Exam 2 (Ch. 5-8)

Bone stores ____% of body's calcium and phosphate.

99

Why are lines of cleavage clinically significant?

A cut parallel to a cleavage line will remain closed.

Which of the following factors does not increase the time needed for repair of an injury to the integument?

A narrow slit-like wound

Which statement concerning endochondral ossification is the most accurate?

A primary ossification center begins replacing cartilage in the central region of the cartilage rod.

What mechanism allows standing for prolonged periods without continually contracting the extensor muscles?

A slight lateral rotation of the tibia tightens the anterior cruciate ligament and joins the meniscus between the tibia and the femur.

What is the name of the large, concave socket that articulates with the head of the femur?

Acetabulum

What is the term for a slightly movable joint?

Amphiarthrosis

Which of the following is the largest fontanelle and is commonly called the "soft spot" in newborn babies?

Anterior fontanelle

What are the primary tissues comprising the hypodermis?

Areolar and adipose

What is the term for rheumatic diseases that affect the synovial joints?

Arthritis

What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?

Atlas

Which bones conduct sound vibrations from the tympanum to the inner ear?

Auditory ossicles

What rough area of the ilium marks the site of articulation with the sacrum?

Auricular surface

Which type of synovial joint is the most freely movable and performs all combinations of angular and rotational movements?

Ball-and-socket

Which of the following describes an articulation that allows movement along two axes?

Biaxial

What is the first step of integument repair following an injury?

Bleeding and inflammation

Which of the following statements describes the immediate response of the skin to an injury?

Bleeding occurs, and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response.

Which bones are not formed by intramembranous ossification?

Bones of the appendages

What important function is associated with the ribs?

Breathing

Which of the following would result in the loss of large portions of skin and lead to increased risk of infection and fluid loss?

Burns

Which of the following tarsals forms the bone of the heel?

Calcaneus

Which of the following is an orange-yellow pigment that is found in certain food items, such as carrots and squash?

Carotene

Which type of gland produces earwax?

Ceruminous gland

You have been called to the whiteboard in geometry class, and told to draw a circle, 1 foot in diameter, on the board. What movement would you be doing with your arm to draw the circle?

Circumduction

The only joint between the upper appendage and the axial skeleton involves which bones?

Clavicle and sternum

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Contraction

Which of the following does NOT occur during fracture repair?

Dead tissue next to the break is left in the break area and is covered by new bone tissue.

What change in the integument causes older people to be more sensitive to hot temperatures?

Decreased glandular activity (sweat glands are less active=more likely to overheat)

Which of the following is not brought about by parathyroid hormone?

Decreased production of calcitriol

The reticular layer of the dermis is composed of what kind of tissue?

Dense irregular connective tissue

What are the two layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?

Dermis and epidermis

What is the term for the condition that results when articulating bone surfaces are subjected to severe stress and are forced out of their normal positions?

Dislocation

In which of the following does bone replace existing cartilage?

Endochondral ossification

What type of bone growth is the doctor most likely looking for in the example above?

Endochondral ossification

What is the initial response of the skin to being exposed to the ultraviolet rays of sunlight?

Epidermal cells produce cholecalciferol.

Which of the following is not an accessory structure in the integumentary system?

Epidermis

The presence of which structure is a clear indication that the person has reached their adult height and has stopped growing?

Epiphyseal line

Which bones make up the nasal septum?

Ethmoid and vomer

Because of its position in the skull, there is one bone that forms part of the floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity, a wall of the eye orbit, and divides the nasal cavity into two parts. Which bone does all this?

Ethmoid bone

The superior and middle nasal conchae are part of which bone?

Ethmoid bone

Full-thickness or third-degree burns are the most serious. Which of the following is not a major concern in the treatment and repair of these types of burns?

Excessive blood loss

Which structure is an accessory structure rather than part of the cutaneous membrane?

Exocrine glands

Spongy bone is found primarily at which part of long bones?

