exam 2 (ch 5, 6, 7, & 8)

~biological influences: 1. when did humans acquire language? 2. what is strong evidence that language has a biological basis? 3. what are the 2 regions involved with language? 3a. in the left frontal lobe, producing words 3b. in the left hemisphere, language comprehension 4. a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain features and rules of language ~role of social interaction: 5. The support and involvement of ___ and ___ greatly facilitated a child's language learning 6. who stresses that young children are intensely interested in their social world and that early in their development they can understand the intentions of other people? 6a. emphasizes that children learn language in specific contexts 7. Child's vocabulary development is linked to what 2 things? 8. The ___ of when mothers speak to their infants is linked with the ___ of the infants' vocabulary 9. Infants and young children (can/cannot) effectively learn language from television or videos 9a. A parent's ___ helps

1. 100,000 years ago 2. The remarkable similarities in how children acquire language all over the world 3. Broca's area and Wernicke's area 3a. Broca's area 3b. Wernicke's area 4. Chomsky - language acquisition device (LAD) 5. caregivers; teachers 6. Tomasello 6a. interaction view 7. family's SES and the type of talk that parents direct to their children 8. frequency; size 9. cannot 9a. accompaniment

~two word utterances: 1. what is the age range? 2. child relies on what 3 things? 3. name 3 examples 4. use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives 4a. (is/is not) limited to 2 words ~milestones: 5. infants understand their first word at what age? 6. there is a change from universal linguist to language-specific listener at what age? 7. when is the first word spoken?

1. 18-24 months 2. gesture, tone, and context 3. see doggie, more milk, book there 4. telegraphic speech 4a. is not 5. 5 months 6. 6-12 months 7. 13 months

~piaget's preoperational stage: 1. what is the age range? 2. which Piagetian stage is this? 3. children represent the world with words/images, form stable concepts, begin to reason, dominated by ___ and ___ beliefs 4. reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could do only physically 4a. name an example 5. the beginning of the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior 6. what are the 2 substages?

1. 2-7 2. 2nd 3. egocentrism; magical 4. operations 4a. mental math 5. preoperational thought 6. symbolic function and intuitive thought

~height and weight: 1. The average child grows ___ inches in height and gains ___ pounds a year during early childhood 2. As the preschool child grows older, the percentage of increase in height and weight (increases/decreases) with each additional year 3. The difference of girls being smaller and lighter continues until ___ 4. Body fat shows a steady ___ during the preschool years 5. Girls have more ___ tissue than boys; boys have more ___ tissue 6. The two most important contributors to height differences are what? 7. Urban, middle SES, and firstborn children=(shorter/taller) 8. In the US, African American children are (shorter/taller) than non-Latino White children 9. Contributing influences to unusually (short/tall) people: congenital factors, growth hormone deficiency, a physical problem that develops in childhood, maternal smoking during pregnancy, or an emotional difficulty 10. absence or deficiency of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow 10a. Without treatment, most children will not reach ___ feet 10b. Twice as many boys are treated with ___ hormone

1. 2.5; 5-10 2. decreases 3. puberty 4. decline 5. fatty; muscle 6. ethnic origin; nutrition 7. taller 8. taller 9. short 10. growth hormone deficiency 10a. 5 10b. growth

~gross motor skills: 1. at what age do they enjoy simple movements; take pride in running and jumping? 2. at what age are they more adventurous; scramble over low jungle gyms? 3. at what age are they even more adventurous; stunts on playgrounds; run and race? 4. Failed ___ skills can lead to the inability to join in group games or participate in sports 5. Gross and fine motor skills were associated with better ___ and ___ language development in early childhood ~fine motor skills: 6. at what age do they build high block towers but not in straight line, not precise with puzzle pieces? 7. at what age are they more precise? 8. at what age do they have better hand-eye coordination? ~perceptual development: 9. at what age do eye muscles develop so that they can read? 10. Many preschool children are (nearsighted/farsighted) 10a. By ___ grade, this changes 11. rubbing the eyes, blinking/squinting excessively, appearing irritable when playing games that require good distance vision, shutting/covering one eye, tilting head to look at something

1. 3 2. 4 3. 5 4. motor 5. expressive; receptive 6. 3 7. 4 8. 5 9. 4-5 10. farsighted 10a. first 11. signs of vision problems in children

sleep: 1. at what age should they have 10-13 hours of good quality sleep? 2. Interactions with parents are correlated to sleep ___ 3. extreme daytime sleepiness 4. difficulty getting to/staying asleep 5. ___% of children experience a sleep problem at some point 6. Links between children's sleep problems and negative developmental outcomes: 6a. ___ attention 6b. Worse school ___ profile 6c. Worse peer ___, social skills, and ___ 6d. overweight 6e. Daily screen time = (increase/decrease) in sleep time 6f. ADHD 7. name 4 solutions 8. What children eat affects their ___ growth, body ___, and susceptibility to ___

1. 3-4 2. duration 3. narcolepsy 4. insomnia 5. 40 6a. attention 6b. readiness 6c. acceptance; vocab 6e. decrease 7. make the bedroom cool, dark, and comfortable; maintaining consistent bedtimes and wake times; and building positive family relationships; helping the child slow down before bedtime 8. skeletal; shape; disease

~memory: 1. the maturation of the hippocampus and the surrounding cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, makes explicit memory possible at what age? 2. most adults can remember little if anything from their first 3 years of life 3. Individual differences in age of first memory were linked to the extent to which mothers engaged in ___ ___ 4. who said the processes that account for these developmental changes are early, gradual development of the ability to form, retain, and later retrieve memories of personally relevant past events followed by an accelerated rate of forgetting in childhood? 5. Implicit memory of ___ ___ actions can be substantial ~imitation: 6. who said imitative abilities as biologically based because infants can imitate a facial expression within the first few days after birth? 6a. Emphasizes that the infant's imitative abilities do not resemble a hardwired response but rather involve ___ and ___ 6b. Emphasizes that infants' imitation informs us about their processing of social ___ and contributes to rapid social ___ 6c. Argues that beginning at birth there is an interplay between learning by ___ and learning by ___ 7. Infants (do/don't) blindly imitate everything they see and often make creative errors 8. occurs after a time delay of hours or days

1. 6-12 months 2. infantile/childhood amnesia 3. elaborative reminiscing 4. Bauer 5. perceptual motor 6. Meltzoff 6a. flexibility; adaptability 6b. events; learning 6c. observing; doing 7. don't 8. deferred imitation

~changes in syntax and semantics: 1. what are the 2 important differences between wh- questions and affirmative statements? 2. what might a child ask? 3. from 18 months-6, young children learn appx ___ new word(s) every waking hour 4. children know about 14,000 words by which grade? 5. children's ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after only limited exposure to the word 5a. Promotes deeper understanding of word ___ 6. 6 key principles in young children's vocab development: 6a. Children learn the words they hear most ___ 6b. Children learn words for things and events that ___ them 6c. Children learn words better in responsive and interactive contexts than in ___ contexts 6d. Children learn words best in contexts that are ___ 6e. Children learn words best when they access ___ information about word meaning 6f. Children learn words best when ___ and ___ are considered

1. A wh- word must be added at the beginning of the sentence and the auxiliary verb must be inverted 2. "where daddy is going?" 3. one 4. first 5. fast mapping 5a. meaning 6a. often 6b. interest 6c. passive 6d. meaningful 6e. clear 6f. grammar; vocab

~biological foundations and experience: 1. who said children inherit a physiology that biases them to have a particular type of temperament? ~biological influences: 2. high/stable heart rate, high level of cortisol, and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain 2a. May be tied to the excitability of the ___ 3. what view says temperament is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior; it evolves as the child's experiences are incorporated into a network of self-perceptions and behavioral preferences that characterize the child's personality? ~gender, culture, and temperament: 4. Mothers may be (more/less) responsible to the crying of irritable girls than irritable boys 5. Behavioral inhibition is (more/less) valued in China than in North America 6. Cultural differences in temperament were linked to ___ attitudes and behaviors 7. (Mothers'/Fathers') internalizing problems were linked to higher level of negative affectivity in 6 month olds

1. Kagan 2. inhibited temperament 2a. amygdala 3. contemporary 4. more 5. more 6. parental 7. Fathers'

fifth substage of the sensorimotor stage: 1. what is the name? 2. what is the age range? 3. what happens in this stage? 4. name an example 5. schemes in which the infant purposely explores new possibilities with objects, continually doing new things to them and exploring the results 6. this stage marks the starting point for what?

1. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity 2. 12-18 months 3. Infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things they can make happen to objects; they experiment with new behavior 4. a block can be made to fall, spin, hit another object, and slide across the ground 5. tertiary circular reactions 6. human curiosity and interest in novelty

variations in child care: 1. what are 3 factors that influence the effects of child care? 2. Increase in number of caregivers was linked to (increased/decreased) behavioral problems 3. what are 3 characteristics of high quality child care? 4. Many families placed their infants in child care very ___ after birth 5. A majority of child care in the 1st 3 years of life was of (high/low) quality 6. children spent 30+ hours/week in child care=development was (more/less) than optimal 7. Influence of families and parenting (was/was not) weakened by extensive child care 8. It is not the ___ as much as the ___ of child care a child receives that is important 9. name 3 pieces of advice

1. age, type of child care, and quality of program 2. increased 3. safe environment, age appropriate toys, and low caregiver to child ratio 4. soon 5. low 6. less 7. was not 8. quantity; quality 9. Recognize that the quality of your parenting is a key factor in your child's development, Monitor your child's development, Take some time to find the best child care

~chromosomes and hormones: 1. In the first few weeks of gestation, female and male embryos look (alike/different) 2. Testes secrete copious amounts of the class of hormones known as ___ 3. what are the 2 main classes of sex hormones? 3a. ovaries in females, testes in males are secreted by what? 3b. influence the development of female sex characteristics 3c. promote the development of male physical sex characteristics ~the evolutionary psychology view: 4. Adaptation during human evolution (did/did not) produce psychological differences between males and females 5. Natural selection favored males who adopted short-term ___ strategies 6. Males evolved dispositions that favor what 3 things? 7. Females' contributions to the gene pool were improved when they did what? 8. Critics: its hypotheses are backed by ___ about prehistory, not evidence, and that in any event people are not locked into behavior that was adaptive in the evolutionary past 8a. Pays (little/a lot) attention to cultural and individual variations in gender differences

1. alike 2. androgens 3. estrogens and androgens 3a. gonads 3b. estrogens 3c. androgens 4. did 5. mating 6. violence, competition, and risk taking 7. secured resources that ensured that their offspring would survive 8. speculations 8a. little

~attachment and its development: 1. close emotional bond between two people 1a. which 3 people have theories? 2. who emphasized that infants become attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction? 3. who removed infant monkeys from their mothers at birth? 3a. what happened to the monkeys? 3b. what were the literal results? 3c. what were the 2 implications? 4. who said physical comfort and sensitive care are key to establishing a basic sense of trust in infants? 4a. what is the foundation for attachment and sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place?

1. attachment 1a. Freud, Erikson, and Bowlby 2. freud 3. harlow 3a. half of the monkeys were fed by the wire mother & half by the cloth mother 3b. the infant monkeys spent far more time with the cloth mother 3c. feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that contact comfort is important 4. erikson 4a. sense of trust

~independence: 1. erikson said that what is important issue in the 2nd year of life? 2. ___ builds as the infant's mental and motor abilities develop 3. It is important for parents to recognize the ___ of toddlers to do what they are capable of doing at their own pace 4. When caregivers are impatient and do for toddlers what they are capable of doing themselves, what 2 things develop? 4a. only under which 2 circumstances? ~social orientation: 5. who said infants are socioemotional beings who show a strong interest in their social world and are motivated to orient to it and understand it? 6. at what age does face to face play begin to characterize caregiver-infant interactions? 6a. name 3 examples 7. at what age do infants show more positive emotions to people than to inanimate objects such as puppets? 7a. Infants this age also expect people to react positively when the infants ___ a behavior, such as a smile or a vocalization 8. at what age do infants show an interest in each other? 9. Interaction with peers (increases/decreases) considerably in the last half of the 2nd year 10. at what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play, such as imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running? 10a. describe the results from a study where 1 and 2 year olds pulled a lever to get an attractive toy

1. autonomy vs shame and doubt 2. autonomy 3. motivation 4. shame and doubt 4a. parents consistently overprotect toddlers or criticize accidents 5. thompson 6. 2-3 months 6a. Vocalizations, touch, and gestures 7. 2-3 months 7a. initiate 8. 6 months 9. increaes 10. 18-24 months 10a. 1 year olds appeared to be coincidental rather than cooperative; 2 year olds' behavior was characterized by active cooperation to reach a goal

~bowlby & attachment: 1. both infants and their primary caregivers are ___ ___ to form attachments 2. what is the immediate result of crawling, walking, and following the mother? 3. what is the long term result of crawling, walking, and following the mother? 4. what is the age range for phase 1? 4a. infants instinctively direct their attachment to ___ ___ 4b. strangers, siblings, and parents are ___ likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant 5. what is the age range for phase 2? 5a. attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the ___ ___, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people 6. what is the age range for phase 3? 6a. ___ attachments develop 6b. with increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek ___ with regular caregivers, such as the father or mother 7. what is the age range for phase 4? 7a. children become aware of ___ feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions 8. simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as deserving or nurturant care 8a. Plays pivotal role in the discovery of links between attachment and what 3 things?

1. biologically predisposed 2. keep the primary caregiver nearby 3. increase the infant's chance of survival 4. birth-2 4a. human figures 4b. equally 5. 2-7 months 5a. primary caregiver 6. 7-24 months 6a. specific 6b. contact 7. 24 months-on 7a. others' 8. internal working model 8a. subsequent emotional understanding, conscience development, and self-concept

~centration and the limits of preoperational thought: 1. centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others 1a. lack of ___ 1b. awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties 2. children are presented with 2 identical beakers each filled to the same level with liquid. They are then asked if the amount of liquid in the tall 3rd beaker is equal to that which remains in one of the original beakers 2a. less than 7-8 say ___ 2b. older children say ___ 2c. Failing this task is a sign that children are at the ___ stage 3. Preoperational children fail to conserve what 5 things? 4. who argues that conservation appears earlier than Piaget thought and that attention is especially important in explaining conservation? ~vygotsky's theory: 5. what did he emphasize? 6. Children are (more/less) often described as social creatures than in Piaget's theory

1. centration 2. conservation 1b. conservation 2. conservation task 2a. no 2b. yes 2c. preoperational 3. volume, number, matter, length, and area 4. gelman 5. children actively construct their knowledge and understanding 6. more

~child-directed speech and other caregiver strategies: 1. language spoken with a higher than normal pitch, slower tempo, exaggerated intonation, and simple words/sentences 1a. name 3 functions 2. rephrasing something the child has said that might lack the appropriate morphology or contain some other error 3. adding information to a child's incomplete utterance 4. naming objects that children seem interested in 5. benefit from ___ ___ ~an interactionist view: 6. A child's experiences influence language ___ 7. what 3 things affect the above term? 8. what does it emphasize?

1. child-directed speech/parentese 1a. capturing attention, maintaining communication and social interaction, providing information about their native language 2. recasting 3. expanding 4. labeling 5. shared reading 6. acquisition 7. biology, culture, and environmental influences 8. both biology and experience contribute to language development

emotional expression and social relationships: 1. The ability of infants to ___ ___ permits coordinated interactions with their caregivers and the beginning of an emotional bond between them 2. describe how interactions between parents and infants are called reciprocal or synchronous 3. Maternal sensitivity was linked to (higher/lower) infant fear 4. Parents' elicitation of talk about emotion with toddlers was associated with the toddlers' ___ and ___ 5. Babies react to their mothers' ___ 6. what are 2 emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with parents; these are babies' first forms of emotional communication?

1. communicate emotions 2. Not only do parents change their emotional expressions in response to infants' emotional expressions, but infants also modify their emotional expressions in response to those of their parents 3. lower 4. sharing; helping 5. stress 6. cries and smiles

concept information and categorization: 1. cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas 1a. infants (do/don't) have this 2. infants can group together objects with similar appearances, such as animals at what age? 3. Infants are more likely to look at a ___ object than a ___ object 4. categorizations are based on similar perceptual features of objects, such as size, color, and movement, as well as parts of objects, such as legs for animals 5. infants form conceptual categories rather than just making perceptual discriminations between different categories at what age? 6. Infants also may categorize items on the basis of ___, or averages, that they extract from the structural regularities of items 7. infants often categorize objects on the basis of their shape at what age? 8. There is an intense interest in particular categories stronger for (boys/girls) than (boys/girls) 9. Infant's advances in processing information are much (richer/poorer), more (rapid/gradual), (more/less) stage-like, and occurs (earlier/later) than was envisioned by theorists such as Piaget

1. concepts 1a. do 2. 3-4 months 3. novel; familiar 4. perceptual organization 5. 7-9 months 6. prototypes 7. 2 years 8. boys; girls 9. richer; gradual; less; earlier

~evaluating vygotsky's theory: 1. Fits with current belief that it is important to evaluate the ___ factors in learning 2. emphasized the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction 3. Conceptual shift from the individual to what 3 things? 4. ___ can differ depending on which skills are considered to be the most important for a particular culture 5. what is the main implication? 6. Criticisms: not specific enough about ___-related changes, did not adequately describe how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to ___ development, overemphasized the role of ___ in thinking

1. contextual 2. social constructivist approach 3. collaboration, social interaction, and sociocultural activity 4. endpoint 5. students need many opportunities to learn with the teacher and more skilled peers 6. age; cognitive; language

fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage: 1. what is the name? 2. what is the age range? 3. what happens during this stage? 4. name an example 5. Actions become more ___ directed 6. Infants readily ___ and ___ previously learned schemes in a coordinated way

1. coordination of secondary circular reactions 2. 8-12 months 3. Coordination of vision and touch (hand-eye coordination); coordination of schemes and intentionality 4. infant manipulates a stick in order to bring an attractive toy within reach 5. outwardly 6. combine; recombine

1. the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world 2. The first cry verifies what? 3. Cries also may provide information about the health of the newborn's ___ 4. what are the 3 types of crying? 4a. rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry --when does this occur?' 4b. variation of the basic cry in which more excess air is forced through the vocal cords 4c. sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding; no preliminary moaning is present 5. Parents (can/cannot) interpret the cries of their own baby better than those of another baby ~smiling: 6. Smiling and laughter are associated with what 2 things? 7. what are the 2 types of smiling? 7a. smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep 7b. smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of the young infant; occurs as early as 2 months of age 8. what 2 things predicted more initial infant smiling and laughter?

