Exam 1

Distinctive features are: 1)"atomic" constituents of sound segments which cannot be broken down any further 2)meaning differentiating units which are the same as phonemes 3)based on the phonotactics of the language in question 4)all of the above

1)"atomic" constituents of sound segments which cannot be broken down any further

In which of these words, the production of /s/ may be labialized? 1)/swit/ 2)/slit/ 3)/skɪp/ 4)All of the above

1)/swit/

Impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations is a phonological disorder. 1)True 2)False

1)True

In the standard pronunciation of General American English, only rising diphthongs are typically produced. 1)True 2)False

1)True

Our own perceptual biases may play a role in our transcription abilities. 1)True 2)False

1)True

Phonetic variations and allophonic variations are both phonemic realizations. 1)True 2)False

1)True

Speech sounds are transcribed using brackets [ ] while phoneme values are symbolized by slanted lines or so-called virgules / /. 1)True 2)False

1)True

The [ ʃ ] sound can be used with the diacritic for nonlabialization. 1)True 2)False

1)True

The dark [l] sound, transcribed [ɫ] is an example of velarization. 1)True 2)False

1)True

The glottal stop can be noted as a sound substitution in children with disordered articulation. 1)True 2)False

1)True

The manner of articulation describes what type of constriction the active and passive articulators produce for the realization of a particular consonant. 1)True 2)False

1)True

The number of syllables, the type of syllable, and the degree of syllable stress affect syllable production. 1)True 2)False

1)True

The phonemic inventory refers to the inventory of phonemes an individual uses contrastively. 1)True 2)False

1)True

The phonetic inventory includes all the speech sounds the individual uses including their specific production features. 1)True 2)False

1)True

The vowel [i] is a close, tense vowel that is unrounded. 1)True 2)False

1)True

Which one of the following would indicate the typical primary stressing of the word "umbrella"? (Note: In IPA, a dot is used to mark syllable boundaries). 1)[ əm.'brɛ.lə ] 2)[ əm.brɛ.'lʌ ] 3)[ ə'm.brɛ.lə ] 4)[ 'ʌm.brɛ.lə ]

1)[ əm.'brɛ.lə ]

If a child is attempting to produce [g], creating a complete closure but the place of articulation is uvular, which of the transcriptions would you use? 1)[ ɢ ] 2)[ ɠ ] 3)[ ɕ ] 4)[ ǧ ]

1)[ ɢ ]

Which one of the transcriptions would indicate "bird" without the r-coloring on the vowel? 1)[bɜd] 2)[bɾd] 3)[bɛd] 4)[bɔd]

1)[bɜd]

Which one of the following diphthongs is considered to be a nonphonemic diphthong? 1)[eɪ] 2)[aɪ] 3)[ɔɪ] 4)[aʊ]

1)[eɪ]

Which one of the following transcriptions indicates aspiration? 1)[kʰip] 2)[k͂ip] 3)[kːip] 4)[k˖ip]

1)[kʰip]

A raised [ɔ] would basically be perceived as [ɔ], however, it would sound as if it had qualities of which vowel sound? 1)[o] 2)[a] 3)[e] 4)[u]

1)[o]

Which one of the following would indicate a dentalized [s] production? 1)[s̪] 2)[sʲ] 3)[sʷ] 4)[s̤]

1)[s̪]

Which one of the following vowels is a high-back vowel that is close and tense? 1)[u] 2)[ʊ] 3)[ɔ] 4)[ɑ]

1)[u]

If you were studying how the production of [s] varies in American English versus Spanish, which branch of phonetics would you be studying? 1)articulatory phonetics 2)acoustic phonetics 3)auditory phonetics 4)bilingual phonetics

1)articulatory phonetics

Given the typical pronunciation, which one of the following words has two unchecked syllables? 1)away 2)captain 3)balloon 4)upset

1)away

Which group of speech sounds is produced with a significant constriction within the vocal tract? 1)consonants 2)onsets 3)vowels 4)syllable nuclei

1)consonants

During consonant production, which one of the following refers to the active articulator? 1)organ of articulation 2)place of articulation 3)manner of articulation 4)voicing

1)organ of articulation

A very young child says [gag] for dog. This is which type of assimilation process? 1)regressive phonemic assimilation 2)progressive phonemic assimilation 3)regressive phonetic similitude 4)coalescence