Expanded ends, where long bones articulate with other skeletal elements

When you are doing pushups and you start in the prone position, what movement of the elbow joint is performed to raise your body up?

Extension

Why can the skull be distorted without damage during birth?

Fibrous connective tissue connects the cranial bones.

What is the structural classification of the joints that form when the bones of the cranium grow and articulate as a structure in an infant?

Fibrous joints

Which of the following ligaments does NOT connect the tibia and the femur?

Fibular collateral ligament

Which part or parts of the vertebral column do not contain intervertebral discs?

First and second cervical vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx

Which of the following describes movement that reduces the angle between two articulating bones?

Flexion

Which bone is NOT part of the floor of the cranium?

Frontal

Where is epidermal growth factor produced?

Glands of the duodenum

Bill, age 15, is still growing, but his older sister Andrea, age 19, has stopped. What has changed in Andrea's bones?

Her epiphyseal plates have ossified.

What type of joint is the elbow?

Hinge

Which joint includes structures such as the acetabulum, ligamentum teres, and iliofemoral ligament?

Hip

Which of the following bones does NOT directly articulate with the skull but is an important site for muscle attachment for the larynx, pharynx, and tongue?

Hyoid bone

What are the primary effects of calcitriol on the body? Check all that apply.

Increase blood concentration of calcium. Increase blood concentration of phosphorus.

You are hiking in the mountains and the trail goes around the side of the mountain. The trail slopes outwards such that your feet are tilted and one foot is below the other. What are the movements to position your feet that let you walk on the tilted trail?

Inversion and eversion

Why is limited exposure to the UV light in sunlight beneficial?

It converts a steroid into vitamin D3.

Regarding the vertebral arch, what is the significance of the lamina?

It forms the "roof" of the vertebral foramen. Submit

The crista galli, a structural feature of the ethmoid bone, is described as which of the following?

It is a bony ridge that projects superior to the anteromedial floor of the cranium.

Which of the following statements about bone tissue is FALSE?

It is made primarily of cells.

What is the major advantage or advantages of bones undergoing continual remodeling?

It may change the shape of a bone. It may change the internal structure of a bone. It may change the total amount of minerals deposited in the bones.

Which of the following is NOT a function of synovial fluid?

Joining the bones together

The hardness of the nails protects the dorsal surfaces of the fingers and toes. What substance causes the hardness?

Keratin

Which type of cell is the most abundant epithelial cell in the body and dominates the cellular composition of the epidermis?

Keratinocyte

Fibrocartilage pads are important in stabilizing which joint?

Knee

A decrease in the number of __________ leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.

Langerhans cells

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the femur?

Lateral malleolus

Which of the following does the integument not synthesize or produce?

Lipids

The humerus and the femur are examples of what shape of bone?

Long bones

What type of vertebrae are characterized by short, stumpy spinous processes and large bodies?

Lumbar vertebrae

Which are the largest and most massive of the vertebrae?

Lumbar vertebrae

Which of the following features, found on the tibia and fibula, provide(s) support for the ankle joint?

Malleoli

Which of the following forms the lower jaw?

Mandible

Which condition, due to excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages, results in individuals who are very tall, with long, slender limbs?

Marfan syndrome

A tall, slender person with unusually long, slender limbs because of excess cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages has what disorder?

Marfan's syndrome

Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone?

Maxilla

Which nasal complex structure is paired with the correct description?

Maxillary sinuses - Largest of the sinuses, and produce mucus secretions that flush the inferior surfaces of the nasal cavities

Which of the following is a dark brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment produced by pigment cells in the stratum basale?

Melanin

Why does a person's hair turn white or gray with age?

Melanocyte activity decreases.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the integumentary system?

Melanocyte activity increases, darkening the skin.

What type of tissue is replaced by bone in intramembranous ossification?

Mesenchyme or embryonic fibrous connective tissue

Which bones form the palm of the hand?

