who gives to charity or volunteers for the purpose of creating emotional pleasure for himself is exhibiting: a. enlightened egoism. b. altruistic egoism. c. psychological egoism. d. religious egoism.

c. psychological egoism.

89. A grass eater would not a. accept a tip. b. allow herself to be bribed. c. shake down a shop owner. d. accept unsolicited protection money.

c. shake down a shop owner.

35. According to Aristotle, slavery was always unjust, even when individual slaves were naturally best suited to be slaves. a. True b. False

False

78. Justifiable homicide ________. a. is no longer a part of written law in the United States. b. is usually performed by police. c. is not a category reported on any official measure of homicide. d. is also called "unintentional manslaughter."

Is usually performed by police

81. What is the name for a legal agreement between the Justice Department and a police department, which agrees to monitoring and reform of certain practices to avoid a lawsuit? a. A memorandum of force b. A consent decree c. A justice provision d. A PERF

b. A consent decree

59. ________________ are often put into place to guard against ethics problems but sometimes have the unintended effect of actually increasing unethical behavior. a. Polygraph examinations b. Compliance systems c. Honor systems d. Security cameras

b. Compliance systems

72. What is persuasion? a. The right inherent in certain roles to use any means to overcome resistance. b. The use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance. c. The use of force and coercion to get one's way. d. The unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role.

b. The use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance.

54. According to Bandura, self-regulation can be "turned off," leading to inhumane acts, through cognitive restructuring via several different mechanisms. Which of the following is not one of these mechanisms? a. Dehumanization b. Displacement of responsibility c. Advantageous labeling d. Disregard of the consequences

c. Advantageous labeling

2. Which of the following situations is not an example of an ethical issue? a. A legislature deciding what sentences to attach to certain crimes b. A governor signing a bill that would decriminalize the use of soft drugs c. A chief of police enacting a policy meant to reduce racial profiling d. A prosecutor deciding which charges to file in a particular case

d. A prosecutor deciding which charges to file in a particular case

6. All of the following statements are included in dilemmas of criminal justice professionals EXCEPT: a. a prosecutor's decision on whether and what to charge. b. a defense attorney's decision to take a case or not. c. a probation officer's decision on whether to file a violation report on a probationer. d. requiring mandatory DNA collection for all misdemeanant arrestees.

d. requiring mandatory DNA collection for all misdemeanant arrestees.

33. Impartiality refers to fair and equal treatment for all, without discrimination or bias. a. True b. False

True

34. The origin of the word "justice" is a Greek word that was associated with stability. a. True b. False

True

38. Civil disobedience seeks to break the law. a. True b. False

True

60. What police ethical training has shown to be effective in New Orleans? a. EPIC b. Traditional academy instruction c. OCB d. DIT

a. EPIC

40. The concept of justice is most closely related to: a. ethical formalism. b. deontological ethics. c. the ethics of care. d. enlightened egoism.

a. Ethical formalism

48. What part of the brain is associated with reason? a. Frontal lobe b. Medulla c. Cerebral cortex d. Amygdala

a. Frontal lobe

98. Which of the following is not one of the "Big Five" personality traits? a. Introversion b. Neuroticism c. Openness d. Conscientiousness

a. Introversion

46. What does Paul Zak call the "moral molecule?" a. Oxytocin b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. Cortisol

a. Oxytocin

64. According to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the due process model operates? a. Protection of the process is as important as protection of citizens. b. Efficiency in casework is a top priority. c. There is a presumption of guilt. d. Emphasis is on speed and finality.

a. Protection of the process is as important as protection of citizens.

82. In confrontations between police and citizens, research has shown that factors leading to disrespectful interaction include each of the following except: a. time of day. b. presence of intoxicants. c. number of bystanders. d. being in a disadvantaged neighborhood.

a. time of day.

15. _____________ ethics determines what people ought to do and defines moral duties based on ethical systems or other means of analysis. a. Applied b. Normative c. Professional d. Conventional

b. Normative

47. What hormone is associated with aggression? a. Oxytocin b. Testosterone c. Estrogen d. Serotonin

b. Testosterone

28. Because ethical formalism requires moral behavior regardless of the circumstances, it can be considered a(n) ________________ system. a. theological b. absolutist c. legalist d. relativist

b. absolutist

39. Which of the following is not a theme of justice as proposed in the text? a. Fairness b. Equality c. Punishment d. Impartiality

c. Punishment

42. The roots of restorative justice can be found as far back as: a. Mayan and Aztec law. b. Chinese law. c. Roman and Grecian law. d. Common law.

c. Roman and Grecian law.