1)regressive phonemic assimilation

Unlike distinctive feature analysis, natural phonology can categorize: 1)syllable structure changes 2)error patterns 3)patterns which should be targeted in therapy 4)sound substitutions

1)syllable structure changes

The definition of phonology includes: 1)the description of the system and patterns of phonemes within a language 2)the classification and description of how speech sounds are produced 3)oral,-verbal expression of language 4)relatively peripheral motor processes involved in speech

1)the description of the system and patterns of phonemes within a language

Which one of the following could be considered a portion of semantics? 1)the multiple meanings of the word "trunk" 2)that "un" could be added to "happy" to change its meaning 3)that children know from a fairly early age that we talk to babies somehow differently 4)that sentences can be combined with the word "and"

1)the multiple meanings of the word "trunk"

Which one of the following concepts was introduced in generative phonology? 1)underlying form 2)naturalness 3)distinctive features 4)tiered representation

1)underlying form

Which one of the following descriptions describes the consonant [l]? 1)voiced apico-alveolar lateral 2)voiced mediodorsal-mediopalatal lateral 3)voiceless apico-prepalatal lateral 4)voiced apico-dental lateral

1)voiced apico-alveolar lateral

The consonant [l] is described phonetically as 1)voiced apico-alveolar lateral approximant 2)voiced coronal-alveolar glide 3)voiced predorsal-alveolar lateral-approximant 4)none of the above

1)voiced apico-alveolar lateral approximant

Although this sound is generally classified as a laryngeal or glottal fricative, there is normally no constriction at the laryngeal, pharyngeal, or oral levels. 1)/v// 2)/h/ 3)/ʃ/ 4)/ʧ/

2)/h/

Which of the following sounds require the predorsum of the tongue as an active articulator? 1)/r/, /l/ 2)/s/, /z/ 3)/k/, /g/ 4)/ʣ/, /ʨ/

2)/s/, /z/

A high-quality audio-recording alone is sufficient for documenting assessment and therapy progress. 1)True 2)False

2)False

A syllable must have a peak and either an onset or a coda. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Articulation and phonological disorders never co-occur. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Articulation difficulties result from an impairment of central linguistic abilities. 1) True 2) False

2)False

Articulation tests account for syllable structure when establishing the words that will be used in the testing procedure. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Assimilation processes are typically classified as sound errors. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Changes in tongue placement for vowels do not alter the vowel quality. 1)True 2)False

2)False

If [u] is produced with a lowered tongue position, the resulting vowel quality will approximate [o]. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Normal aspiration is typically marked in transcribed utterances. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Only vowels can function as syllable nuclei. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Phonology is not related to the other constituents of the language system such as morphology, syntax, semantics, or pragmatics. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Secondary stress is marked with a straight superscript line in front of the syllable. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Speech sounds and phonemes represent exactly the same concepts. 1)True 2)False

2)False

The diacritic marker for a dentalized production should be used with interdental sounds such as [ θ] and [ ð]. 1)True 2)False

2)False

There is no difference in the transcription of diphthongs versus two vowels following one another. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Three subdivisions of language include pragmatics, articulation, and syntax. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Typically consonants have more acoustic intensity than vowels. 1)True 2)False

2)False

Which one of the following symbols indicates a voiceless bilabial fricative? 1)[ ʙ ] 2)[ ɸ ] 3)[ β ] 4)[ ϐ ]

2)[ ɸ ]

Which one of the following diphthongs has a back vowel offglide? 1)[eɪ] 2)[aʊ] 3)[ɔɪ] 4)[aɪ]

2)[aʊ]

Which one of the following would be a standard ("correct" or citation) pronunciation? 1)[zʊ] zoo 2)[bɛɾi] Betty 3)[sʲɪŋɚ] Singer 4)[ki̟p] keep

2)[bɛɾi] Betty

What is the rhyme of "reached"? 1)[i] 2)[iʧt] 3)[iʧ] 4)none of the above

2)[iʧt]

A child says [ðɪɮ moənən aɪ s̪nʌk ʌp ɑn maɪ k=æt ̚ ] for "This morning I snuck up on my cat." In this utterance: 1)[oə] is a non-centering diphthong 2)[oə] is a centering diphthong 3)[oə] would be considered a misarticulation in both rhotic and non-rhotic dialects 4)Both b and c 5)None of the above

2)[oə] is a centering diphthong

The voiced labiodental approximant may be substituted for which sound? 1)[s] 2)[r] 3)[l] 4)[ ʃ ]

