Exam 2 PSYC 2010

Makena is starting her first job as a teacher. She recently learned about operant conditioning in her PSYC 101 class and wants to incorporate what she learned into the classroom. Based on what you've learned in this module, you might suggest that she develop a policy for rewards in which she:

?

Which of the following is evidence that long-term memory and short-term/working memory are separate?

?

Forgetting the store where you bought your blue sweater is an example of _____, because you likely never really processed that information in the first place

Absentmindedness

Which of the following would provide the strongest evidence that differences in a trait are the result of it being encoded in genes?

Adoptive children being more similar on the personality trait to their biological than adoptive parents

A significant part of our emotional experiences are the physiological states that precede and accompany them. Which of the following regions of the brain is responsible for our awareness of the physiological states throughout the body?

Insula

Depti reads the paper every day because she finds it valuable and meaningful to reflect on what is happening in the world. Jalila reads the paper every day because she is taking a civic's class and has to write graded papers on current events. Depti reads the paper because of ______ motivation; Jalila reads the paper because of ______ motivation.

Intrinsic // extrinsic

In the mythical country of Xacandra, people experience an emotion that they call blegthium. It has proven very difficult for outsiders who are interested in the emotion to define blegthium or to translate the concept into their own native language. Additionally, blegthium does not seem to appear as frequently in other cultures around the world. This would seem to suggest that blegthium...

Is likely the result of cultural practices in Xacandra that do not exist in other countries around the world

You are given the following list in a serial position task and then asked for immediate recall: pen, ship, log, cup, paper, radio, rose, sun, chair, glass, fork, wave, orange, pants, square, dial, record, caliper. You have little difficulty remembering the ship, but struggle to remember the word chair. Your better memory for ship, is evidence of the _______ and is likely because, at retrieval, that word was stored in and retrieved from ________.

Primacy effect // working memory

Psychologists distinguish between memory for the events of your life and other factual information that you know. The former is an example of ______ memory, and the later is an example of _______ memory

Procedural // episodic

Suppose you need to learn the following list: pen, ship, log, cup, paper, radio, rose, sun, chair, glass, fork, wave. Which of the following types of study would lead to best be able to remember the information later?

Relate each word to a fond childhood memory

Long-term memory is transferred to short-term memory via a process called:

Retrieval

Karl's grandmother, who came from Poland, died when he was three. He can remember very little about her. In fact, he has no conscious memories of the wonderful Polish food she used to cook. One day, Karl walks by a Polish restaurant and is flooded with memories of his grandmother. The food served as a _______ for Karl's memories of his grandmother.

Retrieval cue

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily.

Ever since his girlfriend broke up with him, Marcus has been going over the breakup in his mind. "Why did she leave? How could I have stopped her? We had such wonderful times. I miss her so much" Marcus is coping with his feelings through:

Rumination

The purpose of homeostatic behaviors is to:

Stabilize conditions in the body

Of the following, the strongest association in a classical conditioning paradigm will be observed if:

The NS/CS is presented immediately before the UCS

Professor Smith is doing research on fish. He refuses to learn his students' names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory, which could be better used for fish, and fish-related information. He is incorrect because:

To our knowledge, long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information

Cici gave up her dream of becoming an artist because her parents expected her to become a lawyer. According to Rogers, Cici likely did not experience which of the following from her parents while growing up?

Unconditional positive regard

What is the main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning is for learning conscious, willful responses, whereas operant conditioning is for learning reflexive responses

Allie is afraid of her neighbor's large dog. She then becomes afraid of any dog she sees on the street, and eventually she fears even pictures of dogs or toy dogs. This change is her fear of dogs represents _____.

Generalization

Which of the following items is NOT a need?

Hunger

In classical conditioning, what is the evidence that learning has occurred?

The pairing of a CS with a UCS

In terms of the circumplex model, anger and sadness share ______, whereas anger and joy share _______.

Valence but not activation; activation but not valence

According to the five-factor theory, which of the following describes neuroticism?

Worried vs. calm

As a friend gives you her new address over the phone, you realize that you don't have a pen to write it down. Approximately how long do you have to find a pen before her address will vanish from working memory?

About a minute or so

You go to the same gas station to get coffee every morning. And every morning it's the same group of people and the same clerk as it always is. One day, you are at the grocery store and someone comes up to you and says, "Hey Bill! Will I see you for coffee tomorrow?" You squint your eyes and work hard to identify who this person is, but you just stand there dumb-founded as you cannot recognize him. And then he says, "It's Gerald...from the gas station." It's the clerk. And now you feel embarrassed and a bit ashamed. You've seen his face a thousand times, but because you relied on _______ in your day-to-day life, you never processed his face well enough to be able to recognize him later.

Automatic encoding strategies

Dr. Gitter plays board games because he loves the challenge they provide. But he finds that once he has played a board game a few times, and has learned strategies to be effective in the game, he grows bored of it and is looking for a new challenge. As a consequence, Dr. Gitter has a large board game collection that continues to grow each moth as he searches for new games to challenge his skills and abilities. It would seem that Dr. Gitter's motivation to seek out, purchase, and play new board games is being driven by the intrinsic value of _______.

