exam 1

A patient is scheduled for a test with contrast to determine kidney function. What statement made by the patient should the nurse inform the physician about prior to testing? "I don't like needles." "I am allergic to shrimp." "I take medication to help me sleep at night." "I have had a test similar to this one in the past."

"I am allergic to shrimp."

A nurse is caring for a female client who has recurrent kidney stones and is scheduled for an intravenous pyelogram. Which of the following statements by the client should the nurse report to the provider? "I drink at least 2 quarts of fluid every day." "The last time I voided it was painful and red-tinged." "My period ended 2 days ago." "I don't eat shellfish because it gives me hives."

"I don't eat shellfish because it gives me hives." The client says she experiences hives after eating shellfish, which indicates a sensitivity. The contrast dye typically used for an IVP is an iodine derivative, and the client with a shellfish sensitivity may have cross-sensitivity to iodine and a serious iodine allergy. This nurse should report these finding to the client's provider.

A nurse is providing teaching to a client about measures to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Which of the following client statements indicates a need for further teaching? "I will need to wipe my perineal area from back to front after urination." "I will need to empty my bladder regularly and completely." "I will need to drink apple cider vinegar each day." "I need to drink 8 cups of liquid each day."

"I will need to wipe my perineal area from back to front after urination."

A client undergoes extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Before discharge, the nurse should provide which instruction? "Take your temperature every 4 hours." "Increase your fluid intake to 2 to 3 L per day." "Apply an antibacterial dressing to the incision daily." "Be aware that your urine will be cherry-red for 5 to 7 days."

"Increase your fluid intake to 2 to 3 L per day."

The community health nurse is performing a home visit to an older client recovering from hip surgery. The nurse notes that the client seems uncharacteristically confused and has dry mucous membranes. When asked about fluid intake, the client states, "I stop drinking water early in the day because it is just too difficult to get up during the night to go to the bathroom." What would be the nurse's best response? "I will need to have your medications adjusted so you will need to be readmitted to the hospital for a complete workup." "Limiting your fluids can create imbalances in your body that can result in confusion. Maybe we need to adjust the timing of your fluids." "It is normal to be a little confused following surgery, and it is safe not to urinate at night." "If you build up too much urine in your bladder, it can cause you to get confused, especially when your body is under stress. "

"Limiting your fluids can create imbalances in your body that can result in confusion. Maybe we need to adjust the timing of your fluids."

A nurse is working with a licensed practical nurse (LPN) to care for a client who is receiving a continuous IV infusion. Which of the following findings reported by the LPN indicates to the nurse the client has phlebitis at the IV insertion site? "The infusion rate has stopped but the tubing is not kinked." "The area surrounding the insertion site feels warm to the touch." "There is fluid leaking around the insertion site." "There is no blood return when the tubing is aspirated."

"The area surrounding the insertion site feels warm to the touch."

A nurse is planning to use the SBAR communication tool when calling a provider. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the B step? "The client should be seen by a neurologist." "The client was found unconscious on the floor in her home." "There are no provider's prescriptions available." "The client is disoriented. Pupils are slow to respond to light."

"The client was found unconscious on the floor in her home."

A nursing student asks the nurse why older adults are at risk for renal disease. The best response by the nurse is: "The glomerular filtration rate decreases as we age." "Contractility of the bladder wall increases with age." "Urethral hypertrophy occurs following menopause." "Hypoplasia of the prostate occurs in older men."

"The glomerular filtration rate decreases as we age."

A nurse is caring for a client who has paraplegia following an automobile accident. The client is on an intermittent urinary catheterization program. Which of the following findings indicates the need for catheterization? Urge incontinence Dribbling of urine Weight gain Rectal distention

Dribbling of urine

A nurse is instructing a group of clients regarding calcium rich foods. Which of the following foods should the nurse include in the teaching as the best source of calcium? ½ cup ice cream 1 ounce swiss cheese 1 cup milk 1 cup cottage cheese

1 cup milk

A client is scheduled for a creatinine clearance test. The nurse should explain that this test is done to assess the kidneys' ability to remove a substance from the plasma in: 1 minute. 30 minutes. 1 hour. 24 hours.

1 minute.

