EXAM 2 Axial Skeleton

Ribs ___ pairs, all attach to thoracic vertebrae ______ __ superior pairs are true ribs __ inferior pairs are ____ ribs Shaft = most of ___ Superior border is ____; inferior has costal ____ Head= articulates with _____ bodies via 2 facets

12 posteriorly 7 5 false rib smooth groove vertebral

Facial Bones __ bones Unpaired ( _____, vomer) Paired ( maxillae, zygomatics, _____, lacrimals, palatines, and inferior nasal _____) Mandible ______ jawbone (body and rami)

14 mandible nasals conchae lower

Vertebral Column __ bones Main Support of ___ axis Surrounds and protects ___ cord Attachments for ____ and muscles of ____ and ____ Originally ___ bones (vertebrae) in fetus, some fuse to form ____ and coccyx Vertebrae separated by ____ discs _____ and posterior longitudinal ligaments Ligamentum _____

26 body spinal ribs neck back 33 sacrum intervertebral anterior flavum

Parietal Bones __ major sutures formed where parietal bones meet with other ____ bones ____ suture = parietal bones meet frontal bone Squamous suture = parietal bones meet _____ bones (inferiorly and ____) ______ suture = parietal bones meet superiorly Lambdoid suture = parietal bones meet _____ bone posteriorly

4 cranial coronal temporal laterally sagittal occipital

Cranial Bones __ large bones - form shell Paired ____ and temporal Unpaired frontal, _____, sphenoid, ______ Frontal Bone _____ margin ______= smooth part of forehead between eyebrow arches

8 parietal occipital ethmoid supraorbital glabella

Regional Vertebral Characteristics _____ vertebrae Smallest and _____ Body wider ____ than anteroposterior _____ process is "stumpy", split tip Large and triangular ____ foramen _____ foramen in _____ process C1 is ____ C2 is _____ (no disc between C1 & C2

Cervical lightest laterally Spinous vertebral transverse tranverse atlas axis

_____ cavity= brain occupies Smaller Cavities: _____ ear _____ ear Nasal _____ Paranasal _____ ___ openings (foramina, _____, fissures) ____ cord Major _____ vessels _____ nerves

Cranial middle inner orbits sinuses 85 canals spinal blood cranial

Facial Bones _____ bones (maxillae) ____ jaw- articulate with all other facial bones except the ______ (house upper teeth) ______ processes (hard palate) Zygomatic ______

Maxillary upper mandible palatine processes

Structure of Vertebrae Body (centrum)- _____ _____ arch- posterior - __ pedicles (project from vertebral body); __ laminae (posterior portion of arch) Vertebral ____ - formed by body and vertebral ____ __ processes from each ____ arch Spinous ____ (median and posterior) 2 _____ processes (each pedicle-lamina junction) 2 _____ articular processes __ inferior articular processes

anterior vertebral 2 2 foramen arch 7 vertebral process transverse superior 2

Sacrum Sacral promontory- bulges _____ and ______, into pelvic cavity Ala= wing (alae form sacroiliac joints) median sacral crest = midline, represents fused ____ processes Sacral canal = vertebral canal Coccyx

anteriorly superiorly spinal

Nasal Cavity ___ and cartilage Roof is _____ bone, floor is _____ processes of maxillae and horizontal plates of _____ bones Each _____ forms roof over air passageway called _____ (superior, middle, inferior) Nasal _____ divides (vomer and ethmoid, plus cartilage) Walls of nasal ____ covered with _____ membrane

bone ethmoid palatine palatine conchae meatus septum cavity mucous

Sternum Aka ______ ____ bone, 15cm long 3 sections Manubrium = superior ____= middle, bulk of sternum Xiphoid process = _____, tongue-shaped 3 Important landmarks Jugular _____ (superior border of manubrium) Sternal angle (horizontal ridge where manubrium meets ____) Xiphisternal joint (body and ____ meet)

breastbone flat body inferior notch body xiphoid

Skull Most ____ bony structure Cranial bones (_____) ____(aka calvaria)= superior, lateral, posterior, forehead ____(aka floor)= inferior Facial Bones (_____ surface) Mostly ___ bones held together by _____ (type of articulation) Longest ____ connect cranial bones (coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid) Other _____ are named for bones they connect

