Exam 2 Anatomy
what are the lesion locations along the nervous system of the dog
Brain, C1-C5, C6-T2, T3-L3, L4-S2, S1-S3
what are the three glands of the skin
Sebaceous, sweat, and mammary
where are melanocytes located
basal
which cell layer does cell divison occur?
basal
which part of the brain is the relay center
brain stem
which epidermal cell layer can form new follicles
stratum basal
which epidermis cell layer is made of stem cells
stratum basal
what determines resting membrane potential
uneven distribution of ions
what are the 4 types of neuron structures
unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar
Upper or lower motor neuron lesions cause hyperreflexia
upper
upper/lower motor neurons inhibit reflex of lower/upper motor neurons
upper lower
What is the outermost layer of the skin?
epidermis
how is keratin synthesised to form the water barrier in 4 steps
1.Cell division in bssale produces tonofilaments. these are pushed to the spinosum. 2. then they get synthesised into karatohyalin granuals and lamellar bodies. 3.these cells are pushed into the granulosum and then the corneum. 4. lamellar bodies discharge between the granulosum and corneum
what is brain and spinal cord CNS/PNS
CNS
What does DAMNIT mean D2, A2, M3, N2, I6, T2
Development or degenerative, anomalous or autoimmune, metabolic, mechanical or mental, nutritional or neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, immune-mediated, inherited, iatrogenic, idiopathic, traumatic or toxic
the 4 cell types within the epidermis are
Keratiocytes, malanocytes, langerhan, and merek
myelin sheaths originate from
Schwann in pns and oligodendrytes in CNS
what are the 3 major factors of resting membrane potential
Na, K pump (ATPase), charge imbalance, and permeability
On on on they traveled and found voldemort guarding very ancient horcruxes
Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyneal, vagus, accesory, hypoglossal
what is the spinal and cranial nerves CNS/PNS
PNS
what are the 4 parts of the epidermis
Stratum corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and basal
which epidermis cell layer is high in keratin and flattens cells
Stratum granulosum
which term carries information towards the brain and spinal cord Afferent/efferent
afferent
what are the three part of the mammary gland in smallest to largest
alveoli (milk producing unit), lobuli (cluster of alveoli), and lobi (cluster of lobuli)
what are the 6 major classes of neurotransmitters A A C P O P
amino acids, amines, catecholamines, peptides, opioids, purines
the subarachnoid space is between
arachnoid mater and pia mater
which reflex regulates smooth muscle activity
autonomic
varus
bent inward
Valgus
bent outward
which part of the brain is conscious perception
cerbrum
which part of the brain is coordination and fine tuning
cerebellum
hooves, claws, beaks, shells, and scales are exaples of what kinf of epidermal structure
cornified epidermal structures
not all _______ nerves are mixed nerves
cranial
Procurvatum
cranial bowing
which main component of the skin has an underlying layer of vascularized connective tissue
dermis
which of the 3 skin components is known for being strong, flexable connective tissue composed of cells and collagen
dermis
what are two things that the speed of the action potential depends on
diameter and myelination
75% of growth deformities effect which two bones and at which end?
distal radius and ulna
translational
distal segment displaced caudally
torsional
distal segment turned laterally
Osteochondrosis
disturbance in endochondral ossification leading to cartilage retention and thickening
where does the spinal cord end in a dog and horse
dog=L7 horse=S1/S2
recurvatum
dorsal bowing
The subdural space lies between
dura mater and arachnoid mater
what are the 3 meninges
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
what are the two types of sweat galnds
eccrine and apocrine
which term carries information away from the brain and spinal cord afferent/efferent
efferent
what are the 3 main components of the skin
epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutanious)
what are the two forms of melanin
eumelanin and pheomelanin
what is the primary cell found within the dermis
fibroblast
what are the 4 cells of the dermis
fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, mast cells
sympathetic is
fight or flight
what are the three types of hair
guard, wool, and tactile
what are three accessory structures
hair, feathers, and glands
which main component of the skin is also known as the subcutaneous layer
hypodermis
autonomic is voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
autonomic nervous system is involuntary/voluntary
involuntary
what is also known as an antigen presenting dendric cell
langerhans
upper or lower motor neuron lesions cause hyporeflexation
lower
what are the 5 nerve cells
meissner, merkel, pacini, hair focicle sensor, ruffini
efferent is sensory or motor
motor
what is common integument
ordinary skin covering of hair, skin glands, and specialized parts such as claws, hoofs, and horns
between which layers is the epidural space
periosteum and dura
for resting membrane potential, ______ charges are on the outside and _____ charges are on the inside
positive and negative
what does the piloerector muscle do
raises hair
Parasympathetic is
rest and digest
Afferent is sensory or motor
sensory
which reflex includes all reflexes that stimulate the muscle somatic or autonomic
somatic
PNS has two divisions
somatic and autonomic
All ________ nerves are mixed nerves
spinal
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
ssmmbmbsbbmm
where are merkel cells located
stratum basale
which epidermis cell layer is made of keritinized, dead cells
stratum corneum
where are langerhan cells located
stratum spinosum
which epidermis cell layer has cells joined by desmosomes that provide mechanical strength
stratum spinosum
which space does the CSF live
subarachnoid
autonomic nervous system has 2 subdivisions
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what are the three roles of the skin
temperature control, protection, and stimulus
somatic is voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
somatic nervous system is involuntary/voluntary
voluntary
what are the three parts of the hoof
wall, sole, and pads (frog)