1. crying 2. the baby's lungs have filled with air 3. CNS 4. basic, anger, and pain 4a. basic --hunger 4b. anger 4c. pain 5. can 6. self-regulation and higher childhood IQ 7. reflexive and social 7a. reflexive 7b. social 8. higher maternal effortful control and positive emotionality

equilibration and stages of development: 1. cognitive conflict 1a. The child is constantly faced with counterexamples to his or her existing schemes and with ___ 1b. give an example 2. An internal search for equilibrium creates what? 3. Children constantly ___ and ___ as they seek equilibrium 4. considerable movement between states of cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium as assimilation and accommodation work in concert to produce cognitive change 5. what is the result of this process? 6. Cognition (is/is not) qualitatively different in one stage compared with another 6a. In other words, the way children ___ at one stage is different from the way they ___ at another stage

1. disequilibrium 1a. inconsistencies 1b. if a child believes that pouring water from a short and wide container into a tall and narrow container changes the amount of water, then the child might be puzzles by where the extra water came from and whether there is actually more water to drink 2. motivation for change 3. assimilate; accommodate 4. equilibration 5. individuals go through 4 stages of development 6. is 6a. reason; reason

1. Behavioral, social cognitive, and information-processing approaches (do/do not) describe infant development in terms of stages like Piaget 1a. they document ___ changes in the infant's ability to understand and process information about the world ~conditioning: 2. the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence 3. who demonstrated how infants can retain information from the experience of being conditioned? 3a. name an example ~attention: 4. the focusing of mental resources on select information that improves cognitive processing on many tasks 5. At any one time, people can pay attention to only a ___ amount of information 6. infants can selectively attend to an object at what age? 7. It is likely that the ___ lobes are active when infants orient their attention 8. Attention in the first year of life is dominated by ___ ___: directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment and recognizing objects and their features 9. infants can deploy their attention more flexibly and quickly at what age? 10. allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar 10a. what is the attention span for 3 month olds? 10b. From this age through ___, the length of sustained attention increases 10c. Leads to better ___ later in childhood

1. do not 1a. gradual 2. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning 3. Rovee-Collier 3a. A baby's foot is tied to a mobile to make the movement of the mobile the reinforcing stimulus as the baby kicks 4. attention 5. limited 6. 4 months 7. parietal 8. orienting/investigative process 9. 3-9 months 10. sustained attention 10a. 5-10 seconds 10b. 2 10c. self-regulation

~the brain: 1. The brain (does/does not) grow as rapidly in early childhood as it did in infancy 2. By the time children reach 3 years of age, the brain is ___ of its adult size 3. By age 6, the brain has reached about ___% of its adult size 4. nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells 4a. Increases the ___ and ___ with which information travels through the nervous system 4b. Related to ___ coordination and higher ___ ability 5. Children's brains undergo dramatic anatomical changes between ___ 5a. They undergo rapid, distinct spurts of ___ 5b. The amount of brain material in some areas can nearly ___ within as little as a year, followed by a drastic loss of ___ as unneeded cells are purged and the brain continues to reorganize itself 5c. at what age does most rapid growth take place in the frontal lobe areas? 6. Contextual factors such as ___ and ___ quality are linked to the development of the brain ~motor and perceptual development: 7. Most ___ children are more active than they will ever be at any later period in life

1. does not 2. 3/4 3. 95 4. myelination 4a. speed; efficiency 4b. hand-eye coordination; cognitive 5. 3-15 5a. growth 5b. double; tissue 5c. 3-6 6. poverty; parenting 7. preschool

rothbart and bates' classification of temperament: 1. argue that prior classifications of temperament have not included the style of what? 2. what are the 3 broad dimensions? 3. approach, pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter 4. fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort 4a. name 2 examples 5. attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low intensity pleasure 5a. ability to keep arousal from getting too high and have strategies for soothing themselves --strong predictor of what? 5b. unable to control their arousal; become easily agitated and intensely emotional --predictor of what? 5c. Emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to ___ circumstances 6. Children (should/should not) be held to having only one temperament dimension 7. The development of temperament capabilities allows what to emerge?

1. effortful control 2. extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control 3. extraversion/surgency 4. negative affectivity 4a. easily distressed, cry often 5. effortful control 5a. high --academic success 5b. low --ADHD 5c. stressful 6. should not 7. individual differences

1. feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being 2. In infancy, emotions play important roles in what 2 things? 3. Emotions influence infants' social ___ and adaptive ___ as they interact with others in their world 4. name 3 positive emotions 5. name 4 negative emotions

1. emotion 2. communication with others and behavioral organization 3. responses; behavior 4. enthusiasm, joy, and love 5. anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness

~Biological, cognitive, and environmental influences: 1. Biology's importance to emotion is apparent in the changes in a baby's ___ ___ 2. Certain regions of the brain that develop early in life play a role in what 3 things? 3. ___ toward or away from an experience can influence infants' and children's emotional responses 3a. children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a (higher/lower) level of negative affect in the context and (more/less) anxiety over time 4. Also as children become older, they develop cognitive strategies for controlling their emotions and become (more/less) adept at modulating their emotional arousal 5. Children reported using (more/less) suppression and disengagement when experiencing early life stress, while adolescents used (more/less) engagement coping strategies when facing such stress 6. Infants' emotional development and how infants eventually learn to cope with stress is influenced by what 2 things? 7. When toddlers hear their parents quarreling, they often react with ___ and ___ their play; well-functioning families make each other ___ and may develop a light mood to defuse conflicts 8. East Asian infants display (more/less) frequent and (more/less) intense positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants 9. Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing (positive/negative) emotions

1. emotional capacities 2. distress, excitement, and rage 3. attention 3a. lower; less 4. more 5. more; more 6. whether caregivers have maltreated or neglected children and whether children's caregivers are depressed or not 7. distress; inhibit; laugh 8. less; less 9. negative

overweight young children: 1. 45% of children's meals ___ recommendations for fats 2. ⅓ of children's daily caloric intake comes from ___ 3. french fries and fried potatoes were the vegetable they are most likely to consume at what age? 4. Eating behavior improves when what 4 things happen? 5. BMI from CDC: 5a. at/above the 97th percentile are ___ 5b. At 95-96th percentile are ___ 5c. 85-94th percentile are at risk of being ___ 6. Percentages of young children who are overweight have (increased/decreased) dramatically in recent decades in the US 7. The US has the ___ highest rate of childhood obesity 8. Obesity contributes to what 2 things? 9. 5-2-1-0 obesity prevention guidelines: 9a. ___ or more servings of fruits and vegetables 9b. ___ hours or less of screen time 9c. Minimum of ___ hour(s) of physical activity 9d. ___ sugar sweetened beverages daily 10. Interventions with ___ can reduce children's likelihood of being overweight

1. exceed 2. restaurants 3. 2-3 4. caregivers eat with children on a predictable schedule, model choosing nutritious food, make mealtimes pleasant occasions, and engage in certain feeding styles 5a. obese 5b. overweight 5c. overweight 6. increased 7. second 8. type 2 diabetes and hypertension 9a. 5 9b. 2 9c. 1 9d. 0 10. parents

~individual differences and factors that influence theory of mind: 1. Children who perform better at ___ ___ 2. ___ development 3. Advances in ___ ___ functioning 4. Engaging in ___ play 5. name 4 various aspects of social interaction 6. Children with ___ have difficulty developing a theory of mind ~language development: 7. transition to saying complex sentences 8. All children learn the prepositions ___ and ___ before other prepositions ~understanding phonology and morphology:" 9. at what age can they produce all vowel sounds and most consonant sounds? 10. plural and possessive forms of nouns, appropriate verb endings, prepositions, articles, various forms of "to be" 10a. name an example

1. executive function 2. langauge 3. prefrontal cortex 4. make-believe 5. Secure attachment, Mental state talk, Having older siblings, and Higher SES 6. autism 7. 2-3 8. on; in 9. 3 10. morphology rules 10a. Child says "foots" instead of "feet"

~advances in pragmatics: 1. learn culturally specific rules of conversation and politeness and become sensitive to the need to adapt their speech in different settings 2. As children get older, they become increasingly able to talk about things that (are/are not) here and not now 3. at what age do children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation? 3a. do 4 year olds speak to a 2 year old differently than another 4 year old? ~young children's literacy: 4. name 3 influences 5. name 4 strategies for using books effectively ~emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development: 6. name 3 principles 7. frequent activities: experimenting, exploring, discovering, trying out, restructuring, speaking, and listening

1. extended discourse 2. are 3. 4-5 3a. yes 4. mother's engagement, provision of learning materials, mother's education 5. Use books to initiate conversation with young children, Use what and why questions, Encourage children to ask questions about stories, Choose some books that play with language ~child-centered kindergarten 6. Each child follows a unique developmental pattern, Young children learn best through firsthand experiences, and Play is extremely important in the child's total development

1. a constellation of subsystems; a complex whole made up of interrelated, interacting parts defined in terms of generation, gender, and role 2. Each family member participates in ___ subsystems 3. who emphasizes that the marital relationship, parenting, and infant behavior and development can have both direct and indirect effects on each other? 3a. influence of the parents' behavior on the child 3b. how the relationship between the spouses mediates the way a parent acts toward the child ~the transition to parenthood: 4. Couples enjoy (more/less) positive marital relations before the baby was born than after 4a. Still, people reported (increased/decreased) marital satisfaction 5. Being parents enhanced their sense of themselves and also gave them a new, more stable ___ as a couple 6. Women and less avoidantly attached new parents adapted to the introduction of child care tasks (better/worse) than most men 7. workshop that helps new parents to strengthen their relationship, understand and become acquainted with their baby, resolve conflict, and develop parenting skills 7a. does this have successful results?