When fluid intake is normal, the specific gravity of urine should be 1.000. less than 1.010. greater than 1.025. 1.010 to 1.025.

1.010 to 1.025.

The nurse knows which is the normal serum value for potassium? 135-145 mEq/L (135-145 mmol/L). 96-106 mEq/L (96-106 mmol/L). 3.5-5.0 mEq/L (3.5-5.0 mmol/L). 8.5-10.5 mg/dL (2.13-2.63 mmol/L).

3.5-5.0 mEq/L (3.5-5.0 mmol/L).

A nurse is providing dietary teaching to a client who has a history of recurring calcium oxalate kidney stones. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the teaching? Drink 3 L of fluid every day. Take 3,000 mg of vitamin C daily. Restrict calcium intake to one serving per day. Eat 12 oz of animal protein daily.

Drink 3 L of fluid every day.

A nurse on a medical unit is assessing four clients for urinary retention. Which of the following clients have manifestations of urinary retention? A client who has an elevated BUN A client who reports painful urination A client who reports urinary frequency A client who has glucose in his urine

A client who reports urinary frequency Voiding a small amount of urine (less than 100 mL) frequently (2 to 3 times per hr), and dribbling of urine are manifestations of urinary retention.

The nurse is assessing a client for local complications of intravenous therapy. Which are local complications? Select all that apply. Extravasation Infection Hematoma Phlebitis Air embolism

Extravasation Infection Phlebitis Air embolism

Which of the following measurable urine output recorded indicates the patient is maintaining adequate fluid intake and balance? A patient with a minimal urine output of 50 mL/hour A patient with a minimal urine output of 10 mL/hour A patient with a minimal urine output of 30ml/hour A patient with a minimal urine output of 20 ml/hour

A patient with a minimal urine output of 50 mL/hour

Serum sodium plays a major role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. Choose all the correct statements that apply. The normal serum sodium level is 90 to 120 mmol/L. Aldosterone causes renal reabsorption of sodium. About 45% of sodium in the renal filtrate is absorbed. Angiotensin II controls the release of aldosterone. Renin, an enzyme released by the kidneys, activates the RAS system to ensure adequate filtration.

Aldosterone causes renal reabsorption of sodium. Angiotensin II controls the release of aldosterone. Renin, an enzyme released by the kidneys, activates the RAS system to ensure adequate filtration.

The nurse is assessing a patient upon admission to the hospital. What significant nursing assessment data is relevant to renal function? Select all that apply. Any voiding disorders The patient's occupation The presence of hypertension or diabetes The patient's financial status The ability of the patient to manage activities of daily living

Any voiding disorders The patient's occupation The presence of hypertension or diabetes

When checking a client's capillary refill, the nurse finds that the color returns in 10 seconds. The nurse should understand that this finding indicates which of the following? Arterial insufficiency Venous insufficiency Within the expected range Thrombus formation in the vein

Arterial insufficiency

The nurse is caring for a patient with a diagnosis of hyponatremia. Which nursing intervention is appropriate to include in the plan of care for this patient? Select all that apply. Assessing for symptoms of nausea and malaise Encouraging the intake of low-sodium liquids Monitoring neurologic status Restricting tap water intake Encouraging the use of salt substitute instead of salt

Assessing for symptoms of nausea and malaise Monitoring neurologic status Restricting tap water intake

A nurse is receiving change-of-shift report for a group of assigned clients. The nurse anticipates which of the following activities first in delivering client care using the nursing process? Critically analyze client data to determine priorities. Collect and organize client data. Set client-centered, measurable and realistic goals. Determine effectiveness of interventions.

Collect and organize client data.

