Exam 2 Anatomy

what are the lesion locations along the nervous system of the dog

Brain, C1-C5, C6-T2, T3-L3, L4-S2, S1-S3

what are the three glands of the skin

Sebaceous, sweat, and mammary

where are melanocytes located

basal

which cell layer does cell divison occur?

basal

which part of the brain is the relay center

brain stem

which epidermal cell layer can form new follicles

stratum basal

which epidermis cell layer is made of stem cells

stratum basal

what determines resting membrane potential

uneven distribution of ions

what are the 4 types of neuron structures

unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar

Upper or lower motor neuron lesions cause hyperreflexia

upper

upper/lower motor neurons inhibit reflex of lower/upper motor neurons

upper lower

What is the outermost layer of the skin?

epidermis

how is keratin synthesised to form the water barrier in 4 steps

1.Cell division in bssale produces tonofilaments. these are pushed to the spinosum. 2. then they get synthesised into karatohyalin granuals and lamellar bodies. 3.these cells are pushed into the granulosum and then the corneum. 4. lamellar bodies discharge between the granulosum and corneum

what is brain and spinal cord CNS/PNS

CNS

What does DAMNIT mean D2, A2, M3, N2, I6, T2

Development or degenerative, anomalous or autoimmune, metabolic, mechanical or mental, nutritional or neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, immune-mediated, inherited, iatrogenic, idiopathic, traumatic or toxic

the 4 cell types within the epidermis are

Keratiocytes, malanocytes, langerhan, and merek

myelin sheaths originate from

Schwann in pns and oligodendrytes in CNS

what are the 3 major factors of resting membrane potential

Na, K pump (ATPase), charge imbalance, and permeability

On on on they traveled and found voldemort guarding very ancient horcruxes

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyneal, vagus, accesory, hypoglossal

what is the spinal and cranial nerves CNS/PNS

PNS

what are the 4 parts of the epidermis

Stratum corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and basal

which epidermis cell layer is high in keratin and flattens cells

Stratum granulosum

which term carries information towards the brain and spinal cord Afferent/efferent

afferent

what are the three part of the mammary gland in smallest to largest

alveoli (milk producing unit), lobuli (cluster of alveoli), and lobi (cluster of lobuli)

what are the 6 major classes of neurotransmitters A A C P O P

amino acids, amines, catecholamines, peptides, opioids, purines

the subarachnoid space is between

arachnoid mater and pia mater

which reflex regulates smooth muscle activity

autonomic

varus

bent inward

Valgus

bent outward

which part of the brain is conscious perception

cerbrum

which part of the brain is coordination and fine tuning

cerebellum

hooves, claws, beaks, shells, and scales are exaples of what kinf of epidermal structure

cornified epidermal structures

not all _______ nerves are mixed nerves

cranial

Procurvatum

cranial bowing

which main component of the skin has an underlying layer of vascularized connective tissue

dermis

which of the 3 skin components is known for being strong, flexable connective tissue composed of cells and collagen

dermis

what are two things that the speed of the action potential depends on

diameter and myelination

75% of growth deformities effect which two bones and at which end?

distal radius and ulna

translational

distal segment displaced caudally

torsional

distal segment turned laterally

Osteochondrosis

disturbance in endochondral ossification leading to cartilage retention and thickening

where does the spinal cord end in a dog and horse

dog=L7 horse=S1/S2

recurvatum

dorsal bowing

The subdural space lies between

dura mater and arachnoid mater

what are the 3 meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

what are the two types of sweat galnds

eccrine and apocrine

which term carries information away from the brain and spinal cord afferent/efferent

efferent

what are the 3 main components of the skin

epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutanious)

what are the two forms of melanin

eumelanin and pheomelanin

what is the primary cell found within the dermis

fibroblast

what are the 4 cells of the dermis

fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, mast cells

sympathetic is

fight or flight

what are the three types of hair

guard, wool, and tactile

what are three accessory structures

hair, feathers, and glands

which main component of the skin is also known as the subcutaneous layer

hypodermis

autonomic is voluntary or involuntary

involuntary

autonomic nervous system is involuntary/voluntary

involuntary

what is also known as an antigen presenting dendric cell

langerhans

upper or lower motor neuron lesions cause hyporeflexation

lower

what are the 5 nerve cells

meissner, merkel, pacini, hair focicle sensor, ruffini

efferent is sensory or motor

motor

what is common integument

ordinary skin covering of hair, skin glands, and specialized parts such as claws, hoofs, and horns

between which layers is the epidural space

periosteum and dura

for resting membrane potential, ______ charges are on the outside and _____ charges are on the inside

positive and negative

what does the piloerector muscle do

raises hair

Parasympathetic is

rest and digest

Afferent is sensory or motor

sensory

which reflex includes all reflexes that stimulate the muscle somatic or autonomic

somatic

PNS has two divisions

somatic and autonomic

All ________ nerves are mixed nerves

spinal

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More

ssmmbmbsbbmm

where are merkel cells located

stratum basale

which epidermis cell layer is made of keritinized, dead cells

stratum corneum

where are langerhan cells located

stratum spinosum

which epidermis cell layer has cells joined by desmosomes that provide mechanical strength

stratum spinosum

which space does the CSF live

subarachnoid

autonomic nervous system has 2 subdivisions

sympathetic and parasympathetic

what are the three roles of the skin

temperature control, protection, and stimulus

somatic is voluntary or involuntary

voluntary

somatic nervous system is involuntary/voluntary

voluntary

what are the three parts of the hoof

wall, sole, and pads (frog)