1. family 2. several 3. belsky 3a. direct effect 3b. indirect effect 4. more 4a. increased 5. identity 6. better 7. bringing home baby project 7a. yes

1. what is one of a baby's earliest emotions? 2. first appears when? peaks when? 3. linked to what 3 things in infancy? 4. the most frequent expression of an infant's fear; infant shows a fear and wariness of strangers 4a. emerges (fast/gradually) 4b. Whether an infant shows stranger anxiety also depends on what 2 things? 4c. Infants show (more/less) stranger anxiety when they are in familiar settings 4d. Infants are (more/less) fearful of friendly, outgoing, smiling strangers than of passive, unsmiling strangers 4e. Infants are (more/less) fearful of child strangers than adult strangers 5. crying when the caregiver leaves 5a. first appears when? peaks when?

1. fear 2. 6 months; 10 months 3. guilt, empathy, and low aggression 4. stranger anxiety 4a. gradually 4b. the social context and the characteristics of the stranger 4c. less 4d. less 4e. less 5. separation protest 5a. 7-8 months; 15 months

~the symbolic function substage: 1. ___ substage of preoperational thought 2. what is the age range? 3. gain the ability to mentally represent an ___ that is not present 4. name 2 limitations 4a. inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective 4b. belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action; fail to distinguish the appropriate occasions for using human and nonhuman perspectives ~the intuitive thought substage: 5. ___ substage of preoperational thought 6. what is the age range? 7. children begin to use ___ ___ and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions 8. The child's questions signal the emergence of ___ in reasoning and in figuring out why things are the way they are 9. Young children seem so sure about their knowledge and understanding, yet they are ___ of how they know what they know

1. first 2. 2-4 3. object 4. egocentrism and animism 4a. egocentrism 4b. animism 5. second 6. 4-7 7. primitive reasoning 8. interest 9. unaware

~locomotion: 1. Newly developed, self-produced locomotion skills allow the infant to independently initiate social interchanges on a more ___ basis 2. The development of these gross motor skills results from what 3 factors? 3. Once infants have the ability to move in goal-directed pursuits, the rewards from these pursuits lead to further efforts to explore and develop ___ ~Intention, goal-directed behavior, and meaningful interactions with others: 4. Perceiving people as engaging in intentional and goal-directed behavior is an important social cognitive accomplishment that initially occurs when? 5. what 2 things help the infant to understand that other people have intentions? 6. at what age does joint attention intensify and infants begin to follow the caregiver's gaze? 7. at what age do infants begin to direct the caregiver's attention to objects that capture their interest? 8. who said infants' ability to understand and respond to others' meaningful intentions is a critical cognitive foundation for effectively engaging in the social world? 8a. what does he emphasize?' 9. infants' motivation to interact with someone, the infant's social interactive history with the individual, the interactive partner's social membership, and culturally specific aspects of interaction

1. frequent 2. the development of the nervous system, the goal the infant is motivated to reach, and the environmental support for the skill 3. skills 4. toward the end of the first year 5. Joint attention and gaze-following 6. 10-11 months 7. by their first birthday 8. woodward 8a. an important aspect of this ability is the capacity to grasp social knowledge quickly in order to make an appropriate social response 9. Contributors to social engagement

~cognitive influences: 1. gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender appropriate and gender inappropriate in their culture 2. a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions 3. organizes the world in terms of female and male ~parenting: 4. One study showed that parents were more ___ with their lives, felt better on a ___ basis, and had more positive feelings related to ___ for their children 5. Mothers and fathers are spending (more/less) time with their children than parents did a generation earlier

1. gender schema theory 2. schema 3. gender schema 4. satisfied; daily; caring 5. more

peer influences: 1. Peers become so important to gender development that the playground has been called what? 2. Peers often ___ children who act in a manner that is considered more characteristic of the other gender 3. There (is/is not) a greater pressure for boys to conform to a traditional male role 4. implies broad social acceptance of girls' adopting traditional male behaviors 5. Boys were (more/less) likely to engage in gender stereotyping 6. 4-12 preference for playing in same-sex groups increases 7. 5 and older boys are more likely to associate in larger clusters than girls are 8. girls are more likely to engage in collaborative discourse in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner

1. gender school 2. reject 3. is 4. tomboy 5. more 6. gender composition of children's groups 7. group size 8. interaction in same sex groups

1. match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with 2. what 2 models emphasize that certain characteristics that make children more vulnerable to setbacks in adverse contexts also make them more susceptible to optimal growth in very supportive conditions? 3. the enduring personal characteristics of individuals 4. who says first year of life is characterized by trust vs mistrust? 5. It (rises/falls) again at each successive stage of development and can have positive or negative outcomes ~the developing sense of self: 6. what indicates that the infant recognizes the self in the mirror and is trying to touch or rub off the rogue because the rouge violates the infant's view of the self? 7. Signs of self recognition appear at ___ months 8. ___ recognition may be a more important marker of self recognition in Western than non-Western cultures 9. Later in the second year and early in the third year, toddlers show other emerging forms of ___ that reflect a sense of "me" 10. at what age do infants consider another's perspective when predicting their actions?

1. goodness of fit 2. Differential susceptibility model and biological sensitivity to context model 3. personality 4. erikson 5. rises 6. Increased nose touching through a mirror 7. 15-18 8. physical 9. self-awareness 10. 13 months

1. decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus 2. the increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation 3. what are 3 measures for the above terms? 4. Infants' attention is strongly governed by what 2 things? 4a. When an object becomes familiar, attention becomes shorter, and infants become more vulnerable to ___ 5. When infants habituate to one object, they will then tend to look at an unfamiliar object, which shows what? 6. In parent-infant interaction, it is important for parents to do ___ things and to ___ them until the infant stops responding; the parent stops or changes behaviors when the infant redirects his or her attention

1. habituation 2. dishabituation 3. sucking behavior, heart rate, and the length of time the infant looks at an object 4. novelty and habituation 4a. distraction 5. they can tell the objects apart 6. novel; repeat

~the A-not-B error: 1. explain this phenomenon 2. This (does/does not) show up consistently 3. This error might be due to what? 4. what is another explanation? 5. this is also linked to ___ ~perceptual development and expectation: 6. who argues that infants' perceptual abilities are highly developed at a very early stage? 7. ___ concludes that young infants interpret the world as having predictable occurrences 8. infants develop expectations about future events at what age? 9. what did Spelke's puppet study conclude? 10. when do infants expect objects to be substantial and permanent? 11. Infants see objects as bounded, unitary, solid, and separate from their ___ 12. infants learned to perceive gravity and support at what age?

1. if a toy is hidden twice, 8-12 month olds search correctly at location A initially. But, when the toy is hidden at location B while the child watches, they make the mistake of continuing to search for it at location A 2. does not 3. failure in memory 4. infants tend to repeat a previous motor behavior 5. attention 6. Gibson and Spelke 7. Spelke 8. 3 months 9. infants expect objects to be solid and continuous but not obey the laws of gravity 10. 3-4 months 11. background 12. 6-8 months

~maternal and paternal caregiving: 1. Stay at home dads are (increasing/decreasing) 2. Fathers often get ___ from parental groups 3. Fathers (do/do not) have the ability to act as sensitively as mothers with infants 4. Parental sensitivity is linked with ___ development 5. name 3 maternal interactions 6. name 1 paternal interaction 6a. maternal play is less ___ ~child care: 7. Many US children experience ___ caregivers, more than ever before ~parental leave: 8. (Increasing/Decreasing) number of caregivers reflects the fact that US adults do not receive paid leave from their jobs to care for their children 9. Europe has (more/less) paid leave than US 10. Most countries provide parental benefits dependent on maternal ___

1. increasing 2. excluded 3. do 4. cognitive 5. feeding, changing, bathing 6. play 6a. physical 7. multiple 8. increasing 9. more 10. employment

~sixth substage of the sensorimotor stage: 1. what is the name? 2. what is the age range? 3. what happens in this stage? 3a. an internalized sensory image or word that represents an event 3b. what do primitive symbols do? 4. name an example ~understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched: 5. this (is/is not) one of the infant's most important accomplishments 6. what is the principal way to study this? 7. If infants search for the object, it is assumed that what? ~evaluating Piaget's sensorimotor stage: 8. The infant's cognitive world is not as ___ ___ as Piaget portrayed it 9. some of his explanations of change are ___

1. internalization of schemes 2. 18-24 months 3. Infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols and form enduring mental representations 3a. symbol 3b. permit the infant to think about concrete events without directly acting them out or perceiving them 4. an infant who has never thrown a temper tantrum before sees a playmate throw a tantrum; the infant retains a memory of the event, then throws one himself the next day ~object permanence 5. is 6. watch an infant's reaction when an interesting object disappears 7. they believe it continues to exist 8. neatly packaged 9. debated