2)[r]

A child says [ðɪɮ moənən aɪ s̪nʌk ʌp ɑn maɪ k=æt ̚ ] for "This morning I snuck up on my cat." In this utterance: 1)[t ̚ ] is uvular production of /t/ 2)[t ̚ ] is unreleased /t/ 3)[t ̚ ] at the end of an utterance is considered a misarticulation 4)Both a and c 5)Both b & c

2)[t ̚ ] is unreleased /t/

If a front vowel is produced with a retracted tongue position, it might be perceived as if it had qualities of which vowel? 1)a back vowel 2)a central vowel 3)a high-front vowel 4)a low-front vowel

2)a central vowel

A phonemic inventory, in the context of the evaluation and treatment of phonological and articulation disorders in an individual, is: 1)a list of consonants present in the individual. 2)a list of phonemes present in the speech of the individual 3)a list of correctly and incorrectly produced phonemes 4)a list of phonemes used contrastively in a language

2)a list of phonemes present in the speech of the individual

Which one of the subdivisions of phonetics would examine the frequency, intensity, and duration of speech sounds? 1)articulatory phonetics 2)acoustic phonetics 3)auditory phonetics 4)physical phonetics

2)acoustic phonetics

Which one of the following would not be considered a portion of phonology? 1)the linguistic function of phonemes 2)addition of -s can indicate plurality 3)phonotactics 4)knowledge of the sound system of a language

2)addition of -s can indicate plurality

According to the International Phonetic Alphabet, what is the label given to consonants in which there is a much wider passage of air resulting in a smooth (as opposed to turbulent) airflow? 1)laterals 2)approximants 3)stop-plosives 4)fricatives

2)approximants

If the phrase "want to" is pronounced [wʌ nə], this is an example of a 1)noncontiguous assimilation 2)contact assimilation 3)regressive assimilation 4)remote assimilation

2)contact assimilation

Which one of the following is not included in the definition of phonological disorder? 1)problems in the language-specific function of phonemes 2)disturbances in the relatively peripheral motor processes that result in speech 3)disturbances represent an impairment of the understanding and organization of phonemes 4)phonemic errors

2)disturbances in the relatively peripheral motor processes that result in speech

The child says "Sue" and produces a labialized [s]. This is: 1)a misarticulation 2)due to the lip rounding of the following high-back vowel 3)correct, [s] is normally labialized 4)marked [ s̳ ]

2)due to the lip rounding of the following high-back vowel

Sibilants are a subcategory of 1)stop-plosives 2)fricatives 3)nasals 4)affricates

2)fricatives

Diacritics are: 1)phonetic symbols for specific phonemes 2)marks added to sound transcription symbols to give them a particular phonetic value 3)a portion of a perceptual system 4)never used when transcribing deviant articulatory patterns

2)marks added to sound transcription symbols to give them a particular phonetic value

When contrasting nonlinear (or multilinear) to linear phonologies, what is the main difference? 1)nonlinear phonologies do not use any type of distinctive features 2)nonlinear phonologies believe in a hierarchical interaction between segments and other, larger linguistic units 3)nonlinear phonologies do not assume that an underlying representation exists 4)nonlinear phonologies believe that the phonological rules generated apply only to the segmental (as opposed to the suprasegmental) level

2)nonlinear phonologies believe in a hierarchical interaction between segments and other, larger linguistic units

Distinctive features can be used clinically to demonstrate: 1)the difference between speech sound deletions and substitutions 2)patterns of errors 3)allophonic variations 4)where the binary system breaks down

2)patterns of errors

The repertoire of phonemes which are used contrastively by an individual is the: 1)phonetic inventory 2)phonemic inventory 3)phonotactics of a language 4)allophonic variations of a language

2)phonemic inventory

If the word "unpredictable" is pronounced as [ əm.prə dɪk.tə bəl], this is an example of a 1)progressive assimilation 2)regressive assimilation 3)noncontiguous assimilation 4)perseverative assimilation

2)regressive assimilation

The International Phonetic Alphabet offers a one-to-one correspondence between phoneme realizations (how phonemes are produced) and __________. 1)perceptual categories 2)sound symbols 3)diacritical markers 4)listening skills

2)sound symbols

A consonant that functions as a syllable nucleus is referred to as a 1)releasing sound 2)syllabic 3)obstruent 4)coda