A client's most recent laboratory results show a slight decrease in potassium. The health care provider has opted to forgo drug therapy but has suggested increasing the client's dietary intake of potassium. What should the nurse recommend? Apples Fish Rice Bananas

Bananas

A patient is having a problem with retention of urine in the bladder. Which of the following diagnostic tests measures the amount of residual urine in the bladder? Bladder ultrasonography Nuclear scan Cystography IV urography

Bladder ultrasonography

A 54-year-old male patient is admitted to the hospital with a case of severe dehydration. The nurse reviews the patient's laboratory results. Which of the following results are consistent with the diagnosis? Select all that apply. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 23 mg/dL Serum osmolality of 310 mOsm/kg Serum sodium of 148 mEq/L Serum glucose of 90 mg/dL Urine specific gravity of 1.03 Hematocrit level of 48%

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 23 mg/dL Serum osmolality of 310 mOsm/kg Serum sodium of 148 mEq/L Urine specific gravity of 1.03

A nurse is assessing an older adult client who is receiving IV therapy. The nurse should recognize that which of the following findings indicates fluid volume excess? (Select all that apply.) Bounding pulse Pitting edema Swelling at the IV site Urine-specific gravity greater than 1.030 Crackles upon auscultation

Bounding pulse Pitting edema Crackles upon auscultation

A nurse is teaching a client at high risk for osteoporosis about dietary measures she can take to increase her calcium level. Which of the following foods should the nurse advise the client to increase in her diet? Carrots Broccoli Cabbage Potatoes

Broccoli Broccoli is high in calcium. Most vegetables contain considerably less calcium, except for kale, collard greens with stems, and turnip greens, which are also good sources of calcium.

A nurse in a provider's office is reviewing the laboratory results of a client who takes furosemide for hypertension. The nurse notes that the client's potassium level is 3.3 mEq/L. The nurse should monitor the client for which of the following complications? Cardiac dysrhythmias Hypoglycemia Seizures Neurogenic shock

Cardiac dysrhythmias This client's potassium level is below the expected reference range. Hypokalemia can cause a number of cardiac effects including flattened T waves, prominent U waves, and S-T depression.

A nurse is caring for an older adult client who has a urinary tract infection (UTI). Which of the following manifestations should the nurse identify as a finding specifically associated with this client? Urinary retention Low back pain Incontinence Confusion

Confusion

When describing the functions of the kidney to a client, which of the following would the nurse include? Select all that apply. Regulation of white blood cell production Synthesis of vitamin K Control of water balance Secretion of the enzyme renin

Control of water balance Secretion of the enzyme renin

A 73-year-old female patient with cirrhosis of the liver is evaluated for clinical manifestations of FVE. Which of the following signs are consistent with that diagnosis? Select all that apply. Crackles Blood pressure of 90/60 Central venous pressure (CVP) reading of 4 mm Hg Hematocrit level of 32% Blood pressure of 140/110 BUN of 8 mg/dL

Crackles Hematocrit level of 32% Blood pressure of 140/110 BUN of 8 mg/dL

Which of the following vitamin is necessary for maintenance of normal calcium levels? D A C E

D

Which of the following urine characteristics would the nurse anticipate when caring for a client whose lab work reveals a high urine specific gravity related to dehydration? Dark amber urine Clear or light yellow urine Red urine Turbid urine

Dark amber urine

The nurse is caring for a client with laboratory values indicating dehydration. Which clinical symptom is consistent with the dehydration? Cool and pale skin Crackles in the lung fields Distended jugular veins Dark, concentrated urine

Dark, concentrated urine

A nurse prepares to replace the nearly empty container of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for a client when she finds that there has been a delay in receiving the new container of solution from the pharmacy. Which of the following solutions should the nurse infuse until the next container of TPN solution becomes available? Lactated Ringer's 3% sodium chloride Dextrose 10% in water 0.9% sodium chloride

Dextrose 10% in water Sudden withdrawal from TPN, which is a hypertonic solution that contains dextrose, vitamins, electrolytes and sometimes lipids, can result in a sudden drop in the client's blood glucose levels. Administering an infusion of 10% dextrose will prevent hypoglycemia.

A nurse is reviewing the clinical pathway for a patient. Which of the following would the nurse most likely find? Select all that apply. Assessments Diagnostic tests Outcomes Nursing diagnoses Patient teaching

Diagnostic tests Medications Outcomes Patient teaching Assessments

Which term describes painful or difficult urination? Oliguria Anuria Nocturia Dysuria

Dysuria

A nurse is planning care for a female client who has a T4 spinal cord injury and is at risk for acquiring urinary tract infections. Which of the following actions should the nurse include in the client's plan of care? Cleanse the perineum from back to front. Obtain a prescription for an indwelling urinary catheter. Encourage fluid intake at and between meals. Offer the client the bedpan every 2 hr.