Metacarpals

In what area of a long bone would it probably be easiest to observe the cartilage the orthopedic doctor refers to?

Metaphysis

Calcium is a very important substance for the proper functioning of various body systems. Which function of the skeletal system helps maintain calcium homeostasis?

Mineral storage

Where is a sesamoid bone most often found?

Near joints at the knees, the hands, and the feet

Which of the following collections of bones include bones that are unpaired in the skull?

Occipital and frontal bones

Which bone forms the posterior and inferior portions of the cranium and contains a large opening called the foramen magnum?

Occipital bone

Which feature of the ulna forms the point of the elbow?

Olecranon

What is responsible for the dynamic nature of the skeleton and its continual remodeling?

Osteoblast and osteoclast activity

Which of the following types of bone cells are responsible for removing and recycling bone?

Osteoclasts

What is the term for a reduction in bone mass that is large enough to compromise the normal function of bone?

Osteoporosis

All the following result in decreased calcium levels in the bloodstream EXCEPT __________.

PTH stimulation of osteoclasts

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Papillary and reticular layers

If the level of calcium in the blood drops below normal levels, which hormone is produced to correct this homeostatically?

Parathyroid hormone

What is the large sesamoid bone found in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris?

Patella

What are the two types of joints that allow rotation?

Pivot joints and ball-and-socket joints

If you are standing on your tiptoes to reach something on the upper shelf, what movement are you doing with your feet?

Plantar flexion

A fracture of the ankle where both the distal ends of the tibia and fibula broken is called a ________ fracture.

Pott's

Ankle fractures that affect both bones of the leg are called __________.

Pott's fractures

Compared to the axial skeleton, which of the following is not a function of the appendicular skeleton?

Protecting abdominal and thoracic organs

Shielding the soft organs like the brain, spinal cord, and heart with its hard, strong matrix is an example of which function of the skeletal system?

Protection

Which component of bone is responsible for blood cell formation?

Red bone marrow

One function of bone is to produce red and white blood cells. These cells are made in what substance in bone?

Red marrow

What is the term for the process in which the organic and mineral components of bone are continuously recycled and renewed?

Remodeling

Which of the following is an autoimmune disease affecting the joints?

Rheumatoid arthritis

Which of the ribs are referred to as vertebral ribs?

Rib pairs 11 and 12

Which ribs are named false ribs?

Rib pairs 8-12

What structure of the hair or hair follicle lets you feel your hair being blown out of place by the wind?

Root hair plexus

Which of the following consists of five fused vertebrae and articulates with the pelvic girdle?

Sacrum

Which gland produces an oily secretion that lubricates the hair and skin?

Sebaceous gland

Sebaceous glands release which type of secretion?

Sebum

Which part of the sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland?

Sella turcica

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of synovial joints?

Short fibers connecting two bones

According to the textbook, which of the following organs is stimulated by calcitriol?

Small intestine

Why does the adult vertebral column have fewer vertebrae than that of a newborn?

Some vertebrae fuse together after birth.

Which vertebral process projects posteriorly?

Spinous process

Which of the following is not an effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the epidermis?

Stimulating the synthesis of melanin

In which layers of the epidermis do mitotic divisions occur?

Stratum basale and stratum spinosum

In thick skin, what is the thickest (most cell layers) stratum of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

Which epidermal stratum is the most superficial and is composed of 15-30 layers of dead, keratinized cells that eventually are shed from its surface?

Stratum corneum

The adipose tissue in the hypodermis performs a variety of functions. Which function does the adipose tissue not perform?

Strengthening the hypodermis

Which of the following functions of the skeletal system is possible because bone has a hard and strong extracellular matrix?

Support Leverage Protection

What is the term for an immovable joint that holds together the flat bones of the skull?

Suture

Joints, or articulations, are classified on the basis of their degrees of movement. From the following selections, choose the group of terms that identifies the joints in this order: no movement, slightly movable, freely movable.

