EXAM 2 Axial Skeleton
Ribs ___ pairs, all attach to thoracic vertebrae ______ __ superior pairs are true ribs __ inferior pairs are ____ ribs Shaft = most of ___ Superior border is ____; inferior has costal ____ Head= articulates with _____ bodies via 2 facets
12 posteriorly 7 5 false rib smooth groove vertebral
Facial Bones __ bones Unpaired ( _____, vomer) Paired ( maxillae, zygomatics, _____, lacrimals, palatines, and inferior nasal _____) Mandible ______ jawbone (body and rami)
14 mandible nasals conchae lower
Vertebral Column __ bones Main Support of ___ axis Surrounds and protects ___ cord Attachments for ____ and muscles of ____ and ____ Originally ___ bones (vertebrae) in fetus, some fuse to form ____ and coccyx Vertebrae separated by ____ discs _____ and posterior longitudinal ligaments Ligamentum _____
26 body spinal ribs neck back 33 sacrum intervertebral anterior flavum
Parietal Bones __ major sutures formed where parietal bones meet with other ____ bones ____ suture = parietal bones meet frontal bone Squamous suture = parietal bones meet _____ bones (inferiorly and ____) ______ suture = parietal bones meet superiorly Lambdoid suture = parietal bones meet _____ bone posteriorly
4 cranial coronal temporal laterally sagittal occipital
Cranial Bones __ large bones - form shell Paired ____ and temporal Unpaired frontal, _____, sphenoid, ______ Frontal Bone _____ margin ______= smooth part of forehead between eyebrow arches
8 parietal occipital ethmoid supraorbital glabella
Regional Vertebral Characteristics _____ vertebrae Smallest and _____ Body wider ____ than anteroposterior _____ process is "stumpy", split tip Large and triangular ____ foramen _____ foramen in _____ process C1 is ____ C2 is _____ (no disc between C1 & C2
Cervical lightest laterally Spinous vertebral transverse tranverse atlas axis
_____ cavity= brain occupies Smaller Cavities: _____ ear _____ ear Nasal _____ Paranasal _____ ___ openings (foramina, _____, fissures) ____ cord Major _____ vessels _____ nerves
Cranial middle inner orbits sinuses 85 canals spinal blood cranial
Facial Bones _____ bones (maxillae) ____ jaw- articulate with all other facial bones except the ______ (house upper teeth) ______ processes (hard palate) Zygomatic ______
Maxillary upper mandible palatine processes
Structure of Vertebrae Body (centrum)- _____ _____ arch- posterior - __ pedicles (project from vertebral body); __ laminae (posterior portion of arch) Vertebral ____ - formed by body and vertebral ____ __ processes from each ____ arch Spinous ____ (median and posterior) 2 _____ processes (each pedicle-lamina junction) 2 _____ articular processes __ inferior articular processes
anterior vertebral 2 2 foramen arch 7 vertebral process transverse superior 2
Sacrum Sacral promontory- bulges _____ and ______, into pelvic cavity Ala= wing (alae form sacroiliac joints) median sacral crest = midline, represents fused ____ processes Sacral canal = vertebral canal Coccyx
anteriorly superiorly spinal
Nasal Cavity ___ and cartilage Roof is _____ bone, floor is _____ processes of maxillae and horizontal plates of _____ bones Each _____ forms roof over air passageway called _____ (superior, middle, inferior) Nasal _____ divides (vomer and ethmoid, plus cartilage) Walls of nasal ____ covered with _____ membrane
bone ethmoid palatine palatine conchae meatus septum cavity mucous
Sternum Aka ______ ____ bone, 15cm long 3 sections Manubrium = superior ____= middle, bulk of sternum Xiphoid process = _____, tongue-shaped 3 Important landmarks Jugular _____ (superior border of manubrium) Sternal angle (horizontal ridge where manubrium meets ____) Xiphisternal joint (body and ____ meet)
breastbone flat body inferior notch body xiphoid
Skull Most ____ bony structure Cranial bones (_____) ____(aka calvaria)= superior, lateral, posterior, forehead ____(aka floor)= inferior Facial Bones (_____ surface) Mostly ___ bones held together by _____ (type of articulation) Longest ____ connect cranial bones (coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid) Other _____ are named for bones they connect