86. Which of the following statements about interrogations is true? a. The "third degree" approach involves a sympathetic paternal figure to whom the defendant confides. b. The "good cop/bad cop" approach is only used in the movies and on television. c. The "third degree" is no longer officially allowed. d. The father confessor approach typically involves physical force.

c. The "third degree" is no longer officially allowed. b. a sympathetic figure for the defendant to confide to.

62. What is a criticism of the crime control method of policing? a. It is too soft on crime. b. It overvalues finality. c. There is a possibility of error. d. The emphasis is on process of justice, not innocent people.

c. There is a possibility of error.

71. The unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling specific role is known as: a. persuasion. b. force. c. authority. d. duty.

c. authority.

14. The discipline investigating the meaning of ethical systems and whether they are relative or are universal is known as ____________________. a. normative ethics b. applied ethics c. forensic ethics d. meta-ethics

d. meta-ethics

44. According to the chapter, which of the following is not a valid component of civil disobedience? a. Any action must be approved by the majority of the community. b. A major moral issue must be at stake. c. It must be non-violent. d. No other legitimate means of correcting the issue should be available.

a. Any action must be approved by the majority of the community.

17. "The Six Pillars of Character" echo what thinker's value system? a. Aristotle b. Kant c. Bentham d. St. Augustine

a. Aristotle

22. Which religious system specifies that ethical conduct must be based on universal love and compassion for all living beings? a. Buddhism b. Judaism c. Islam d. Hinduism

a. Buddhism

68. The concepts of community policing, problem-oriented policing, and accountability mechanisms are components of which model of policing? a. Preventive policing b. Reactive policing c. Traditional policing d. Intelligence-led policing

a. Preventive policing

80. According to research provided in the text, which of the following is not a factor associated with the use of force by police? a. Time of year (season) b. Suspect's mental illness c. Suspect's gang membership d. Presence of onlooker

a. Time of year (season)

9. Required behaviors or actions that the responsibilities are attached to a specific role are known as: a. duties. b. supererogatories. c. ethical dilemmas. d. ethics.

a. duties.

23. Altruistic acts that benefit the individual by ensuring reciprocal assistance reflect: a. enlightened egoism. b. altruistic egoism. c. psychological egoism. d. religious egoism.

a. enlightened egoism.

65. According to an ACLU study, 79 percent of SWAT team deployments were for: a. executing a search warrant. b. active shooter scenarios. c. active hostage scenarios. d. barricade scenarios.

a. executing a search warrant.

51. According to the text, injury to the frontal lobe of the brain can result in all of the following except: a. memory loss. b. decreased attention span. c. a difficulty following directions. d. tactless behavior.

a. memory loss.

30. The concept that there are fundamental truths that may dictate different definitions of what is moral in different situations is called: a. moral pluralism. b. utilitarianism. c. ethical formalism. d. natural law.

a. moral pluralism.

52. A survey of police chiefs found that they recommend that ethics training should focus on ______________ rather than rules. a. shared values and problem solving b. legal requirements for each position c. reviewing and updating the organization's Code of Ethics d. defining basic terms for new recruits

a. shared values and problem solving

29. Which system suggests that there are no moral absolutes, and that what is deemed "good" and "bad" can be different from group to group? a. Moral absolutism b. Ethical relativism c. Sub-cultural moralism d. Global relativism

b. Ethical relativism

21. Which ethical system embraces human's inclination for self-preservation? a. Ethical formalism b. Natural law c. Ethics of care d. Ethics of virtue

b. Natural law

75. According to Klockars, what are the four elements of police power? a. Power, persuasion, threat, and force b. Power, persuasion, force, and authority c. Authority, threat, force, and persuasion d. Force, coercion, persuasion, and authority

b. Power, persuasion, force, and authority

50. Calculated, logical thought is an example of: a. System 1 decision making. b. System 2 decision making. c. System 3 decision making. d. System 4 decision making.

b. System 2 decision making

74. What is discretion? a. The right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance. b. The authority to make a decision between two or more choices. c. The use of physical coercion to overcome the will of the individual. d. The unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role.

b. The authority to make a decision between two or more choices.