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Which joint results from the fusion of two bones?

Synostosis

There are structures that prevent excessive movement and stabilize the joint. Which structure does NOT help stabilize a synovial joint?

Synovial fluid

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the skin?

Synthesis of B vitamins

What is the only bone in the ankle that articulates with the tibia and the fibula?

Talus

Which of the following bones contains the auditory ossicles?

Temporal bone

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the orbital complex?

Temporal bone

Which bones of the skull form the lateral walls of the cranium, house the inner ear, articulate with the mandible, and have attachments for muscles that move the jaw and head?

Temporal bones

What structure is NOT part of a synovial joint but may still support it?

Tendons

Which ligaments connect the bodies of the vertebrae together?

The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Which of the following joints is NOT classified as a synovial hinge joint?

The atlantoaxial articulation

In a ball and socket shoulder joint, what structure is the ball and what is the socket?

The ball is the head of the humerus and the socket is the glenoid cavity.

Which of the following is an effect of stress on a bone?

The bone will become thicker.

Which of the following statements about the knee is FALSE?

The bones that articulate with the knee joint are the femur, tibia, and fibula.

Why is the elbow joint quite stable?

The capsule is reinforced by stout ligaments. The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock. The articular capsule is very thick.

How is the tendon connected to a bone so that it will withstand the force that must be applied by the muscle to move the bone?

The collagen fibers of the tendon as well as the periosteum are incorporated into the bone tissue.

The elbow joint is much more stable than the shoulder joint. Which of the following is NOT a cause for the stability in the elbow joint?

The elbow has a cuff of muscular tendons stabilizing the joint.

Why are malignant melanomas extremely dangerous and life-threatening?

The melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system.

The cartilage the doctor is referring to will disappear when

The osteoblasts work faster than cartilage producing cells

Which of the following statements is most accurate comparing the differences in male and female pelvic girdle?

The pelvic inlet in the female is more open and circular.

What bones connect the axial skeleton and the lower appendicular skeleton?

The sacrum and the pelvic girdle

Which of the following statements about the thoracic cage is FALSE?

The sternum does not ossify until an individual reaches 30 years of age.

Which of the following statements regarding the homeostasis regulation of blood calcium is FALSE? -PTH is secreted by the parathyroid glands and raises blood calcium levels that are below 8.5 mg/dL. -Calcitonin inhibits the action of osteoclasts while having no effect on osteoblast activity. This helps to lower the blood calcium level whenever it exceeds 11 mg/dL. -The three main organs that serve as the site for the regulation of blood calcium levels are the bones, the intestines, and the pancreas. -The homeostasis of blood calcium is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism.

The three main organs that serve as the site for the regulation of blood calcium levels are the bones, the intestines, and the pancreas.

Which region of the vertebral column articulates with the ribs?

Thoracic

What is the function of the intervertebral foramina?

To connect spinal nerves to the spinal cord.

Which of the following are NOT structural components of compact bone?

Trabeculae

What is the natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color?

Type of melanin present

The trochlea of the humerus articulates with what bone?

Ulna

Which of the following bones is accurately described as an irregular bone?

Vertebra

What is the term for the opening in the vertebrae that encloses the spinal cord?

Vertebral foramen

What is the difference between vertebrosternal ribs and vertebrochondral ribs?

Vertebrosternal ribs connect directly to the sternum, whereas vertebrochondral ribs do not.

Bone strength and density decrease as a person ages. There are multiple factors that can cause this. What change in the integumentary system can contribute to this?

Vitamin D3 production decreases. (from epidermis becoming thinner)

It seems like we hear about hip fractures occurring often in elderly people. Why are hip fractures likely in this strong joint?

Weight distribution is not aligned along the shaft of the femur.

Which component of the bone stores energy?