complex cranium vault base anterior flat sutures sutures sutures
Orbits ____-shaped and hold the eyes ___ bones form each orbit (frontal, sphenoid, _____, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, ____) Paranasal Sinuses (para=____) Found in many skull bones (frontal, _____, sphenoid, maxillae)
cone 7 ethmoid zygomatic near ethmoid
Sphenoid Bone Articulates with every other ____ bone Difficult to view - _____ shape and location Central body and __ pairs of processes (______ wings, _____ wings) ___ key openings
cranial complex 3 greater lesser 5
Ethmoid Bone ____ bone, between nasal and ______ Cribriform _____ (roof of nasal cavities
deepest sphenoid plates
Temporal Bones Located ____ to parietal bones ___ major regions _____ = has zygomatic process tympanic = surrounds _____ acoustic meatus and has styloid _____ _____ = has mastoid process Petrous = projects ______ - looks like bony wedge between occipital bone and sphenoid bone; holds cavities of _____ ear and _____ ear
inferior 4 sqamous external process mastoid medially middle inner
Hyoid Bone Lies ____ to the mandible No direct ______ with any other bone Acts as a movable ___ for the tongue ____ part of the skull but associated
inferiorly articulation base NOT
Intervertebral Discs Nucleus Pulposus (____ sphere)- acts like rubber ball (absorb _____) Anulus ______ (outer collar; concentric rings)- contain nucleus _____, resist tension _____ serve as shock absorbers, thickest in _____ region (25% of height of column); flatten during the day _____ discs (rupture of _____ fibrosus followed by bulging of nucleus ______)
inner compression fibrosus pulposus Discs lumbar Herniated anulus pulposus
Axial Skeleton Skeleton in general: bones, cartilages, _____(articulations), ligaments ____ bones Axial Skeleton- __ bones Skull (___ bones) Vertebral Column (___ vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx) Thoracic cage(__ ribs, 1 sternum) __ auditory bones plus hyoid Appendicular Skeleton(next chapter) ____ and ____ limbs ______ and _____ regions
joints 206 80 22 24 24 6 upper lower pectoral pelvic
Regional Vertebral Characteristics Lumbar Vertebrae Receives ____ stress Large Bodies Shorter and thicker _____ and pedicles Spinous processes are short, ___, _____-shaped and face ______ Triangular vertebral foramen
most laminae flat hatchet posteriorly
Regional Vertebral Characteristics Thoracic Vertebrae All articulate with ___ Heart-shaped vertebral body with 2 ____ (demi____) ____ spinous process points inferiorly Circular ____ foramen ______ costal facets (not on T11, T12) on transverse process
ribs facets facets Long vertebral Transverse
Disorders of Axial Skeleton Spinal curvatures _____ - lateral curvature of > 10 degrees, often in ____ region Kyphosis- hunchback (exaggerated _____ curvature) Lordosis - accented ____ curvature Stenosis- Narrowing of _____ canal in lumbar region (often caused by arthritis or bone spurs) Cleft palate- Right and left halves do not join _____, leaves opening between mouth and ____ cavity
scoliosis thoracic lumbar vertebral medially nasal
Sutural Bones occur within _____ (esp. lambdoid) _____ and NOT all people have them Occipital Bone _______ Base has a ______ magnum (hole through which inferior part of brain connects to spinal cord) ______ condyles = articulate with 1st vertebra
sutures Irregular Posterior foramen occipital
Thoracic Cage Formed by _____ vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and costal ______ Protects organs Supports _____ girdles, upper limbs Intercostal _____ - breathing
thoracic cartilages shoulder muscles
_____ bones (cheekbones) _____ bones (bridge of nose) Lacrimal bones (_____ orbital walls) _____ bones (posterior to maxillae) form posterior part of hard palate Vomer (skinny, plow-shaped - in ____ cavity- inferior part of ___ septum) ____ nasal conchae (nasal cavity)
zygomatic nasal medial palatine nasal nasal Inferior