Competence

If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied somewhere else. This outcome occurs because of ______.

Context-dependent memory

Lecturing someone on how to serve a ball in tennis involves _____ memory; the act of serving the ball involves _____ memory; and your first memory of when you learned to serve a tennis ball involves ______ memory.

Declarative; procedural; episodic

Katniss was reading the textbook for her nature survival class and was trying to relate the material to her own experiences in the hunger games. According to the depths of processing model of memory, this would be considered ______.

Deep processing

Bronwen is a first-year student. College has mostly been going well, but she has been having difficulty finding people to socialize with. So she plans to put off studying and cleaning her room and instead attend a meeting of a campus organization and then go to a party in her dorm. However, when she gets to the campus organization event, she doesn't see anyone she's interested in meeting, goes home and cancels her plans to go to the party in her dorm. Bronwen has the ______ quality of motivation.

Directive and initiating, but not the persistent

Fayd is studying for his English literature exam. For each novel he has read for the course, he tries to spend a lot of time thinking of how the novel relates to his own life experiences. This activity requires that he think deeply about the themes and characters in the book, and he finds it helpful to think about how the relationships between characters in the book mirror the relationships he has in his own life. He has found that this strategy has helped him to better understand the themes in the books he is reading. Fayd is using the memory strategy of:

Elaborative rehearsal

In memory information processing, an individual MUST ______ a memory before ______ it.

Encode; storing

Many movies involve product placement. For example, the main character in a movie may drink only Dr. Pepper. Companies pay for product placement because they assume that it increases the likelihood that audience members will later buy the product. As it is unlikely that you really think all that deeply about the products that show up in the movies and television shows that you watch, any effect of this product placement would have to be due to _______.

Explicit memory retrieval

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. So she stops providing the puppy with a treat when she gets home and completely ignores the puppy until she calms down. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ______.

Extinction

Which of the following personality traits shows a pattern where people decrease in it as they age?

Extraversion

Carlos has an incredibly neat and tidy apartment. One of his favorite sayings is "a place for everything and everything in its place." He can trust others, but remains cautiously skeptical of their motives. He likes to read and enjoys his quiet time, often finding that spending too much time with other can be very tiring for him. While he does sometimes feel the stress and pressure from work, he would not consider his stress unmanageable. He plans to take a trip to Peru next year. He's never been. And in fact, has not really traveled that much. But he does have moderate level of interest in seeing the world and what it has to offer. Based on this description of Carlos, we would probably say that he is very low in _______, very high in _______ and in the average range on the rest of the big five personality characteristics.

Extraversion; conscientiousness

Dr. Gitter and his wife and daughter are bird nerds. They enjoy sitting in their sunroom and looking for the birds that frequent their back yards. Over the years, they have learned that there are certain times of day, and certain times of year, when birds will be most likely to appear and be available for observation. For example, hummingbirds seem to frequent the flowers in their backyard in the late summer months. The Mississippi Kites tend to hunt for bugs in the skies above their front yard every afternoon during the late spring. Finally, it seems winter is the best time to hear the Pileated Woodpecker drumming and calling in the early mornings. So when theses dates/times arrive, Dr. Gitter and his family are sure to be on the lookout for these specific birds. Apparently, the bird-nerdery of Dr. Gitter and his family has reached an epic level due to their recognition that birds' migratory, feeding, and mating patterns are on a _______.

Fixed Interval

Factor analysis is used by psychologists because it allows them to:

Group traits together based on their similarities

Robert becomes anxious during exams. He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks it helps calm him down. According to Hull's drive-reduction theory, over time Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become _____ due to ______.

Habitual; negative reinforcement

Cari often has temper tantrums, and she pouts when she cannot have her way. She often behaves impulsively and can lash out at others if she cannot have the things that she wants immediately. According to the psychoanalytic view of personality, Cari's personality appears to be dominated by:

Her ID

While we did not discuss gender differences in personality, one thing that we did discuss is hormonal differences that seem to be related to personality. There are gender differences in hormones. Specifically, men tend to be higher in testosterone and lower in oxytocin than women. This difference in hormones would then seem to suggest that women are _________ compared to men. Which, it turns out, is an observed gender difference in personality and may be due to these differences in hormone levels

Higher in agreeableness

During recess, children are trying to get the two ends of a seesaw perfectly balanced. If one side is too low, a heavier child will get off and be replaces by a lighter child; if one side is too high, a lighter child will be replaced by the heavier one. By analogy to motivational processes, the children are trying to achieve _______.

Homeostasis

Imagine you are in the forest and come across a bear. Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

I'm shaking, and I'm afraid

Which of the following people are most likely to have similar personalities and why?