1. who said infants are highly resilient and adaptive; they are evolutionarily equipped to stay on a positive developmental course even in the face of wide variations in parenting 1a. Stress that genetic characteristics and temperament play (more/less) important roles in a child's social competence than Bowlby and Ainsworth believe 1b. Low tolerance for ___ may be responsible for an inability to get along with peers 2. what are 3 criticisms for attachment theory? 3. In some contexts and cultures, infants show attachments to ___ people 4. what are 2 reasons secure attachment is important? ~caregiving styles and attachment: 5. Securely attached babies have caregivers who are ___ to their signals and are consistently ___ to respond to their infants' needs 6. what 2 things predicted higher self-regulation at 4 years of age? 7. Caregivers of insecurely attached babies tend to be ___ or ___

1. kagan 1a. more 1b. stress 2. critical/sensitive period issue, inadequate attention to biology, and it ignores the diversity of socializing agents and contexts 3. many 4. it reflects a positive parent-infant relationship and provides a foundation that supports healthy socioemotional development in the years that follow 5. sensitive; available 6. Maternal sensitivity and a better home environment in infancy 7. unavailable; rejecting

emotion regulation and coping: 1. Infants communicate via emotion even before they understand ___ and their emotions are critical to their survival and thus their ___ 2. Emotion regulation plays a key role in emotion's ___ 3. During the first year of life, the infant gradually develops an ability to ___, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions 4. what is linked to better emotional regulation? 5. Later in infancy, when they become aroused, infants sometimes ___ their attention or ___ themselves in order to reduce their arousal 6. Infants must learn to adapt to different ___ that require emotion regulation 6a. name 5 of these 7. who says parents spend too much time responding to infant crying and a soothing response to crying increases crying? 8. who said it is not possible to respond too much to infant crying in the first year of life? 8a. A quick response develops a ___ 9. Infants (can/cannot) be spoiled in the first year of life 10. Negative social reactions (increase/decrease) the risk of subsequent attachment insecurity

1. language; adaptation 2. adaptiveness 3. inhibit 4. maternal sensitivity 5. redirect; distract 6. contexts 6a. Fatigue, hunger, time of day, which people are around them, and where they are 7. Watson and Gewirtz 8. Ainsworth and Bowlby 8a. bond 9. cannot 10. increase

~the nature-nurture issue: 1. what is the criticism about morality? 2. Johnson says infants likely come into the world with soft ___ to perceive and attend to different aspects of the ___, and to learn about the world in particular ways 3. Criticism: nativists completely neglect the infant's social ___ in the world and instead focus only on what happens inside the infant's ___, apart from the environment 3a. Another: the modularity of the mind view does not adequately recognize the extensive ___ of various regions of the brain 4. Most agree that Piaget (over/under)estimated the early cognitive accomplishments of infants and that both nature and nurture are involved in infants' cognitive development ~conclusions: 5. Piaget wasn't ___ enough about how infants learn about their world and that infants are more ___ than Piaget thought 6. name 3 unifying themes in infant cognition 6a. name a rising field

1. morality may emerge through infants' early interactions with others and later be transformed through language and reflective thought 2. biases; environment 3. immersion; head 3a. connectivity 4. under 5. specific; competent 6. how developmental changes in cognition take place, examine the big issue of nature and nurture, and study the brain's role in cognitive development 6a. developmental cognitive neuroscience

~emotion regulation and peer relations: 1. Higher emotion regulation = (more/less) popular ~involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people ~moral feelings: 2. what 2 things are central to the account of moral development provided by Freud's psychoanalytic theory? 3. ___ can motivate moral behavior 4. ___ and other positive feelings can also contribute to moral development 4a. requires: ability to discern another's inner psychological states 5. an observer experiences emotions that are similar or identical to what the other person is feeling ~moral reasoning: 6. Children go through ___ stages in how they think about morality 6a. children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world at 4-7 6b. transition between the 2 stages was at what ages? 6c. become aware that rules and laws are created by people at 10 and older 7. As children develop into moral autonomists, intentions become (more/less) important than consequences 8. if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately 8a. a ___ thinker believes this 9. Changes in moral reasoning occur through the what? 10. Parent-child relations are (less/more) likely to advance moral reasoning

1. more ~moral development 2. anxiety and guilt 3. guilt 4. empathy 4a. perspective taking 5. sympathy 6. 2 6a. heteronomous morality 6b. 7-10 6c. autonomous morality 7. more 8. immanent justice 8a. heteronomous 9. the mutual give and take of peer relations 10. less

the nature-nurture issue: 1. side of nature 2. infants are born with domain-specific innate knowledge systems 2a. name the 4 parts of this 3. Strongly influenced by ___, the core knowledge domains are theorized to be ___ to allow infants to make sense of their world 4. Argues that Piaget greatly (over/under)estimated the cognitive abilities of infants 5. Some critics argue that Spelke's research mainly demonstrates perceptual ___ or detection of regularities in the ___ 6. what is the criticism about number sense? 7. infants are more likely to make visually guided reached toward a puppet who has acted as a helper at what age? 8. what are 4 sociomoral principles that guide infants' actions toward others?

1. nativist 2. core knowledge approach 2a. Space, number sense, object permanence, and language 3. evolution; prewired 4. under 5. competencies; environment 6. infants in the number experiments are merely responding to changes in the display that violated their expectations 7. 4 months 8. fairness, harm avoidance, in-group support, and authority

memory: 1. Most of a young infant's memories are fragile and short-lived, except for the memory of ___ actions 2. short term and long term memory 3. individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds if there is no rehearsal of the information 3a. repeating information after it has been presented 3b. what is the test? 3c. Short term memory (increases/decreases) during early childhood 3d. The speed with which many cognitive tasks are completed dramatically (improves/declines) across the childhood years 4. relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time 4a. what are 3 factors that influence the accuracy? 4b. Preschoolers are more ___ 4c. Young children are more likely to accurately recall information about an event if the interviewer has a ___ tone, there is limited use of ___ questions, and there is no motivation for the child to make a ___ report 5. involves memory of significant events and experiences in one's life 5a. Young children's memories increasingly take on more autobiographical characteristics 5b. at what age do they increasingly remember events as occurring at a specific time and location & include more elements that are rich in detail in their narratives?

1. perceptual-motor 2. explicit memory 3. short term memory 3a. rehearsal 3b. repeating digits (memory span task) 3c. increases 3d. improves 4. long term memory 4a. age differences, individual differences, and interviewing techniques can produce substantial distortions in children's reports about highly salient events 4b. suggestible 4c. neutral; misleading; false 5. autobiographical 5a. autobiographical memory 5b. 3-5

~malnutrition: 1. what is a strong risk factor? 2. what is the most common form? 2a. what does it result in? 2b. what causes it? ~exercise: 3. at what age should you engage in 3 hours of physical activity per day, of which at least 60 minutes should be of moderate to vigorous intensity? ~the US in illness and death: 4. what were the leading cause of death in young children? 4a. what are the next 3? 5. what was the most common cause of accidental death in young children? 5a. what are the next 3? ~children's safety: 6. Steps that can be taken to enhance children's safety and prevent injury 6a. development of social skills, ability to regulate emotions, impulse control, frequent use of personal protection 6b. high awareness and knowledge of child management and parenting skills, frequent parent protective behaviors, and presence of home safety equipment 6c. promotion of home/school partnerships, absence of playground hazards, and injury prevention and safety promotion policies and programs 6d. availability of positive activities for children and their parents, active surveillance, and effective prevention policies in place ~environmental tobacco smoke: 7. ___% of children and adolescents in the US are exposed to tobacco in the home 8. Children exposed to tobacco smoke are more likely to develop wheezing symptoms and what 2 things? ~the world in illness and health: 9. The poor are the majority in nearly ___ out of every five nations in the world 10. Rising deaths of young children by ___

1. poverty 2. iron deficiency anemia 2a. chronic fatigue 2b. the failure to eat adequate amounts of quality meats and dark green vegetables 3. 3-4 4. unintentional injuries 4a. congenital malformation, malignant neoplasms, and homicide 5. drowning 5a. motor vehicles, homicide, and suffocation 6a. individual 6b. family/home 6c. school/peers 6d. community 7. 22 8. asthma and high blood pressure 9. one 10. HIV/AIDS

~babbling and other vocalizations: 1. name 3 functions of early vocalizations 2. babies' sound sequence: 2a. birth, can signal distress, but can also signal other things 2b. 2-4 months, gurgling sounds that are made in the back of the throat and usually express pleasure during interaction with the caregiver 2c. 6 months, producing strings of consonant-vowel combinations; creates social interaction that facilitates their own communicative development ~gestures: 3. at what age do infants show and point (along with comprehension)? 4. ___ is an important index of the social aspects of language 4a. explain the developmental sequence 5. what is a significant indicator of problems in the infant's communication system?