Encourage fluid intake at and between meals.

A nurse is assessing a client who has a peripheral IV with a continuous infusion. Which of the following findings is a manifestation of phlebitis? (Select all that apply.) Erythema Damp dressing Throbbing Warmth at insertion site Streak formation

Erythema Throbbing Warmth at insertion site Streak formation

Which substance stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells? Erythropoietin Prostaglandin E Prostacyclin Renin

Erythropoietin

The nurse is instructing a health class of high school seniors on the function of the kidney. The nurse is correct to highlight which information? Select all that apply. Regulates estrogen and progesterone Excretes waste products Controls blood pressure Regulate calcium and the synthesis of vitamin D Activates growth hormone Regulates red blood cell production

Excretes waste products Controls blood pressure Regulate calcium and the synthesis of vitamin D Activates growth hormone Regulates red blood cell production

A home health nurse is making a home visit to a client who takes a daily diuretic for heart failure. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse identify as indicating the client is hypokalemic? Pitting edema Fatigue Dyspnea Oliguria

Fatigue

A nurse in a community clinic is assessing an older adult client for manifestations of dehydration. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? Hypothermia Protruding eyeballs Elevated blood pressure Furrows in the tongue

Furrows in the tongue

When planning the care of a client with a fluid imbalance, the nurse understands that in the human body, water and electrolytes move from the arterial capillary bed to the interstitial fluid. What causes this to occur? Active transport of hydrogen ions across the capillary walls Pressure of the blood in the renal capillaries Action of the dissolved particles contained in a unit of blood Hydrostatic pressure resulting from the pumping action of the heart

Hydrostatic pressure resulting from the pumping action of the heart

A nurse is providing teaching to a group of adult athletes about prevention the effects of dehydration on the body. Which of the following manifestations should the nurse include in the teaching? Impaired motor control Drop in body temperature during exercise Increase in appetite. Decreased resting heart rate

Impaired motor control Impaired motor control is a clinical manifestation of dehydration.

A nurse is assessing a client who has fluid volume deficit. The nurse should expect which of the following findings? Decreased urine specific gravity Decreased Hgb Increased BUN Increased urine ketones

Increased BUN

The nurse is evaluating a newly admitted client's laboratory results, which include several values that are outside of reference ranges. Which of the following alterations would cause the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? Increased serum sodium Decreased serum potassium Decreased hemoglobin Increased platelets

Increased serum sodium

Your client has a diagnosis of hypervolemia. What would be an important intervention that you would initiate? Give medications that promote fluid retention. Limit sodium and water intake. Assess for dehydration. Teach client behaviors that decrease urination.

Limit sodium and water intake.

A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving total parenteral nutrition via a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). When assessing the client, the nurse notes swelling of the client's arm above the PICC insertion site. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? Measure the circumference of both upper arms. Notify the provider who inserted the PICC line. Remove the PICC line. Apply a cold pack to the client's upper arm.

Measure the circumference of both upper arms.

The nurse is providing discharge teaching to a client who had hypophosphatemia during his time in hospital. The client has a diet prescribed that is high in phosphate. What foods should you teach this client to include in his diet? Select all that apply. Milk Beef Poultry Green vegetables Liver

Milk Poultry Liver

A nurse is assessing a preschooler who has a calcium level of 8.0 mg/dL. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? Dry, sticky mucous membranes Polyuria Negative Chvostek's sign Muscle tremors

Muscle tremors A serum calcium level of 8.0 mg/dL is below the expected reference range. A preschooler who has hypocalcemia is likely to have muscle tremors and cramps that can progress to tetany and convulsions.

A nurse is completing a client's history and physical examination. Which of the following information should the nurse consider subjective data? Blood pressure Cyanosis Nausea Petechiae

Nausea

A nurse is assessing a client who has a sodium level of 116 mEq/L. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? Nausea and vomiting Extreme thirst Flushed skin Fever

Nausea and vomiting A sodium level of 116 mEq/L is a critical value indicating hyponatremia. Nausea and vomiting are expected findings for a client with this sodium level.