2)syllabic

Which one of the following could be considered a portion of morphology? 1)the multiple meanings of the word "trunk" 2)that "un" could be added to "happy" to change its meaning 3)that children know from a fairly early age that we talk to babies somehow differently 4)that sentences can be combined with the word "and"

2)that "un" could be added to "happy" to change its meaning

If the transcription is [ kæp ̚ ], this indicates that: 1)the [p] sound was produced as a fortis 2)the [p] sound was unreleased 3)the [p] sound was partially voiced 4)the [p] sound was overly long

2)the [p] sound was unreleased

Which one of the following is not included in the definition of phonetics? 1)the production features of speech sounds 2)the grammatical function of speech sounds 3)the transmission properties of speech sounds 4)the perceptual bases of speech sounds

2)the grammatical function of speech sounds

In a rising diphthong, 1)the onglide is higher than the offglide. 2)the offglide is higher than the onglide. 3)the phonemic diphthong is higher than the non-phonemic diphthong. 4)the non-phonemic diphthong is higher than the phonemic diphthong.

2)the offglide is higher than the onglide.

The terms open and close refer to 1)the degree of muscular activity involved in the articulation 2)the relative closeness of the tongue to the roof of the mouth 3)the degree of opening of the lips 4)the position of the vowel within the syllable

2)the relative closeness of the tongue to the roof of the mouth

The phonetic level is related to the surface level form while the phonemic level is related to: 1)speech sounds 2)the underlying function 3)distinctive features 4)the phonemic inventory

2)the underlying function

Which one of the following words has an unchecked syllable structure? 1)cupcake 2)tomato 3)jumping 4)bathtub

2)tomato

According to Stampe, phonological processes are only evidenced in children: 1)with disordered articulation 2)universal and innate 3)present in the adult's underlying representation 4)random and do not follow any patterns

2)universal and innate

If a child says [gʌk] for "duck", which type of assimilation process has occurred? 1)labial assimilation 2)velar assimilation 3)nasal assimilation 4)liquid assimilation

2)velar assimilation

Which of the following are sibilant sounds? 1)/v/, /f/ 2)/θ/, /ð/ 3)/ʃ/, /ʒ/ 4)/ʧ/, /ʤ/

3)/ʃ/, /ʒ/

Which of the following is NOT a language disorder? 1)An impairment of morphology. 2)A phonological disorder 3)An articulation disorder 4)Both b and c above 5)All of the above

3)An articulation disorder

Which one of the following symbols indicates a sound produced by a single tap of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge? 1)[ ɺ ] 2)[ ɿ ] 3)[ ɾ ] 4)[ ʄ ]

3)[ ɾ ]

Palatalized [s] sounds approach the quality of: 1)[t] 2)[j] 3)[ ʃ ] 4)[ θ ]

3)[ ʃ ]

Which one of the following is not a diacritic used with vowels? 1)[ ̜ ] 2)[ ̹ ] 3)[ ̬ ] 4)[ ̟ ]

3)[ ̬ ]

Which consonant is described as a voiceless postdorsal-velar stop-plosive? 1)[t] 2)p] 3)[k] 4)[f]

3)[k]

Which one of the following is not a typical phonotactic possibility of General American English? 1)[sk] at the beginning of a word or syllable 2)[ŋ] at the end of a word or syllable 3)[lt] at the beginning of a word or syllable 4)[mp] at the end of a word or syllable

3)[lt] at the beginning of a word or syllable

Which one of the following sounds is typically produced as a fortis? 1)[d] 2)[n] 3)[p] 4)[l]

3)[p]

Which one of the following would indicate a nasalized [s]? 1)[s˞] 2)[s ̰ ] 3)[s͂] 4)[s̤]

3)[s͂]

The voiced labiodental approximant is transcribed as 1)[ɓ] 2)[v̻] 3)[ʋ] 4)[ ʆ ]

3)[ʋ]

Vowels are defined as having 1)no simultaneous vocal fold vibration under normal conditions 2)articulatory constriction along the sagittal midline of the vocal tract 3)a relatively unimpeded airstream from the vocal folds to the lips 4)relatively less acoustic intensity than consonants

3)a relatively unimpeded airstream from the vocal folds to the lips

The binary system of distinctive features refers to: 1)the two levels, surface level phonetic form and underlying functional level 2)the concept that there are two features which distinguish between phonemes 3)a system to signal the presence or absence of certain features 4)the two groups of distinctive features which differentiate vowels from consonants