1. practice making sounds, communicate, and to attract attention 2a. crying 2b. cooing 2c. babbling 3. 8-12 months 4. pointing 4a. pointing without checking on adult gaze to pointing while looking back and forth between an object and the adult 5. lack of pointing

early emotions: 1. present in humans and other animals; appear in the first 6 months of the human infant's development 1a. name 7 of these 2. require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me"; occurring for the first time during the second half of the first year or within the second year 2a. name 6 of these 2b. Some experts call self-conscious emotions ___ emotions because they involve the emotional reactions of others when they are generated --give an example 2c. Some researchers argue that ___ doesn't emerge until approximately 15-18 months of age, whereas others assert that it is displayed as early as 9 months 2d. Studies have shown that babies display negative emotions when mothers directed attention to a ___ ___ 3. Experts on infant socioemotional development conclude that the ___ ___ of the infant brain makes it unlikely that emotions which require thought can be experienced during the first year 4. Empathy (can/cannot) be expressed before the infant's first birthday

1. primary emotions 1a. Surprise, joy, interest, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust 2. self-conscious emotions 2a. Jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt 2b. other-conscious --approval from parents is linked to pride 2c. jealousy 2d. social rival 3. structural immaturity 4. can

~education for young children who are disadvantaged: 1. compensatory program designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for success in school 1a. ___ federally funded program for US children 2. early head start is for what age range? 3. Head Start programs (are/are not) all created equal 3a. Had positive influence on the development of 3-4, but by the end of the ___ grade, there were few lasting outcomes 4. what was linked to the success of children in Head Start programs? 5. 2 year preschool program that included weekly home visits from program personnel 5a. fewer teen pregnancies, higher rates of high school graduation, higher employment rates, own a home, had savings accounts, and less arrests

1. project head start 1a. largest 2. birth-3 3. are not 3a. first 4. improved parenting engagement and skills 5. perry preschool project

baumrind's parenting styles: 1. Parents should be neither ___ nor ___ 2. restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort 2a. Places firm ___ and controls on the child and allows little ___ exchange 2b. Children are unhappy, fearful, anxious about ___, fail to ___ activity, and have weak ___ skills 2c. Linked to a higher level of ___ problems 3. encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions 3a. Extensive ___ give and take 3b. Expect ___, independent, and age appropriate behavior from their children 3c. Children are cheerful, self controlled, self ___, and ___ oriented 3d. Children engaged in more ___ behavior 4. parent is uninvolved in the child's live

1. punitive; aloof 2. authoritarian 2a. limits; verbal 2b. comparison; initiate; communication 2c. externalizing 3. authoritative 3a. verbal 3b. mature 3c. reliant; achievement 3d. prosocial 4. neglectful parenting

1. children socialize parents just as parents socialize children 1a. Sometimes referred to as ___ 2. what 2 things play an important role in early social interaction? 3. name 2 types of behaviors involved in reciprocal socialization in infancy that are temporally connected, mutually contingent behaviors 4. parents time interactions in such a way that the infant takes turns with the parents 4a. Involves parental behavior that supports children's efforts, allowing them to be more skillful than they would be if they had to rely on their own ___ 4b. name an example 4c. Linked to better ___ development 5. emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment 5a. Parents' ___, ___ parenting and the child's defiant, oppositional behavior may influence each other ~managing and guiding infants' behavior: 6. Be proactive and ___ the environment so infants won't encounter potentially dangerous objects or situations 7. Engage in ___ methods when infants engage in undesirable behaviors 8. Parents (increase/decrease) their disciplinary corrective feedback in the 2nd year 8a. Due to ___ for behavior

1. reciprocal socialization 1a. transactional 2. mutual gaze or eye contact 3. one partner imitating the sound of another or the mother responding with a vocalization to the baby's arm movements 4. scaffolding 4a. abilities 4b. peek a boo 4c. cognitive 5. epigenetic view 5a. harsh; hostile 6. childproof 7. corrective 8. increase 8a. expectations

~moral behavior: 1. Behavioral and social cognitive approaches hold that the processes of what 3 things explain the development of moral behavior? 2. When models who behave morally are provided, children (are/are not) likely to adopt their actions 3. In the moral behavioral view, the ___ also influences behavior 4. What children do in one situation is often (strongly/weakly) related to what they do in other situations 4a. name 2 examples 5. Social cognitive theorists also stress that the ability to resist temptation (is/is not) closely tied to the development of self control ~an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all 3 components of moral development we have described so far--moral thought, feeling, and behavior: 6. Researchers have found that experiencing guilt motivates ___ behavior as early as 2-3 7. Transgressors' displays of guilt motivate ___ behavior in 4-5 8. Children who are securely attached are (more/less) likely to internalize their parents' values and rules

1. reinforcement, punishment, and imitation 2. are 3. situation 4. weakly 4a. a child might cheat in class but not in a game; a child might steal a piece of candy when alone but not steal it when others are present 5. is ~conscience 6. reparative 7. cooperative 8. more

piaget's theory of infant development: 1. what 6 concepts did Piaget develop? 2. actions or mental representations that organize knowledge 2a. how are a baby's ^ structured? 2b. (Younger/Older) children have schemes that include strategies and plans for solving problems 3. occurs when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences 3a. give an example 4. occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account 4a. give an example 5. Infants ___ all sorts of objects into their sucking scheme; by sucking on different objects, they learn about their taste, texture, shape, etc 5a. After several months of experience, they construct their understanding of the world differently by figuring out that fuzzy blankets should not be sucked as opposed to fingers, therefore ___ the sucking scheme 6. grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system 6a. ___ ___ of this is an inherent part of development 6b. give an example

1. schemes, assimilation, accommodation, organization, equilibrium, and equilibration 2. schemes 2a. simple actions that can be performed on objects, such as sucking, looking, and grasping 2b. older 3. assimilation 3a. toddler calling all moving vehicles on roads "cars" 4. accommodation 4a. fine-tunes the category to exclude motorcycles and trucks 5. assimilate 5a. accommodating 6. organization 6a. continual refinement 6b. a boy who has only a vague idea about how to use a hammer may also have a vague idea about how to use other tools; after learning how to use each one, he relates these uses, organizing his knowledge

third substage of the sensorimotor stage: 1. what is the name? 2. what is the age range? 3. what happens during this stage? 4. name an example 5. Infant's schemes are not ___ or goal-directed, but they are ___ because of their consequences 6. an action repeated because of its consequences 7. The baby imitates only actions that he or she is already able to ___

1. secondary circular reactions 2. 4-8 months 3. Infants become more object-oriented, moving beyond self-preoccupation; repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results 4. an infant coos to make a person stay near; as the person starts to leave, the infant coos again 5. intentional; repeated 6. secondary circular reactions 7. produce

1. During the 2nd year of life, children make considerable progress in ___ ~initiative vs. guilt: 2. ___'s 1st 2 stages describe what he considers to be the main developmental tasks of infancy 3. this stage happens when? 4. They are persons in their own ___ 5. Identify intensely with their ___ 6. On their own initiative, children at this stage exuberantly move out into a wider ___ ___ 7. Young children's initiative and enthusiasm may bring them not only rewards but also guilt, which lowers ___ ~self-understanding and understanding others: 8. Young children are (more/less) psychologically aware than used to be thought

1. self-recognition 2. erikson's 3. early childhood 4. right 5. parents 6. social world 7. self-esteem 8. more

1. what are piaget's 4 stages of development? ~first stage: 2. what is the age range? 3. how do infants construct an understanding of the world? 4. what happens at the beginning of this stage? 5. what happens at the end of this stage?

1. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational 2. birth to 2 3. coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motoric actions 4. newborns have little more than reflexes with which to work 5. 2 year olds can produce complex sensorimotor patterns and use primitive symbols

~first substage of the sensorimotor stage: 1. what is the name? 2. what is the age range? 3. what happens during this stage? 4. name 3 examples 5. Soon the infant produces behaviors that resemble reflexes in the ___ of the usual stimulus for the reflex ~second substage: 6. what is the name? 7. what is the age range? 8. what happens during this stage? 8a. reproduction of an event that initially occurred by chance 8b. scheme based on a reflex that has become completely separated from its eliciting stimulus 8c. where is the main focus? 9. name an example 10. Habits and circular reactions are ___, so the infant repeats them the same way each time 11. There (is/is not) an outward pull by environmental events

1. simple reflexes 2. birth to 1 month 3. Coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors 4. rooting, sucking, and grasping reflex 5. absence 6. first habits and primary circular reactions 7. 1-4 months 8. Coordination of sensation and 2 types of schemes 8a. primary circular reactions 8b. habit 8c. infant's body 9. repeating a body sensation first experienced by chance; then infants might accommodate actions by sucking their thumb differently from how they suck on a nipple 10. stereotyped 11. is not

1. examines connections between socioemotional processes, development, and the brain 2. what 3 brain structures likely have an important role in maternal attachment behavior? 3. mammalian hormone that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain that is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth 4. The experience of pleasure and reward is linked to activation of the brain's ___ circuits when mothers care for their infant and are exposed to their infants' cues 5. The influence of oxytocin on dopamine in the mother's ___ ___ likely is important in motivating the mother's approach to the baby 6. The fathers' oxytocin levels (increase/decrease) when they engage in more stimulation contact with the babies 7. Fathers with (higher/lower) testosterone levels engaged in more optimal parenting

1. social neuroscience 2. prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus 3. oxytocin 4. dopamine 5. nucleus accumbens 6. increase 7. lower

~social theories of gender: 1. gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men 2. In most cultures around the world, women have (more/less) power and status than men, and they control (more/fewer) resources 3. Women perform more ___ work, spend fewer hours in paid ___, receive lower pay, and are more thinly represented in the highest levels of ___ 4. what 2 things are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing? 5. stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent 5a. what are boys referred to as? 5b. what are girls referred to as? 5c. at what age does the child renounces attraction because of anxious feelings? --what is the more updated view? 6. children's gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior 7. Culture, schools, peers, media, and family members provide gender role ___ ~parental influences: 8. In many cultures, mothers socialize their daughters to be (more/less) obedient and responsible than their sons; they also place (more/less) restrictions on daughter's autonomy 9. Fathers show (more/less) attention to sons than to daughters, engage in more ___ with sons, and put forth more effort to promote sons' ___ development

1. social role theory 2. less; fewer 3. domestic; employment; organization 4. Social hierarchy and division of labor 5. psychoanalytic theory of gender 5a. oedipus 5b. electra 5c. 5 or 6 --children become gender typed much earlier than 5 or 6 years of age 6. social cognitive theory 7. models 8. more; more 9. more; activities; intellectual

~language and thought: 1. Children use speech not only to communicate socially but also to help them ___ tasks 2. use of language for self-regulation 2a. who said it's egocentric and immature? 2b. who said it's an important tool of thought during the early childhood years? 3. Language and thought initially develop ___ of each other and then ___ 4. vygotsky emphasized that all ___ functions have external, or social, origins 5. transition period from external to internal speech; involves talking to oneself 6. Children who use a lot of private speech are (more/less) socially competent than those who don't ~teaching strategies: 7. teaching should begin toward the zone's ___ limit 8. Use more skilled peers as ___ 9. Place instruction in a ___ context: experience learning in real world settings 10. how would you transform the classroom with Vygotskian ideas?