91. A free meal for a police officer at a restaurant she patrols is: a. a gift. b. a gratuity. c. graft. d. a shakedown.

b. a gratuity.

87. The classic father confessor approach to interrogations involves: a. physical force in the form of beatings to get a confession. b. a sympathetic figure for the defendant to confide to. c. one nice officer and a seemingly brutal, threatening officer. d. one nice officer and a seemingly uncaring, withdrawn officer.

b. a sympathetic figure for the defendant to confide to.

84. Lies that are used to control a suspect or to avoid the use of force are called: a. deviant lies. b. blue lies. c. tolerated lies. d. accepted lies. b. blue lies.

b. blue lies.

94. An important distinction between a gift and a gratuity is that a gift is: a. clearly given with expectations of reciprocity. b. clearly given with no strings attached. c. something that can only be given to an off-duty police officer. d. something that is received from someone recently arrested.

b. clearly given with no strings attached.

70. In relation to community policing and ethics, all of the following is true except: a. community policing ethical issues arise from the closer relationships formed with community members. b. community-policing models often foster more corruption than traditional law enforcement models. c. community policing reduces cynicism and burnout among police officers, which may reduce corruption. d. community policing may increase the potential for gratuities.

b. community-policing models often foster more corruption than traditional law enforcement models.

77. The continuum-of-force approach allows the officer to: a. overwhelm the suspect with force to deter resistance. b. employ increasing levels of force in direct response to escalating resistance of the suspect. c. call for assistance from additional officers if a suspect is unruly. d. remain at a safe distance from a violent suspect until backup arrives.

b. employ increasing levels of force in direct response to escalating resistance of the suspect.

73. The authority to use physical coercion to overcome the will of the individual is the definition of ______. a. persuasion. b. force. c. authority. d. duty.

b. force.

5. According to the text, the first step necessary to clarify any dilemma is to _________________. a. identify of potential values involved b. review all the facts c. identify all possible moral dilemmas d. interview all those involved

b. review all the facts

1. According to the text, ethical issues involve broad social questions, often concerning the government's social control mechanisms and _____________. a. the cost to the public b. the impact on those being governed c. the influence of religion d. public opinion

b. the impact on those being governed

10. The term ethics is referred as: a. the principles of right and wrong. b. the study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct. c. the discipline that investigates the meaning of ethical systems. d. the application of ethical principles to specific issues.

b. the study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct.

83. In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, those that are considered "necessary evils" are known as: a. deviant lies. b. tolerated lies. c. encouraged lies. d. placebo lies.

b. tolerated lies

11. Which of the following is not one of Braswell's reasons to study ethics? a. Develop critical thinking skills b. Become aware and open to ethical issues c. Develop hindsight d. Become more personally responsible

c. Develop hindsight

61. Which of the following is a priority of the crime control method of policing? a. Community service b. Social justice c. Efficiency d. Coercion

c. Efficiency

24. ____________ suggests that what is good for one's survival and personal happiness is moral. a. Altruism b. Narcissism c. Egoism d. Philanthropy

c. Egoism

18. Which ethical system has been described as "feminine"? a. Utilitarianism b. Ethical formalism c. Ethics of care d. Natural law

c. Ethics of care

26. Which of the following statements about the principle of forfeiture is false? a. It holds that people who treat others as means to an end forfeit the right to protection of their own freedom and well-being. b. It holds that people who aggress forfeit their own right to be protected from harm. c. It holds that self-defense is morally unacceptable. d. It holds that lying to a person who threatens harm is acceptable.

c. It holds that self-defense is morally unacceptable.

19. Which of the following is not a part of the peacemaking process? a. Connectedness b. Caring c. Justice d. Mindfulness

c. Justice

93. According to Kania, gratuities _______ a. are never acceptable. b. are a necessary evil. c. are acceptable as long as they are not excessive. d. are acceptable only when the giver and the taker have no impure intent.

c. are acceptable as long as they are not excessive.

92. The "blue discount suit" refers to: a. graft. b. bribes. c. gratuities. d. seizures.

c. gratuities.

95. The practice of declining to issue a ticket to an off-duty officer who is stopped for speeding or for other driving violations is called: a. blue gratuity. b. professional gift. c. professional courtesy. d. blue graft.

c. professional courtesy.

41. According to Beccaria's and Bentham's utilitarian rationale, punishment should be based on: a. the character of the victim. b. the concept of mercy. c. the seriousness of the crime. d. the social status of the perpetrator.

c. the seriousness of the crime.