The nurse is assigned a client with calcium level of 4.0 mg/dL. Which system assessment would the nurse ask detailed questions? Endocrine system Gastrointestinal system Neurological system Musculoskeletal system

Neurological system

A 64-year-old client is brought in to the clinic with thirsty, dry, sticky mucous membranes, decreased urine output, fever, a rough tongue, and lethargy. Serum sodium level is above 145 mEq/L. Should the nurse start salt tablets when caring for this client? Yes, this will correct the sodium deficit. Yes, along with the hypotonic IV. No, start with the sodium chloride IV. No, sodium intake should be restricted.

No, sodium intake should be restricted.

A nurse is planning care for a client who has dehydration and is receiving a continuous IV infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care? Monitor the client's intake and output every 6 hr. Offer the client 240 mL (8 oz) of oral fluids every 4 hr. Check the client's IV infusion every 8 hr. Administer furosemide to the client.

Offer the client 240 mL (8 oz) of oral fluids every 4 hr.

A nurse in the neurologic ICU has received a prescription to infuse a hypertonic solution into a client with increased intracranial pressure. This solution will increase the number of dissolved particles in the client's blood, creating pressure for fluids in the tissues to shift into the capillaries and increase the blood volume. This process is best described as which of the following? Hydrostatic pressure Osmosis and osmolality Diffusion Active transport

Osmosis and osmolality

A nurse is caring for a client who has a new prescription for a low-sodium diet. The client's family has requested to bring in some of the client's favorite foods. Which of the following food items should the nurse tell the family members to omit? Boiled rice Flat bread Broiled fish fillet Pickled vegetables

Pickled vegetables

A client with pancreatic cancer has the following blood chemistry profile: Glucose, fasting: 204 mg/dl; blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 12 mg/dl; Creatinine: 0.9 mg/dl; Sodium: 136 mEq/L; Potassium: 2.2 mEq/L; Chloride: 99 mEq/L; CO2: 33 mEq/L. Which result should the nurse identify as critical and report immediately? CO2 Sodium Chloride Potassium TAKE A PRACTICE QUIZ

Potassium

A client with an intravenous infusion is rubbing his arm. The nurse assesses the site and decides to discontinue the current infusion because of concern that the client has developed phlebitis. Which of the following clinical manifestations would the nurse assess with phlebitis? Select all that apply. Cool area around the insertion site Reddened area along the path of the vein Tender area around the insertion site Ecchymosis at the insertion site Rapid, shallow respirations

Reddened area along the path of the vein Tender area around the insertion site

A nurse is assessing a client who has intravenous therapy-related phlebitis. The nurse uses the Infusion Nurses Society's phlebitis scale to assess the severity of phlebitis and documents the client's phlebitis as a grade level 1. Which of the following assessment findings correlates with a grade level of 1? Redness at the intravenous access site with pain Red streaks on the affected extremity Palpable venous cord in the affected extremity Purulent drainage at the intravenous site access site

Redness at the intravenous access site with or without pain is scored as a grade level 1.

A nurse is caring for a client who has a serum potassium level of 5.5 mEq/L. The provider prescribes polystyrene sulfonate. If this medication is effective, the nurse should expect which of the following changes on the client's ECG? Reduction of T-wave amplitude Shortening of P-wave duration Widening of the QRS complex Restoration of QRS complex amplitude

Reduction of T-wave amplitude Polystyrene sulfonate should bring the potassium level back to the expected reference range of 3.5-5.0 mEq/L. Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves and sometimes a widened QRS on ECG, so resolution of the potassium imbalance should restore these ECG changes to baseline.

A nurse is talking to a client who is taking a calcium supplement for osteoporosis. The client tells the nurse she is experiencing flank pain. Which of the following adverse effects should the nurse suspect? Hepatitis Peptic ulcer fracture Renal stones Pancreatitis

Renal stones Hypercalcemia due to calcium supplements can cause renal stones. Clients should increase their water intake while taking calcium supplements to hydrate the kidneys and should report any blood in the urine or flank pain.