Yellow marrow

Sagging and wrinkling of the integument are due to __________.

a decrease in the elastic fiber network of the dermis

If the nucleus pulposus breaks through the outer fibrocartilage ring of the intervertebral disc, this condition is called ____________.

a herniated disc

When scar tissue formation continues beyond the requirements of tissue repair, __________ is formed.

a keloid

The hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle because it has __________.

a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs

The result of overproduction of growth hormone after puberty can result in a condition called ___________.

acromegaly

If you run your fingers along the superior surface of the shoulder joint, you will feel the process called the __________.

acromion

When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by __________.

an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin

Appositional growth on the outer surface of bones results in __________.

an increase in the diameter of a growing bone

Darcy wrecks her bike and experiences a break in the distal portion of her radius, which now projects out of her skin. Which type of fracture does she have?

an open Colles' fracture

The basic functional unit(s) of compact bone tissue is/are __________.

an osteon

Where can you find an apocrine sweat gland?

armpits, nipples, and pubic region

Special smooth muscles in the that produce 'goose bumps' when they contract are called __________.

arrector pili

The joint surfaces of the bones of a synovial joint are covered with _______________.

articular cartilage

Even though the specific cause varies, arthritis always involves damage to the __________.

articular cartilages

C1 and C2 have specific names, which are the __________.

atlas and the axis

The popliteal ligaments extend between the femur and the heads of the tibia and fibula, reinforcing the __________.

back of the knee joint

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

ball-and-socket

The color of the nail bed underneath the body of the nail is due to__________.

blood vessels

Unlike compact bone, spongy bone (also called cancellous bone) resembles a network of bony struts separated by spaces that are normally filled with __________.

bone marrow

The general appearance of the female pelvis is different from that of the male pelvis in that the female pelvis is __________.

broad, light, and smooth

When the nucleus pulposus is compressed by the adjacent vertebrae, causing distortion of the anulus fibrosus into the spinal canal, the result is a __________.

bulging disc

A fluid-filled pocket containing synovial fluid that is found in joints and protects where a tendon or ligament rubs against a bone is a __________.

bursa

Which of the following are small pockets filled with synovial fluid and are found where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues?

bursae

The hormone synthesized in the kidneys that regulates absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract is __________.

calcitriol

Narrow passageways that allow osteocytes to communicate with neighboring osteocytes are called _____________.

canaliculi

The small passageways that exist in the bone matrix to allow living bones cells to obtain nutrients and get rid of wastes are called __________.

canaliculi

The region known as the epiphyseal plate is the area where __________.

cartilage is not replaced by bone until after puberty

Several hours after an injury to the skin and a scab has formed, cells from which integumentary layer undergo rapid divisions and begin to migrate along the edge of the wound?

cells of the stratum basale of the epidermis

The only vertebrae that have transverse foramina in the transverse processes are __________.

cervical

Of the following, which correctly identifies the sequence of the vertebrae from superior to inferior?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

What are the two basic factors that interact to produce skin color?

circulation and pigment concentration

Patterns established by these fibers determine the lines of cleavage.

collagen and elastic fibers

Fractures that shatter a bone into many small fragments are called __________ fractures.

comminuted

The type of fracture that occurs in vertebrae that are subject to extreme stresses is a __________ fracture.

compression

A large, rounded, articulating process of bone is a _________.

condyle

Which of the following is NOT one of the three parts of the sternum?

costal groove

The endosteum is found in all of the following places except the __________.

covering the outside surface of the bones

The axial skeleton creates a framework that supports and protects organ systems in the __________.

cranial and thoracic cavities

A prominent ridge where ligaments or tendons attach to the bone is called a __________.

crest

The term that refers to a bluish coloration of the skin is ___________.

cyanosis

What is the composition of the nail body?

dead cells

Hair turns gray or white because of __________.

decreased melanocyte activity

With aging, hair turns gray or white due to which of the following causes?