3)a system to signal the presence or absence of certain features

The transcription [ʊ̜] would indicate which one of the following? 1)a vowel position that is too far forward 2)a vowel position that is too far back 3)a vowel that is less rounded than is usual 4)a vowel that is more rounded than is usual

3)a vowel that is less rounded than is usual

The totality of motor processes involved in the planning and execution of sequences of overlapping gestures which result in speech refers to: 1)phonology 2)phonetics 3)articulation 4)phonotactics

3)articulation

The dark or velarized /l/ is typically heard in American English speech when /l/ occurs: 1)at the beginning of words 2)at the middle of words 3)at the end of words 4)in /l/ clusters

3)at the end of words

If you were studying how foreign students perceive various speech sounds of American English, which branch of phonetics would you be studying? 1)articulatory phonetics 2)acoustic phonetics 3)auditory phonetics 4)bilingual phonetics

3)auditory phonetics

Why are rhotic consonants difficult to describe? 1)because there is a gliding movement during their production 2)because they occur infrequently in General American English 3)because their production is context- and speaker dependent 4)because there is confusion between the rhotic consonants and the central vowels with r-coloring

3)because their production is context- and speaker dependent

IPA stands for which of the following? 1)International Phonetic Association 2)International Phonetic Alphabet 3)both a and b 4)none of the above

3)both a and b

Diphthongs which are produced with a central vowel as the offglide are referred to as 1)phonemic diphthongs 2)falling diphthongs 3)centering diphthongs 4)rising diphthongs

3)centering diphthongs

The vowel [i] is described phonetically as a 1)high-front vowel that is unrounded and lax 2)mid-front vowel that is unrounded and tense 3)high-front vowel that is unrounded and tense 4)high-back vowel that is unrounded and tense

3)high-front vowel that is unrounded and tense

If a child says [bæftʌb] for "bathtub", this is an example of which phonological process? 1)palatal fronting 2)stopping 3)labialization 4)alveolarization

3)labialization

Which one of the following terms is not associated with generative phonology? 1)competence and performance 2)markedness and naturalness 3)limitation, ordering, and suppression 4)surface level and deep level representation

3)limitation, ordering, and suppression

What is the smallest linguistic unit that can be combined with other such units to establish word meanings? 1)allophonic variation 2)speech sound 3)phoneme 4)phonotactic constraint

3)phoneme

The allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language refer to the: 1)phonetic inventory 2)phonemic inventory 3)phonotactic constraints 4)minimal pairs

3)phonotactic constraints

The clusters [sk] and [ks] cannot occur in the same word positions in General American English. This is an example of the: 1)phonetic inventory 2)phonemic inventory 3)phonotactics of a language 4)allophonic variations of a language

3)phonotactics of a language

Which one of the following concepts is a portion of feature geometry? 1)constraint violation 2)one-to-many mappings 3)place nodes 4)onset and rhyme

3)place nodes

A young child says [nɔ'ni] for noisy. This is which type of assimilation process? 1)progressive contact phonemic assimilation 2)regressive contact phonemic assimilation 3)progressive remote phonemic assimilation 4)progressive remote phonetic similitude

3)progressive remote phonemic assimilation

The definition of articulation includes which one of the following? 1)describes the systems and patterns of phonemes in a particular language 2)includes phonotactics 3)refers to the totality of motor processes involved in speech 4)all of the above

3)refers to the totality of motor processes involved in speech

Articulation disorders reflect difficulties with: 1)central linguistic abilities 2)phoneme function 3)relatively peripheral motor processes 4)phonemes and phoneme patterns within a particular language

3)relatively peripheral motor processes

The subdivision of language dealing with the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is: 1)morphology 2)syntax 3)semantics 4)phonology

3)semantics

Within the group of consonants, which specific speech sounds are produced with a relatively more open expiratory passageway? 1)fricatives 2)obstruents 3)sonorants 4)affricates

3)sonorants

Oral, verbal expression of language into words is: 1)nonlinguistic communication 2)articulation 3)speech 4)pragmatics

3)speech

Which of the following is not a parameter used to describe vowel productions? 1)the part of the tongue that is raised 2)the extent to which the tongue is raised 3)the manner of articulation 4)the kind of opening made at the level of the lips