Identical twins. Personality is largely biological, and identical twins share the most genes. Parenting and environment also play a role, and these things are more similar for identical twins

Sally used to live in a small town in Iowa, but she moved to New York City about 10 years ago. When she sends holiday cards to her friends in Iowa, she has trouble remembering their zip codes because when she tries to she can think only of her New York zip codes. This phenomenon is an example of which of the following problems relating to the fallibility of memory?

Interference

Positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar in that both:

Involve the administration of a stimulus

Tameri and Khai have found a house to buy that they really like. The day they found it, they had been having a wonderful time house hunting and planning their life together. A few days later, after having has a miserable day at work, Khai goes back to look at the house again. According to the affect-as-information hypothesis, you would predict that Khai would...

Like the house less, because of his current affective/emotional state

Jonathan has been teasing his sister a lot lately. As a response, his parents take away his video game console for a week. They notice that the relationship between Jonathan and his sister has gotten much better as a result of this and Jonathan is rarely teasing his sister anymore. Jonathan's parents have effectively applied ______ to influence Jonathan's teasing behavior.

Negative punishment

Dave worked extra hard this month and fulfilled his sales quota. So his boss told him that he didn't have to attend the weekly sales and production meetings that everyone hates. Consequently, Dave worked even harder the next month and doubled his sales. Dave's boss has successfully implemented ______ to influence Dave's work.

Negative reinforcement

Ian, age 2, was watching his father hammer a nail. His father his his own thumb and then used several expletives. As his father went in the house for a Band-Aid, Ian went over to the nail, picked up the hammer, pretended to hit his finger, and repeated the expletives. This scenario is an example of what kind of learning?

Observational

Karim likes to try new things. Recently he has gone skydiving, tried tango dancing, joined a soccer league, and started learning a new language. He wants to travel the world and try new things. We could say that Karim is high in:

Openness to new experiences

Antheia is a real risk-taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Fabio enjoys some risky activities, such as mountain biking, but he prefers moderation in most things. Benita dislikes risk-taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. Antheia, Fabio, and Benita differ in their:

Optimal level of arousal

Which of the following statements is in accordance with the humanistic perspective on personality?

People are fundamentally good and capable of growth when provided with support by their parents and community

The phase of information processing that is most similar to a Google search is:

Rehearsal

Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster, which is producing high levels of arousal. They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are falling in love. Which theory would be best able to account for this outcome?

Schachter Two-Factor

Students taking an introductory class in a subject that is completely new to them often find that the material seems very disorganized and confusing at the beginning. As the class progresses, the information seems to become better structured, and the students find it easier to integrate and interpret new material. One important reason for this happy change is that the students are developing _____ that allow them to make sense of, organize, and utilize information in memory.

Schemas

When a neutral stimulus that is similar to appearance to a conditioned stimulus does not produce the same response as the conditioned stimulus, the learning phenomenon of _______ is occurring.

Second-order conditioning (?)

You want your dog to learn to lie down when you are about to give him a treat. If you first reinforce his behavior when he sits, then when he sits and leans his head down, then when he fully lies down, you are using the technique called:

Shaping

Although your friend is much more outgoing and boisterous than you are, at your high school graduation you were both somber and quiet. Graduation was probably an example of a(n) _______ situation.

Strong

How much you personality is expressed can vary considerably from situation to situation. Based on our discussion of the person x situation approach, in which of the following would your personality have the strongest influence on your behavior?

Talking with a friend at a coffee shop

"During class, whenever the teacher starts speaking, people end their conversations and start listening. To help encourage this behavior, the professor waits until just before she is going to start lecturing to turn on the projector and dim the lights. As a result, whenever the professor dims the lights and turns on the projector, even before she has started lecturing, the class begins to quiet down" In this example, what did the students learn?

That dimming the lights means the professor is about to start speaking

How do the idiographic and nomothetic approaches to studying personality differ?

The first focuses on the unique characteristics of the individual, whereas the latter looks at how people vary on common characteristics

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to chemotherapy treatment is the _______.

Unconditioned response

Fly fishing is a bit different than traditional bait fishing. In bait fishing, you cast your line out and wait for a fish to bit. In fly fishing, you cast you line out, retrieve it, and then cast it out again. You are trying to time your cast to the presence of a fish in the stream. Sadly, fish are not very good at keeping regular schedules of hanging around people who are fishing for them. So people who fly fish never quite know when one will be swimming by. Based on the information above, we would say that the occasional catching of fish when fly fishing is on a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable interval

Barbara was slacking off with her in-class schoolwork. But then she saw Martin get a special star sticker for completely his schoolwork ahead of time. Barbara immediately got to work to complete her schoolwork. What type of learning led to Barbara's increased motivation to complete her schoolwork?

Vicarious reinforcement

Your supervisor starts telling you a boring, and oddly offensive, story. You know that the right thing to do would be to listen to her, but your impulses is to yell, "Shut up! Shut up! Shut up! You! You tedious, blithering, snoreasaur!" Instead, you interrupt and say "I'm sorry, but I was just about to return an important phone call." According to the psychoanalytic approach, your impulse to yell at your boss likely arose from:

Your ego