decreased melanocyte activity

Synovial joints are classified functionally as:

diarthroses

If an abnormal rearrangement or alignment of the bones results from a fracture, it is called a __________ fracture.

displaced

The head of the ulna is located __________ to the ulnar tuberosity.

distal

The term for the expanded end of a long bone where the joint surfaces are located is the __________.

epiphysis

The tissue that overlays the exposed nail is the __________.

eponychium or cuticle

The term for the redness that develops with a first-degree burn is __________.

erythema

Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located in the __________.

external auditory canal

Structures that are associated with a synovial joint but are commonly superficial to the joint capsule and that help protect the articular cartilage are ____________.

fat pads

Which bone is NOT formed via intramembranous ossification?

femur

The type of tissue that comprises the outer ring of the intervertebral disc is _______.

fibrocartilage

Thin bones that form the roof of the skull, the sternum, and the scapulae are considered ________.

flat bones

Movements of the vertebral column are limited to __________.

flexion and extension, lateral flexion, and rotation

Which anatomical term describes a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves?

foramen

The foramen that allows the medulla of the brainstem to connect with the spinal cord is the __________.

foramen magnum

Which foramen is the passageway for nerves to exit the cranium and innervate the jaw and its associated structures?

foramen ovale

The result of overproduction of growth hormone before puberty can result in a condition called ___________.

gigantism

The type of joint that involves flat or slightly curved joint surfaces and that allows slight nonaxial movement is a ________ joint.

gliding

The type of joint that allows flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column is a ____________.

gliding joint

Which hormone, released during times of stress, can loosen the connections between keratinocytes?

glucocorticoids

The fibrous joint that holds a tooth in the bony socket of the jawbone is a ____________.

gomphosis

Which structure supports the larynx and attaches to muscles that move the tongue?

greater horns of the hyoid bone

A fracture in which one side of the shaft is broken and the other side is bent is a __________.

greenstick fracture

When cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones __________.

grow longer

Accessory structures of the skin include the __________.

hair follicles and the sebaceous and sweat glands

An expanded joint surface shaped like a ball and found on the articular end of the epiphysis is called a __________.

head

Abnormal development of bone in non-skeletal tissues is called _____________ ossification.

heterotopic

A hard ossified bone in an adult actually begins within the embryo as a miniature version composed of __________.

hyaline cartilage

Two-thirds of a bone's weight is composed of calcium phosphate which interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of __________.

hydroxyapatite

What is the subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs?

hypodermis

Which of the following layers is composed of adipose and areolar tissues and is the site where subcutaneous injections are given?

hypodermis

How do third-degree burns differ from first- and second-degree burns?

hypodermis, dermis, and epidermis are destroyed

Calcitonin does all of the following except ____________________.

increase osteoblast activity

Parathyroid does all of the following except __________.

increase the activity of osteoblasts

Appositional growth __________.

increases the diameter of a long bone, forms circumferential lamellae, and involves both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

When the calcium ion concentration of the blood rises above the normal level, secretion of the hormone calcitonin __________.

increases the rate of calcium ion excretion from the kidneys

Remnants of osteons, which have been almost completely recycled by osteoclasts, are known as __________.

interstitial lamellae

The enlarged roughened projection that bears your weight when you are sitting is the __________.

ischial tuberosity

The structure that bears the body's weight when one is seated is which of the following?

ischial tuberosity

The outer dense connective tissue of a bone, the periosteum, ________.

isolates the bone from surrounding tissues, provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply, and actively participates in bone growth and repair

All the following are characteristics of periosteum EXCEPT __________.

it is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity

What is the water-resistant, fibrous protein that fills the cells of the outer layers of the epidermis and helps slow dehydration?

keratin

Which organ prevents calcium loss in response to PTH stimulation?

kidney

The bones that make up the eye socket, or orbit, include the __________.

lacrimal, ethmoid, and sphenoid

The spaces in the bony matrix where osteocytes exist are __________.