complex cranium vault base anterior flat sutures sutures sutures

Orbits ____-shaped and hold the eyes ___ bones form each orbit (frontal, sphenoid, _____, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, ____) Paranasal Sinuses (para=____) Found in many skull bones (frontal, _____, sphenoid, maxillae)

cone 7 ethmoid zygomatic near ethmoid

Sphenoid Bone Articulates with every other ____ bone Difficult to view - _____ shape and location Central body and __ pairs of processes (______ wings, _____ wings) ___ key openings

cranial complex 3 greater lesser 5

Ethmoid Bone ____ bone, between nasal and ______ Cribriform _____ (roof of nasal cavities

deepest sphenoid plates

Temporal Bones Located ____ to parietal bones ___ major regions _____ = has zygomatic process tympanic = surrounds _____ acoustic meatus and has styloid _____ _____ = has mastoid process Petrous = projects ______ - looks like bony wedge between occipital bone and sphenoid bone; holds cavities of _____ ear and _____ ear

inferior 4 sqamous external process mastoid medially middle inner

Hyoid Bone Lies ____ to the mandible No direct ______ with any other bone Acts as a movable ___ for the tongue ____ part of the skull but associated

inferiorly articulation base NOT

Intervertebral Discs Nucleus Pulposus (____ sphere)- acts like rubber ball (absorb _____) Anulus ______ (outer collar; concentric rings)- contain nucleus _____, resist tension _____ serve as shock absorbers, thickest in _____ region (25% of height of column); flatten during the day _____ discs (rupture of _____ fibrosus followed by bulging of nucleus ______)

inner compression fibrosus pulposus Discs lumbar Herniated anulus pulposus

Axial Skeleton Skeleton in general: bones, cartilages, _____(articulations), ligaments ____ bones Axial Skeleton- __ bones Skull (___ bones) Vertebral Column (___ vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx) Thoracic cage(__ ribs, 1 sternum) __ auditory bones plus hyoid Appendicular Skeleton(next chapter) ____ and ____ limbs ______ and _____ regions

joints 206 80 22 24 24 6 upper lower pectoral pelvic

Regional Vertebral Characteristics Lumbar Vertebrae Receives ____ stress Large Bodies Shorter and thicker _____ and pedicles Spinous processes are short, ___, _____-shaped and face ______ Triangular vertebral foramen

most laminae flat hatchet posteriorly

Regional Vertebral Characteristics Thoracic Vertebrae All articulate with ___ Heart-shaped vertebral body with 2 ____ (demi____) ____ spinous process points inferiorly Circular ____ foramen ______ costal facets (not on T11, T12) on transverse process

ribs facets facets Long vertebral Transverse

Disorders of Axial Skeleton Spinal curvatures _____ - lateral curvature of > 10 degrees, often in ____ region Kyphosis- hunchback (exaggerated _____ curvature) Lordosis - accented ____ curvature Stenosis- Narrowing of _____ canal in lumbar region (often caused by arthritis or bone spurs) Cleft palate- Right and left halves do not join _____, leaves opening between mouth and ____ cavity

scoliosis thoracic lumbar vertebral medially nasal

Sutural Bones occur within _____ (esp. lambdoid) _____ and NOT all people have them Occipital Bone _______ Base has a ______ magnum (hole through which inferior part of brain connects to spinal cord) ______ condyles = articulate with 1st vertebra

sutures Irregular Posterior foramen occipital

Thoracic Cage Formed by _____ vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and costal ______ Protects organs Supports _____ girdles, upper limbs Intercostal _____ - breathing

thoracic cartilages shoulder muscles

_____ bones (cheekbones) _____ bones (bridge of nose) Lacrimal bones (_____ orbital walls) _____ bones (posterior to maxillae) form posterior part of hard palate Vomer (skinny, plow-shaped - in ____ cavity- inferior part of ___ septum) ____ nasal conchae (nasal cavity)

zygomatic nasal medial palatine nasal nasal Inferior