The nurse is aware, when caring for patients with renal disease, that which substance made in the glomeruli directly controls blood pressure? Cortisol Vasopressin Albumin Renin

Renin

The nurse is caring for a client with a nursing diagnosis of deficient fluid volume. The nurse's assessment reveals a BP of 98/52 mm Hg. The nurse should recognize that the client's kidneys will compensate by secreting what substance? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Aldosterone Renin Angiotensin

Renin

A nurse is assessing a client who is experiencing prostatic hypertrophy. Which of the following findings associated with urinary retention should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.) Report of feeling pressure Tenderness over the symphysis pubis Distended bladder Voiding 30 mL frequently Dysuria

Report of feeling pressure Tenderness over the symphysis pubis Distended bladder Voiding 30 mL frequently

A nurse is reviewing laboratory findings for four clients. Which of the following clients has manifestations of acute kidney injury? BUN 15 mg/dL Serum creatinine 6 mg/dL Hemoglobin 16 g/dL Serum potassium 4.5 mEq/L

Serum creatinine 6 mg/dL

A nurse is assessing a client and discovers the infusion pump with the client's total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution is not infusing. The nurse should monitor the client for which of the following conditions? Excessive thirst and urination Shakiness and diaphoresis Fever and chills Hypertension and crackles

Shakiness and diaphoresis When a sudden interruption in the infusion of TPN occurs, the client is at risk for hypoglycemia. Shakiness and diaphoresis are manifestations of hypoglycemia.

A nurse is performing an admission assessment on a client. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as an indication that the client is dehydrated? Low body temperature Jugular vein distention Skin tenting present Blood pressure 178/90 mm Hg

Skin tenting present

A nurse is caring for a client who had total thyroidectomy and a serum calcium level of 7.6 mg/dL. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? Tingling of the extremities Hypoactive deep tendon reflexes. Shortened QT intervals. Constipation

Tingling of the extremities The nurse should monitor the client for reports of tingling and numbness of the extremities and around the mouth, muscle tremors, cramps and cardiac dysrhythmias.

A client has a serum calcium level of 7.2 mg/dl (1.8 mmol/L). During the physical examination, the nurse expects to assess: Trousseau's sign. Homans' sign. Hegar's sign. Goodell's sign.

Trousseau's sign.

What does the nurse understand is the primary method by which fluid volume is regulated? Urine excretion Breathing Bowel elimination Perspiration

Urine excretion

A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving IV fluids to correct dehydration. Which of the following laboratory values should indicate to the nurse that the client is effectively responding to treatment? Sodium 165 mEq/L Potassium 5.2 mEq/L Urine specific gravity 1.020 Hct 62%

Urine specific gravity 1.020

A nurse is evaluating a client's laboratory results. What laboratory findings does the nurse determine are consistent with hypovolemia in a female client? Select all that apply. hematocrit level of greater than 47% BUN: serum creatinine ratio of greater than 12.1 urine specific gravity of 1.027 urine osmolality of 850 mOsm/kg urine positive for blood

hematocrit level of greater than 47% urine specific gravity of 1.027 urine osmolality of 850 mOsm/kg

A client is experiencing edema in the tissue. What type of intravenous fluid would the nurse expect to be prescribed? isotonic fluid no intravenous solution hypertonic solution hypotonic solution

hypertonic solution

A client presents with muscle weakness, tremors, slow muscle movements, and vertigo. The following are the client's laboratory values:Sodium 134 mEq/L (134 mmol/L)Potassium 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L)Chloride 111 mEq/L (111 mmol/L)Magnesium 1.1 mg/dL (0.45 mmol/L)Calcium 8.4 mg/dL (2.1 mmol/L)What fluid and electrolyte imbalance would the nurse relate to the client's findings? hyponatremia hypokalemia hypocalcemia hypomagnesemia

hypomagnesemia

A nurse is assessing a client's reflexes. Which condition does the nurse need to confirm when tapping the facial nerve of a client who has dysphagia? hypervolemia hypercalcemia hypomagnesemia hypermagnesemia

hypomagnesemia

Oncotic pressure refers to the number of dissolved particles contained in a unit of fluid. excretion of substances such as glucose through increased urine output. amount of pressure needed to stop the flow of water by osmosis. osmotic pressure exerted by proteins.

osmotic pressure exerted by proteins.