lacunae

The sutures that articulate the bones of the skull are the __________ sutures.

lambdoidal, sagittal, coronal, and squamous

Compact bone is characterized by many cylindrical osteons. Osteons are formed by layers of nested cylinders each called a(n) _____________.

lamella

The malleolus of the fibula is always on the __________ aspect of the leg.

lateral

Changing the magnitude and direction of forces generated by skeletal muscles is an illustration of the skeletal function of __________.

leverage

The anterior fontanelle __________.

lies at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures

Weight transfer occurs along the __________ of the foot.

longitudinal arch

The clavicles articulate with a bone of the sternum called the __________.

manubrium

The three components of the adult sternum are the __________.

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

Immediately after an initial injury to the skin, bleeding and __________ occur.

mast cell activation

What is the term for the pad of fibrocartilage found between opposing bones in some synovial joints?

meniscus

What mode of secretion do the eccrine sweat glands utilize?

merocrine

The narrow zone that connects the epiphysis and the diaphysis of long bones is the _________.

metaphysis

The stage of repair of a wound in which a fibroblast moves into the wound area is called the __________.

migratory phase

The surfaces of the scapulae and clavicles are extremely important as sites for __________.

muscle attachment

Nail production begins at the __________.

nail root

The soft, gelatinous core of the intervertebral disc is called the __________.

nucleus pulposus

Which structures are the joint surfaces that allow the cranium to articulate with the vertebral column?

occipital condyles

Which of the following is the term for a fracture in which the broken bone breaks through the skin?

open or compound

The passageway that allows the optic nerve to reach the eyeball for the sense of vision is the __________.

optic canal

The process of replacing other tissues with bone is called __________.

ossification

Cells that produce new bone matrix are called __________.

osteoblasts

Cells of the perichondrium need to take on a new role as ossification begins. They will become __________.

osteoblasts and begin to deposit bone matrix

As osteoclasts absorb and remove bone matrix, they leave shallow depressions called a(n) _________.

osteoclastic crypt

Giant, multinucleated cells involved in the process of osteolysis are __________.

osteoclasts

The process of osteolysis is performed by which cell population?

osteoclasts

Mature bone cells found in lacunae are called __________.

osteocytes

Even as an adult, we have populations of primitive cells that can produce osteoblasts. These primitive cells are called __________.

osteogenic cells

The process of bone breakdown or erosion is called __________.

osteolysis

What condition accelerates after menopause because of a decline in circulating estrogen?

osteoporosis

Canals that extend perpendicularly through bone to supply blood to deeper osteons and to tissues of the medullary cavity are ___________________ canals.

perforating

Which bone-associated structure is continuous with the capsule of the joint, adding strength and helping to stabilize the joint?

periosteum

The intervertebral foramina __________.

permit the passage of nerves to and from the spinal cord

The primary function of the pectoral girdle is to __________.

position the shoulder joint and provide a base for arm movement

The integumentary system has a protective function. From which of the following does the skin not protect us?

pressure and pain stimuli

In endochondral ossification, blood vessels penetrate and invade the central region of the cartilaginous model. This first area that is invaded is called the __________.

primary ossification center

A general term for a bony projection, often where a muscle, tendon, or ligament attaches to a bone is called a _______.

process

The stage of repair of deep skin injury in which epidermal cells migrate under the scab is called the __________.

proliferation phase

The movement in which the palm is moved to face posteriorly is _______.

pronation

Which of the following is not a function of the axial skeleton?

providing attachments for muscles that move the legs and feet

At which joint do pronation and supination occur?

proximal radio-ulnar joint

The amphiarthrotic articulation that allows limited movement between the two pubic bones is the __________.

pubic symphysis

Pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal and/or muscular system may be caused by __________.

rheumatism

Which appendicular joint firmly attaches the axial skeleton to the pelvic girdle?

sacro-iliac joint

At its proximal end, the round head of the humerus articulates with the __________.