1. solve 2. private speech 2a. piaget 2b. vygotsky 3. independently; merge 4. mental 5. 3-7 6. more 7. upper 8. teachers 9. meaningful 10. read a story and interpret its meaning, small group activities

~interpreting differences in attachment: 1. who said early secure attachment was linked with positive emotional health, high self-esteem, self-confidence, and socially competent interaction with peers, teachers, camp counselors, and romantic partners through adolescence? 2. describe double-insecure infants 2a. Have more ___ problems during elementary school years 3. For some children, there is little ___ 4. The best predictor in one study of an insecure attachment classification at 18 was what? 5. what is likely an important factor in connecting early attachment with the child's functioning later in development? 6. Early secure attachment are linked with children's later behavior and ___ 7. involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes 8. Some developmentalists argue that the secure attachment concept does not adequately consider certain biological factors in development, such as ___ and ___

1. sroufe 2. insecurely attached to their mother and father 2a. externalizing 3. continuity 4. the occurrence of parental divorce in the intervening years 5. Consistently positive caregiving over a number of years 6. adjustment 7. developmental cascade model 8. genes; temperament

~individual differences in attachment: 1. observational measure of infant attachment by Ainsworth that takes about 20 minutes in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order 1a. Hope to provide information about what 2 things? 2. use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment 2a. what happens when they are in the presence of their caregiver? 2b. what happens when the caregiver departs? 3. show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver 3a. what happens when they are in the presence of their caregiver? 3b. what happens when the caregiver departs? 4. cling to the caregiver and then resist her by fighting against the closeness 4a. what happens to them? 5. disoriented 5a. Dazed, confused, fearful, strong patterns of ___ and ___ ~evaluating the strange situation: 6. may be ___ biased 7. German infants are (more/less) likely to show an avoidant attachment pattern than US infants 7a. Japanese are (more/less) likely to be resistant 7b. German caregivers encourage babies to be ___ 8. what is the most frequent classification in every culture studied so far?

1. strange situation 1a. the infant's motivation to be near the caregiver and the degree to which the caregiver's presence provides the infant with security and confidence 2. securely attached 2a. explore the room and examine toys that have been placed in it 2b. might protest mildly 3. insecure avoidant 3a. Engage in little interaction with the caregiver 3b. are not distressed 4. insecure resistant 4a. don't explore playroom 5. insecure disorganized 5a. avoidance; resistance 6. culturally 7. more 7a. less 7b. independent 8. secure attachment

1. individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding 1a. what is an alternate definition? 2. variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions 3. variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions 4. name 3 types of temperament 4a. generally in a positive mood, quickly established regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences 4b. reacts negatively, cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change 4c. has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood ~Kagan's behavioral inhibition: 5. what does it focus on? 6. inhibited children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect 6a. what is one feature? 7. Inhibition shows considerable ___ from infancy to early childhood 8. Infants who have an inhibited temperament are at risk for developing what in adolescence and adulthood?

1. temperament 1a. Individual differences in how quickly the emotion is shown, how strong it is, how long it lasts, and how quickly it fades away 2. reactivity 3. self-regulation 4. easy, difficult, and slow to warm up 4a. easy 4b. difficult 4c. slow to warm up 5. the differences between a shy, subdued, timid child and a sociable, extraverted, bold child 6. inhibition to the unfamiliar 6a. shyness with strangers 7. stability 8. social anxiety disorder

~emotional development: 1. The young child's growing awareness of self is linked to what? ~expressing emotions: 2. To experience self-conscious emotions children must be able to do what 2 things? 2a. name 4 examples 2b. Does not appear to develop until ___ months ~understanding emotions: 3. at what age do children considerably increase the number of terms they use to describe emotions? 4. at what age is there increased ability to reflect on emotions? 4a. Same ___ can elicit different feelings in different people ~regulating emotions: 5. Growth of emotion regulation in children is fundamental to becoming ___ ___ 5a. also a key concept in what? ~emotion & parenting: 6. monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions 6a. what does this result in? 7. deny, ignore, or change negative emotions 8. ___' emotion coaching is related to children's social competence 9. Parents' knowledge of their children's emotional ___ can guide them in their development 10. Children avoid talking about their feelings by doing what 4 things?

1. the ability to feel an expanding range of emotions 2. refer to themselves and be aware of themselves as distinct from others 2a. pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt 2b. 15-18 3. 2-4 4. 4-5 4a. event 5. socially competent 6. emotion-coaching parents 6a. less behavior problems 7. emotion-dismissing parents 8. fathers 9. world 10. not talking at all, changing the topic, pushing away, or running away

~parenting and young children's moral development: 1. who said important aspects of parent-children relationships are relational quality, parental discipline, proactive strategies, and conversational dialogue? 2. name 2 parental obligations 3. name 2 children obligations 4. An important parenting strategy involves proactively ___ potential misbehavior by children before it takes place 4a. what do you do for young children? 4b. what do you do for older children? 5. Conversations related to moral development can be planned or spontaneous and can focus on topics such as what 3 things? ~characteristics of people as males and females: 6. a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female 6a. Most children develop this at what age? 7. sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel 8. acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

1. thompson 2. engaging in positive caregiving and guiding children to become competent human beings 3. responding appropriately to parents' initiatives and maintaining a positive relationship with parents 4. averting 4a. diversion 4b. talking about values 5. past events, shared future events, and immediate events 6. gender identity 6a. 2.5 7. gender roles 8. gender typing

first words: 1. Infants ___ their first words earlier than they ___ them 2. infants recognize their name at what age? 3. words child understands 4. words child uses 5. which exceeds the other of the above 2 terms? 6. ___ are easier to learn because the majority of words in this class are more perceptually accessible 7. when does the infant's spoken vocabulary rapidly increase? 7a. explain the vocabulary spurt -the timing of this ___ --involves what? 8. Early vocabulary development (does/does not) predict later language development 9. ___ differences occur in word learning 10. ___ languages acquire more verbs earlier in development than English 11. tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning by going beyond the set of referents an adult would use 11a. name an example 12. tendency to apply a word too narrowly; occurs when children fail to use a word to name a relevant event or object 12a. name an example

1. understand; speak 2. 5 months 3. receptive vocabulary 4. spoken/expressive vocabulary 5. receptive exceeds spoken/expressive 6. nouns 7. after the first word is spoken 7a. 18 months can speak 50 words, 2 year olds can speak 200 words -varies --the increase in the rate at which words are learned 8. does 9. cross-linguistic 10. asian 11. overextension 11a. Calling any animal with 4 legs a dog 12. underextension 12a. use the word boy to describe a 5 year old neighbor but not a male infant

1. what are 2 controversies in early childhood education? ~curriculum controversy: 2. describe the 2 sides 3. Many high-quality programs have ___ ~universal preschool education: 4. who emphasizes that quality preschools prepare children for school readiness and academic success? 4a. Universal preschool would bring ___ ___ 5. Critics: gains attributed to preschool and kindergarten are often overstated, more important to improve preschool education for all 4 year old children, and young children should be educated by their parents not by schools

1. what the curriculum for early childhood education should be & whether preschool education should be universal in the US 2. advocate for a child-centered, constructivist approach and advocate an academic, direct-instruction approach 3. both 4. zigler 4a. cost savings

~focusing of mental resources on select information: 1. The child's ability to pay attention (improves/declines) significantly during the preschool years 2. action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances 2a. Good predictor of what? 3. focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment 3a. also called what? 3b. ___ show the greatest increase in vigilance 4. preschoolers are likely to pay attention to stimuli that stand out (salient) even when those stimuli are not relevant to solving a problem or performing a task 4a. name an example 4b. After 6-7, children attend more to tasks that are ___ 5. preschoolers are less likely to systematically compare the details across the pictures, one detail at a time 6. ___ exercises recently have been developed to improve attention

~attention 1. improves 2. executive attention 2a. self-regulation 3. sustained attention 3a. vigilance 3b. preschoolers 4. salient vs relevant dimensions 4a. children pay more attention to the clown giving directions 4b. relevant 5. planfulness 6. computer

~umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex: 1. Managing one's thoughts to engage in ___ behavior and self-control 2. Advances in executive function during preschool years are linked with what 4 things? 3. delayed gratification; young children who engaged in cool thoughts were more likely to eat the marshmallow later 4. who emphasizes that adolescents and adults can improve their ability to delay gratification? 5. There has been an (increase/decrease) in delay of gratification in recent years 5a. due to increases in what 4 things? 6. Children who were able to delay gratification became more ___ successful, had higher SAT scores and higher grade point averages at the end of college, and coped more effectively with ___ as adolescents and emerging adults 6a. name 4 results in adults 7. Adolescents and adults (can/cannot) improve their ability to delay gratification 8. Predictors of young children's executive function: 8a. Parenting and teaching practices, Greater use of verbal ___ by parents, ___ attachment, Higher parental ___, Fathers' ___, Higher SES, Language, imagination, cultural background

~executive function 1. goal-directed 2. math skills, language development, school readiness, and attention 3. marshmallow experiment 4. mischel 5. increase 5a. symbolic thought, technological advances, more widely attended education programs, and public attention to the importance of higher-level skills 6. academically; stress 6a. made more money in their career, were more law-abiding, were likely to have a lower body mass index, and were happier 7. can 8a. scaffolding; secure; education; autonomy

~2 or more individuals focus on the same object or event: 1. this requires what 3 things? 2. Early in infancy, joint attention involves what 4 things? 3. Emerging forms of joint attention occur at what age? 4. When caregivers and infants frequently engage in joint attention, infants say their first word (earlier/later) and develop a larger ___ 5. Sustained attention was a (stronger/weaker) predictor of vocabulary size than joint attention 6. what 3 things is joint attention linked to? 7. Deficits in joint attention sometimes lead to later ___ diagnoses

~joint attention 1. An ability to track another's behavior, such as following the gaze of another person, One person's directing another's attention, and Reciprocal interaction 2. a caregiver pointing, turning the infant's head, snapping fingers, or using words to direct the infant's attention 3. 7-8 months 4. earlier; vocabulary 5. stronger 6. memory, self-regulation, and executive function 7. autism

~form of communication that is based on a system of symbols: 1. Consists of the words used by a ___ and the rules for varying and combining them 2. Language learning involves what 3 things? 3. ability to produce and comprehend an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules ~rule systems: 4. Organization involves what 5 systems of rules? ~the sound system of the language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined: 5. basic unit of sound in a language; smallest unit of sound that affects meaning 6. name an example ~units of meaning involved in word formation: 7. minimal unit of meaning; a word or a part of a word that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful parts 8. Every word in the English language (is/is not) made up of one or more morphemes 9. what are the 2 jobs in grammar? 10. name an example

~language 1. community 2. comprehending a sound system, the world of objects/actions/events, and how units such as words and grammar connect sound and world 3. infinite generativity 4. phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics ~phonology 5. phoneme 6. the sound represented by the letter p, as in the words pot and spot, is a phoneme ~morphology 7. morpheme 8. is 9. marking tense and number 10. single morpheme (help), multiple morpheme (helper)

~retention of information over time: 1. a process in which information is transferred to memory 2. memory without conscious recollection--memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically 3. conscious remembering of facts and experiences 3a. Babies do not show this until when? 3b. improves during when? 4. name the memory span for a 6 month old 5. name the memory span for a 9 month old 6. name the memory span for a 10-11 month old 7. name the memory span for a 13-14 month old 8. name the memory span for a 20 month old

~memory 1. encoding 2. implicit memory 3. explicit memory 3a. second half of the first year 3b. the second year of life 4. 24 hours 5. 1 month 6. 3 months 7. 4-6 months 8. 12 months

~children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities: 1. The teacher acts as a ___ rather than a director 2. Children who attended Montessori programs fared better on ___ achievement, ___ understanding, and mastery ___ than those who attended other schools 3. name 3 criticisms ~developmentally appropriate and inappropriate education: 4. Children learn best through active, hands-on teaching methods such as ___ and dramatic ___ 5. based on knowledge of the typical development of children within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child 6. Emphasizes the importance of creating settings that ___ active learning and ___ children's interests and capabilities 7. thinking critically, working cooperatively, solving problems, developing self-regulatory skills, and enjoying learning 8. Results: less stress, more motivation, more socially skilled, have better work habits, be more creative, have better language, and demonstrate better math skills

~montessori approach 1. facilitator 2. academic; social; orientation 3. neglects children's socioemotional development, restricts imaginative play, doesn't allow for creativity or a variety of learning styles 4. games; dramatic play 5. developmentally appropriate practice 6. encourage; reflect 7. desired outcomes

~representation of self, the substance, and content of self-conceptions: 1. Early self-understanding involves ___ 1a. what 2 things are central components? 2. at what age do they include psychological traits and emotions in self descriptions? 2a. Typically unrealistically (positive/negative) 2b. Overestimation of their attributes helps to protect young children from negative ___ 3. Some children are ___ to negative self-attributions 4. Young children's generally optimistic self-ascriptions (do/do not) buffer them from adverse, stressful family conditions ~understanding others: 5. at what age do children begin to perceive others in terms of psychological traits? 6. at what age do they understand that people may make statements that aren't true to obtain what they want or to avoid trouble? 7. at what age are joint commitments formed? 8. Children (are/are not) as egocentric as Piaget envisioned 9. Young children are (more/less) socially sensitive and perceptive than what was thought 10. who said young children are socially sensitive? 11. who said young children are egocentric?

~self-understanding 1. self-recognition 1a. Material characteristics and physical activities 2. 4-5 2a. positive 2b. self-evaluations 3. vulnerable 4. do not 5. 4-5 6. 4 7. 3 8. are not 9. more 10. thompson 11. harter

~reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation: 1. name an example of how this helps infants to interpret ambiguous situations more accurately 2. By the end of the first year, what influences whether an infant will explore an unfamiliar environment? 3. Infants become better at social referencing in the ___ year of life 3a. name an example of this ~Infants' social sophistication and insight: 4. Infants (are/are not) more socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than was previously envisioned 5. The more advanced social cognitive skills of infants likely influence their understanding and awareness of ___ to a caregiver

~social referencing 1. when they encounter a stranger and need to know whether to fear the person 2. a mother's facial expression 3. 2nd 3a. They tend to check with their mother before they act 4. are 5. attachment

~the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences: 1. name an example ~meaning of words and sentences: 2. name an example 3. name an example of how words have semantic restrictions on how they can be used ~appropriate use of language in different contexts: 4. name an example ~recognizing language sounds: 5. Long before they begin to learn words, infants can make fine ___ among the sounds of language 6. who said infants are citizens of the world birth-6 months, meaning they recognize when sounds change most of the time, no matter what language the syllables come from 7. infants get better at perceiving the changes in sounds from their own language and gradually lose the ability to recognize differences in sounds that are not important in their own language at what age? 8. at what age do infants recognize vowels and consonants? 9. infants begin to segment the continuous stream of speech they encounter into words at what age? 10. As infants extract an increasing number of potential word forms from the ___ ___ they hear, they begin to associate these with concrete, perceptually available objects in their world 11. no instruction, reinforcement, or feedback that is a powerful learning mechanism in infant development

~syntax 1. Bob slugged Tom vs Bob was slugged by Tom ~semantics 2. girl and woman share many semantic features but they differ semantically in regard to age 3. the bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar ~pragmatics 4. using polite language in appropriate situations, tell stories that are interesting, jokes that are funny, and lies that convince 5. distinctions 6. Kuhl 7. 6 months-1 year 8. Vowels: 6 months, consonants: 9 months 9. 2nd half of first year 10. speech stream 11. statistical learning

~awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others: 1. The child is a ___ who is trying to explain, predict, and understand people's thoughts, feelings, and utterances ~developmental changes: 2. From 18 months to 3 years of age, children begin to understand what 3 mental states? 2a. 2 = a child recognizes that another person will see what's in front of her own eyes instead of what's in front of the child's eyes; 3 = child realizes that looking leads to knowing what's inside a container 2b. child can distinguish between positive and negative emotions 2c. toddlers recognize that if people want something, they will try to get it 3. at what age do they understand the way that desires are related to actions and emotions? 4. One of the landmark developments in understanding others' desires is what? 5. at what age do own food preferences may not match the preferences of others? 6. False beliefs develop in a majority of children by what age? 6a. Recognizing that beliefs are not just mapped directly into the mind from the surrounding world, but that different people can also have different, and sometimes ___, beliefs 6b. in the false belief task, what happened with the 3 year olds? 6c. in the false belief task, what happened with the 5 year olds? 7. what supported that younger than 4 do not understand that it is possible to have a false belief? 8. at what age do children have a deepening appreciation of the mind itself rather than just an understanding of mental states? 8a. Realize that people's behaviors (do/do not) necessarily reflect their thoughts and feelings 9. when do children see the mind as an active constructor of knowledge or a processing center?

~theory of mind 1. thinker 2. perception, emotions, and desires 2a. perceptions 2b. emotions 2c. desires 3. 2-3 4. recognizing that someone else may have different desires from one's own 5. 18 months 6. 5 6a. incorrect 6b. said that a child who had never seen the box would say pencils 6c. said that a child who had never seen the box would say band-aids 7. sally and anne 8. 5-7 8a. do not 9. middle-late childhood

~range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children: 1. level of skill reached by the child working independently 2. level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor 3. skills that can be accomplished only with the assistance of a more skilled person 4. child can already accomplish independently 5. what are 4 factors that can enhance ZPD's effectiveness? ~changing the level of support: 6. techniques improve acquisition of ___ knowledge

~zone of proximal development 1. lower limit 2. upper limit 3. buds/flowers 4. fruits 5. better emotion regulation, secure attachment, absence of maternal depression, and child compliance ~scaffolding 6. geometric