Exam 2 questions

In Milgram's (1963) experiments on obedience to authority, participants were led to believe that they were shocking a "learner" in another room each time the learner made an error. What was the main risk to participants in Milgram's study? a. lack of confidentiality b. scientific fraud c. psychological distress d. physical harm

c. psychological distress

d. Cronbach's alpha

A correlation-based statistic called ________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. a. Pearson's r b. a scatterplot c. kappa d. Cronbach's alpha

b. self-report measurement

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement? a. physiological measurement b. self-report measurement c. observational measurement d. archival measurement

b. risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained

In considering whether research is ethical, which of the following are balanced against each other? a. importance of the research versus financial cost to conduct the study b. risk to participants versus value of the knowledge gained c. inconvenience to participants versus benefit to the researcher d. time investment of the study versus complexity of the study

d. an ordinal scale of measurement

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? a. a categorical measurement b. a self-report measurement c. an interval scale of measurement d. an ordinal scale of measurement

d. Principle of justice

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? a. the principle of integrity b. the principle of respect for persons c. the principle of beneficence d. the principle of justice

d. validity

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1: Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez is concerned whether the measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale's a. reliability b. convenience c. operational definition d. validity

a. content validity

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following? a. content validity b. convergent validity c. criterion validity d. discriminant validity

a. He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of sensation-seeking in either of his two groups of people.

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time Gamblers Anonymous (GA) attendants complete his measure and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? a. He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of sensation-seeking in either of his two groups of people. b. He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered. c. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees. d. He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people's past diagnoses of pathological gambling.

c. Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially? a. Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants. b. Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants. c. Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names. d. Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing.

d. to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were treated ethically

What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? a. to review a study after its completion to determine if participants experienced any risk b. to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were randomly selected c. to assess scientific fraud d. to review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were treated ethically

c. The potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain.

What was the primary ethical concern in the Milgram study? a. The financial costs of conducting the study outweighed the benefits gained by the researcher. b. The researchers did not debrief the participants. c. The potential risks to participants outweighed the value of knowledge we can gain. d. The number of people negatively affected was larger than the number of people positively affected.

c. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease.

Which of the following ethical violations did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study? a. Researchers prevented participants from seeking treatment. b. Participants were not told they had been infected with the disease. c. Participants in the study were given/infected with the disease. d. Researchers told participants they were receiving treatment even though they were not.

b. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.

Which of the following is a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study? a. It allows researchers to get feedback from participants about how to design follow-up studies. b. It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study. c. It prevents researchers from being sued. d. It gives participants an opportunity to sign a waiver releasing the researcher from any liability.

b. Researchers have to look at the patterns of correlations for both types of validity.

Why are convergent and discriminant validity often evaluated together? a. Researchers have to determine whether convergent validity predicts discriminant validity. b. Researchers have to look at the patterns of correlations for both types of validity. c. Both terms refer to the same type of validity. d. Both types of validity are subjective in that they are determined by experts in the field.