85. What percentage of police said that they lied about evidence to induce a confession, according to the text? a. 10 percent b. 50 percent c. 60 percent d. 90 percent

d. 90 percent

66. Which of the following is cited by the authors as evidence of the militarization of the police? a. The number of veterans who are police. b. The death of a 92-year-old woman and a 7-year-old boy as a result of military-style raids. c. The military-grade equipment available to local police forces. d. All of these are correct.

d. All of these are correct

16. Which is one of the "Six Pillars of Character" promulgated by the Josephson Institute of Ethics? a. Self-sacrifice b. Excellence c. Religious faith d. Citizenship

d. Citizenship

3. Which of the following is not an example of an ethical issue as defined in the text? a. Whether to legally recognize same-sex marriages b. How to deal with an influx of immigrants c. Whether to abolish the death penalty d. How to punish one's teenage child for skipping school

d. How to punish one's teenage child for skipping school

12. Most behaviors that might be judged as ethical or unethical for criminal justice professionals fall into four major categories. Which of the following is not one of these four categories? a. Theft b. Malfeasance c. Harassment d. Off-duty drug use

d. Off-duty drug use

96. Which of the following is not considered graft? a. Bribes b. Protection money c. Taking merchandize from a crime scene d. Payments for referring certain bail bondsmen

d. Payments for referring certain bail bondsmen

56. What brain processes might be influenced by stress and cause workers to act immorally? a. Memory b. Perception c. Communication d. Rationality

d. Rationality

58. According to the "corruption continuum," organizations can become corrupt through all of the following except: a. administrative indifference toward integrity. b. ignoring obvious ethical problems. c. hypocrisy and fear-dominated culture. d. charismatic leadership.

d. charismatic leadership.

45. The voluntary breaking of established laws based on one's moral beliefs is called: a. due process. b. moral exception. c. ethical justice. d. civil disobedience.

d. civil disobedience.

67. A model of law enforcement that addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred to as: a. crime control policing. b. reactive policing. c. traditional policing. d. community policing.

d. community policing.

53. Sanitizing language, such as "wasting" or "ending" instead of "killing" is an example of: a. behavioral classification. b. metaphorical cataloging. c. cognitive adage. d. euphemistic labeling.

d. euphemistic labeling.

69. The policing strategy that utilizes data analysis to drive decision making in order to prevent crime is known as: a. professional policing. b. traditional policing. c. community policing. d. intelligence-led policing.

d. intelligence-led policing.

43. The goals of community reparative boards include all the following except: a. promote citizen ownership of process. b. provide an opportunity for the offender to take personal responsibility. c. provide opportunity for victims and community members to confront offenders in a constructive manner. d. provide an opportunity for the community to enact changes in the law to match their local customs.

d. provide an opportunity for the community to enact changes in the law to match their local customs.

32. Some actions might be considered "good" but are not demanded by justice. a. True b. False

True

97. In Barker and Carter's study, they found that up to what percentage of police may have used drugs on duty? a. 20 b. 2 c. 60 d. 40

a. 20

57. The idea that workers feel they are being treated fairly is known as: a. organizational justice. b. occupational fairness. c. workgroup morality. d. ethical climate.

a. organizational justice.

76. Where do the authors suggest is the location of the most egregious cases of discriminatory law enforcement? a. The Midwest b. The southern border of the United States. c. The deep South. d. The Pacific Northwest.

b. The southern border of the United States

90. Meat eaters are more _______ than grass eaters. a. corrupt b. deviant c. active d. passive

b. deviant

13. The term _____________ refers to what is judged as good conduct. a. values b. morality c. honor d. goodness

b. morality

63. The view of police as ________ is consistent with the due process model. a. soldiers in a war b. public servants c. the last line of defense d. crime fighters

b. public servants

4. According to the text, which of the following represents the first step in the process of ethical analysis? a. Considering the possible outcomes b. Collecting input from others c. Reviewing any relevant policies d. Determining if there is any relevant law

d. Determining if there is any relevant law

49. Which of the following is a characteristic of System 1 decision making? a. Rational b. Deliberate c. Measured d. Immediate 50. Calculated, logical thought is an example of: a. System 1 decision making. b. System 2 decision making. c. System 3 decision making. d. System 4 decision making.

d. Immediate