3)the manner of articulation

Which one of the following is a diphthong? 1)the vowel usually produced in "beet" 2)the vowel usually produced in "in" 3)the vowel usually produced in "pie" 4)the vowel usually produced in "moon"

3)the vowel usually produced in "pie"

Although each of the theories in this chapter differs, they all have one common feature. What is this? 1)they are all linear phonologies 2)they all use distinctive features 3)they all differentiate between the phonetic level and the phonemic level 4)they all use phonological processes

3)they all differentiate between the phonetic level and the phonemic level

The posterior movement of the tongue placement in the direction of the velum for palatal sounds is referred to as: 1)palatalization 2)tongue retraction 3)velarization 4)posterior lingual movement

3)velarization

Deviations in tongue positioning may affect: 1)production of certain consonants 2)vowel production 3)bilabial stop-plosive production 4)Both a & b 5)All of the above

4)Both a & b

A child says [ðɪɮ moənən aɪ s̪nʌk ʌp ɑn maɪ k=æt ̚ ] for "This morning I snuck up on my cat." In this utterance: 1)[ɮ] is a voiced apico-alveolar lateral fricative 2)[ɮ] is a palatal central fricative 3)[ɮ] would be considered a misarticulation 4)Both a and c 5)None of the above

4)Both a and c

A child says [ðɪɮ moənən aɪ s̪nʌk ʌp ɑn maɪ k=æt ̚ ] for "This morning I snuck up on my cat." In this utterance: 1)[s̪] is a labialized production nof [s] 2)[s̪] is a dentalized production of [s] 3)[s̪] would be considered a misarticulation 4)Both b and c 5)Both a and c

4)Both b and c

Which of the following phonotactic rule applies to English phonological system? 1)/st/ cannot occur in the middle of words. 2)/ʃv/ cannot occur in a syllable. 3)/ks/ can occur in syllable-final position 4)Both b and c above 5)All of the above

4)Both b and c above

Which one of the following phonetic symbols indicates a closed glottis is suddenly released after a build-up of subglottal air pressure? 1)[ ʕ ] 2)[ ʚ ] 3)[ ʞ ] 4)[ ʔ ]

4)[ ʔ ]

According to the International Phonetic Alphabet, which one of the following consonants is not considered an approximant? 1)[j] 2)[r] 3)[w] 4)[n]

4)[n]

Which one of the following sounds is not considered a sonorant? 1)[r] 2)[m] 3)[w] 4)[s]

4)[s]

Communication disorders include which of the following? 1)speech disorders 2)language disorders 3)hearing disorders 4)all of the above

4)all of the above

Distinctive features are: 1)a means of analyzing universal similarities and differences among phoneme systems of various languages 2)not represented by one system, several different feature systems exist 3)commonly based on articulatory features but acoustic parameters have been used as well 4)all of the above

4)all of the above

Minimal pairs are exemplified by which of the following set of IPA-transcribed words? 1)[hit] and [sit] 2)[sit] and [sut] 3)[lun] and [mun] 4)all of the above

4)all of the above

Rather than just noting a distorted [s] production, using diacritic markers to signal a palatalized versus a dentalized [s] production 1)provides a better basis for goal-directed therapy 2)fine-tunes our auditory perceptual skills to aid the assessment process 3)increases the effectiveness of the assessment process 4)all of the above

4)all of the above

The definition of articulation disorder reflects: 1)peripheral motor processes 2)gradually developing motor skills 3)the totality of motor processes involved in the planning and execution of speech 4)all of the above

4)all of the above

The end products of articulatory motor processes that represent physical sound realities are called: 1)phonetic variations 2)speech sounds 3)allophonic variations 4)all of the above

4)all of the above

Which one of the following phonological processes would indicate that [sk]à[t] in "skate" resulting in [skeɪt] produced as [teɪt]. (à = "changes to"). 1)fronting 2)cluster reduction 3)cluster substitution 4)all of the above

4)all of the above

Why should clinicians use phonetic transcription? 1)it provides a verifiable documentation of the sound productions at a specific point in time 2)it is widely used by other clinicians and can be interpreted by them as well 3)it is the basis for an accurate assessment 4)all of the above

4)all of the above

Vowels which are labeled front vowels are 1)acoustically more intense 2)occur more often at the beginning of words 3)are produced with the front articulators such as the teeth and lips 4)are produced by articulatory adjustments made by more anterior portions of the tongue

4)are produced by articulatory adjustments made by more anterior portions of the tongue