scapula

The practical limit to the healing process of the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular __________.

scar tissue

The secretion that lubricates the skin and inhibits growth of bacteria is called __________.

sebum

Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters characterizes the burn as __________.

second-degree

The carpals or wrist bones are examples of __________.

short bones

A chamber within in a bone, normally filled with air, is a ___________.

sinus

Air-filled cavities found in some bones of the skull are called __________.

sinuses

The bony skeleton begins to form about __________ after fertilization and usually does NOT stop growing until about age __________ years.

six weeks; 25

The fibers of tendons intermingle with those of the periosteum, attaching __________.

skeletal muscles to bones

The three main organs that serve as the site for the regulation of blood calcium levels are the bones, the intestines, and the pancreas.

sphenoid, frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

Which suture forms the boundary between the temporal bone and the parietal bone of that side?

squamous suture

An important function of the hypodermis is to __________.

stabilize the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues

Psoriasis is a skin disorder in which there is abnormally increased mitotic activity in the __________.

stratum basale

What is the correct order of strata from the basement membrane to the free surface of the epidermis?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

stratum lucidum

The term for a partial dislocation of a joint is a __________.

subluxation

Small, flat, irregularly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull are called ________

sutural bones.

A fibrous joint that is slightly movable is called a ____________.

syndesmosis

A freely movable diarthrotic joint is always what type of structural joint?

synovial

The structures that pass across or around a joint, limiting range of motion and providing support, are __________.

tendons

The type of hairs that are found on the head of an adult and are actively growing are __________.

terminal hairs

In a shoulder separation, __________.

the acromioclavicular joint undergoes partial or complete separation

As a group, the metatarsals are the bones that comprise __________.

the arch of the foot

Which structure acts as a passageway for blood vessels that provide oxygen and nourishment to the brain?

the carotid canal

Beginning at the superior end of the vertebral canal and proceeding inferiorly, __________.

the diameter of the vertebral foramen decreases, and the size of the vertebral body increases

Differences in skin color among individuals are the result of __________.

the different levels of melanin synthesis

All of the following are true of the dermis EXCEPT that __________. -the papillary layer of the dermis underlies the epidermis -the hypodermis is part of the dermis -the reticular layer of the dermis underlies the papillary layer -the reticular layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue

the hypodermis is part of the dermis

The ligamentum flavum is a ligament that connects __________.

the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

In dark-skinned individuals, __________.

the melanosomes are more numerous

The sagittal suture joins __________.

the parietal bones to each other

Which skull structure encloses the structures of the inner ear?

the petrous part of the temporal bone

As blood vessels extend into the spaces left by dying chondrocytes, the models begin to ossify internally. Where does internal ossification begin?

the primary ossification center in the diaphysis

The joint between the two coxal bones is called the __________.

the pubic symphysis

A complete dislocation of the knee is extremely unlikely because of __________.

the seven major ligaments that stabilize the knee joint

The skeleton of the chest, or thorax, consists of __________.

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

Sensible perspiration released by the eccrine sweat glands serves __________.

to cool the surface of the skin, to reduce body temperature, and to dilute harmful chemicals

The primary benefit of having fingernails and toenails is __________.

to protect the dorsal surface of the tips of the fingers and toes

The meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers that make up spongy bone are __________.

trabeculae

A fracture that results in the break of a bone across the long axis of the shaft is called a _________ fracture.

transverse

The distal carpals are the __________.

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

A smooth, grooved articulating process of bone shaped like a pulley is a ___________.

trochlea

The first seven ribs are called __________, and they connect to the sternum by individual costal cartilages.

true ribs

A muscle attachment site, which appears as a slightly raised and roughened area on the bone is called a __________.

tuberosity

Ribs pairs 8, 9, and 10 are called __________.

vertebrochonral ribs

Depressions, grooves, and tunnels in bone indicate __________.

where blood vessels or nerves lay alongside or penetrated bones