Young children often substitute /r/ with: 1)/k/ 2)/w/ 3)/ʋ/ 4)both b and c 5)All of the above

4)both b and c

Which one of the following is not a syllable structure process? 1)reduplication 2)weak syllable deletion 3)consonant cluster reduction 4)consonant cluster substitution

4)consonant cluster substitution

Naturalness (as opposed to markedness) relates to the relative simplicity of the sound production and: 1)how many children use the sound by age 3 2)whether the sound is contained in the child's phonetic and phonemic inventories 3)its frequency of occurrence in General American English 4)its high frequency of occurrence in many languages

4)its high frequency of occurrence in many languages

A child can produce the following phonemes correctly in all phonetic environments: /p, b, t, d, k, g, m, n, ŋ, f, v, h, w/ but not other consonant phonemes of English. He appears to completely lack which class of sounds? 1)obstruents 2)sonorants 3)approximants 4)liquids

4)liquids

Which consonants are considered to be sonorant consonants? 1)fricatives and affricates 2)stop-plosives 3)all voiced consonants 4)nasals, liquids, and glides

4)nasals, liquids, and glides

Phonetic transcription is descriptive ("transcribe as one hears it"). What does this mean? 1)that every sound has many different symbols 2)that there is a right and wrong way to transcribe a word 3)that diacritical marks must always be used 4)that special symbols are used to indicate the articulatory makeup of real utterances

4)that special symbols are used to indicate the articulatory makeup of real utterances

In the transcription [ kætl ̩ ], what does the diacritic under the [l] indicate? (Assume the mark is under /l/; Canvas "messed" it up) 1)that the [l] is partially devoiced 2)that the [l] is unreleased 3)that the [l] is lateralized 4)that the [l] is the syllable nucleus of the second syllable

4)that the [l] is the syllable nucleus of the second syllable

The transcription is [kʊdn̩] for "couldn‟t". The mark under the [n] indicates that: 1)it was partially devoiced 2)it was denasalized 3)labialization occurred, the [n] was produced with lip rounding 4)the [n] was the syllable nucleus of the second syllable

4)the [n] was the syllable nucleus of the second syllable

If "cool" is transcribed [ku:l], this indicates that 1)there was a pause between the [u] and [l] sounds 2)the [u] sound was produced with a retracted tongue position 3)the [l] sound was shortened in duration 4)the [u] sound was produced clearly longer than normal in duration

4)the [u] sound was produced clearly longer than normal in duration

Which concept in Stampe's natural phonology theory has often been criticized? 1)the concept that natural processes are universal 2)the concept that suppression occurs during the developmental process 3)how naturalness and markedness concepts have been applied to this theory 4)the concept that the child's underlying representation is the same as the adult's

4)the concept that the child's underlying representation is the same as the adult's

What are the syllable arresting sounds of the two syllables in the word "today"? 1)[t] and [d] 2)[u] and [eɪ] 3)[ɪ] 4)the word "today" has no codas, therefore, it does not have syllable arresting sounds

4)the word "today" has no codas, therefore, it does not have syllable arresting sounds

A language disorder is a disorder in the use and understanding of a: 1)spoken language 2)written language 3)sign language 4)Both a and b 5)All of the above

5)All of the above

A child says [ðɪɮ moənən aɪ s̪nʌk ʌp ɑn maɪ k=æt ̚ ] for "This morning I snuck up on my cat." In this utterance: 1)[k=] is voiced production of /k/ 2)[k=] is unaspirated /k/ 3)[k=] is considered a misarticulation 4)Both a and c 5)Both b & c

5)Both b & c

A child says [ðɪɮ moənən aɪ s̪nʌk ʌp ɑn maɪ k=æt ̚ ] for "This morning I snuck up on my cat." In this utterance: 1)[ən] at the end of "morning" is non-standard and therefore a misarticulation. 2)[ən] at the end of "morning" is frequently used in casual speech and therefore should not be considered a misarticulation. 3)[ən] if used for "ing" in "swing" (produced as [swən] would be considered a misarticulation. 4)Both a and c 5)Both b and c

5)Both b and c

Which one of the following concepts would be associated with the assessment of a phonological impairment? 1)phonemic inventory 2)phonetic inventory 3)phonotactic constraints 4)both a and c 5)all of the above would be important in assessing a phonological impairment

5)all of the above would be important in assessing a phonological impairment