Exam 3

Dry pet food typically contains what percent moisture?

10

Horses are especially susceptible to colic because their large and unwieldy Gastro intestinal tract is held from the dorsal spine (by the mesentery tissue) in only ____ locations

2

Which is true regarding cats? Select one: 1.Cats have been domesticated for 10,000 years longer than dogs and therefore we should expect less food aversions in cats. 2.Cats handle fiber much less efficiently than dogs. 3.Cats have more sweet taste receptors than dogs. 4.There are more dogs as pets in the US than there are cats.

2

Which of the following are true? Select one: 1.Fish (farmed ones) diets remain consistent throughout their lifespan (as they age). 2.The manner of feeding fish is important as some fish will only eat food at the water's surface while others will only eat food on the bottom of the tank. 3.Fish eat more in the winter months that the summer months and therefore owners should plan to have adequate winter food storage space. 4.All of the above are correct 5.None of the above are correct

2

True or False: The correct order of a fish digestive tract is: Mouth - Pharynx - Oesophagus - Gizzard - Stomach - Intestines - Rectum

True

True or false: Aquaculture began around 4,000 years ago in China, but was also common in the Roman Empire and Europe throughout the Middle Ages.

True

Concerning body condition scoring in dog ... what is considered emaciated? Select one: A.1.5 B.3.0 C.4.5 D.7.0 E.9.0

A

Which of the following is true of poultry? Select one or more: A.They digest their food more rapidly than mammals. B.North Carolina ranks second in the nation for turkey production C.Lysine should not be limited in their diets. D.Broilers are fed ad libitum and are marketed at 6 weeks of age E.Low water intake can lead to lowered feed intake

A, B, D, E

Select the best answers to finish this sentence: A dog's GI tract is Select one or more: a. monogastric b. ruminant c. quite similar to that of a human and a swine d. quite similar to a horse and a rabbit

A, C

Although controversial, some ruminants can use the uric acid in broiler droppings / litter as a source of: Select one: a. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) b. Protein c. Vitamins d. Minerals e. All of the above f. None of the above

a

Please select which one best completes the following sentence (fill in the blanks with the appropriate choices): Fish require more _______ but less _______ in their diet compared to the land animals we discussed. Select one: a. Vitamin C; Calcium b. Calcium; Vitamin C c. Vitamin A; Phosphorus d. Phosphorus: Vitamin A e. None of the above

a

Which of the statements are true regarding nutrient requirements in poultry? Select one: a.Poultry fat is higher in polyunsaturated fatty acids than ruminant fat. b.Poultry have excessive taste buds compared to mammals discussed. c.Poultry produce urea unlike mammals who produce uric acid. d.Phytase is an enzyme that releases calcium, if it is added to the feed. e.Poultry have lower body temperatures than mammals.

a

Why is choline absent in vitamin pre-mix for poultry? Select all that apply. Select one or more: a. It is required in variable amounts, sometimes quite large amounts. b. It is hygroscopic, meaning it attracts moisture from the air. c. It is toxic to poultry, even in very small quantities. d. It is unstable at room temperature.

a, b

Select all of the follow that are true for rabbits and their nutrition: Select one or more: a. Rabbits are kept as pets, raised for meat and used in the laboratory industry b. Rabbits should have access to food, especially hay, throughout the day c. Inadequate amounts of hay / fiber can cause constipation, fur-chewing, and enteritis d. Rabbits have teeth that do not grow constantly like horses do e. There are only 30 breeds of rabbits recognized by ARB

a, b, c

Select all of the following that are true of pet treats: Select one or more: a. Some treats are very high (too high) in salt / sodium and other minerals. b. Treats should be no more than 10% of the caloric intake for the daily / weekly consumption of the animal c. The back of the treat container provides owners with correct feeding guidelines for their specific animal. d. Healthier items, such as soft ice or normal pet food, can replace treats.

a, b, d

Choose one of the two negative canine feeding behaviors described in your notes and provide 1) a description of the negative behavior and 2) a method of preventing this behavior from occurring.

Bolting down feednig is a negative canine feeding behavior. This behavior can often occur in submissive dogs; it is when the dog quickly gulps down all of its food. It can result in bloat and gastric torsion. One can prevent bolting down feeding by monitoring food intake, feeding smaller amounts at a time, and/or by using a slow feeder bowl. ;1. Aggressive food behavior is a common issue among companion canines. The dog may be aggressive towards humans or other dogs when food is present. There are several ways to correct this behavior. If the dog is aggressive towards people while eating, slowly introducing food given in smaller portions by a human can get the dog used to food being available. If the dog is aggressive towards other dogs while eating, it may be best to separate animals while feeding to minimize stress and the dogs instinct to protect its food.

Define the following life stage in cats to the appropriate feeding guidelines: Kittens

Diet consists completely of mother's milk for first 3 weeks, after which time you can begin to wean them. They are usually completely weaned between six and eight weeks and will eat from two to three times a day until they are about six months old.

Define the following life stage in cats to the appropriate feeding guidelines: Lactating female

Feed ad lib. Her calorie requirements may be 2-4 times normal.

Gilt

Female swine that have not yet had offspring

Briefly provide and describe one advantage of grazing horses on pasture and one disadvantage of this feeding method. Be specific and do not repeat the same concept!

One advantage of grazing horses on pastures is that they get the nutrients they need and prevents cribbing or boredom behaviors. . Pasture grazed horses receive higher amounts of antioxidants and minerals present in pastures. It is important to test pastures to make sure the levels of nutrient needed are present. A disadvantage of grazing horses on pastures is that they need routine heart dewormers every 2 months. This may become costly or a hassle to do.

The acronym pST stands for ______. It is used to increase _____ and reduce deposition of _____. Its practicality for the food industry is diminished due to the fact that it must be administered via ____

Porcine somatotropin, muscle, fat, injection

Cecotropes

Soft pellets excreted by species such as a rabbit, also called night feces, which are consumed to gain microbial protein and vitamins B and K

Briefly explain why the Ca:P ratio requirement for layers is higher than broilers (provide numbers for full credit).

The Ca:P requirement for broilers is 2:1, but it can be as high as 10:1 for layers. This is because layers require extra calcium in order to support healthy egg formation as the egg shells need calcium in the form of calcium carbonate.

Floating

The process of filing off the sharp edges of a horse's uneven teeth

Drag and drop the terms in the appropriate location for the chicken's GI tract.

spleen, pancreas, proventriculus, ventriculus, small intestine

Carotenoids in fish diets help maintain

pigmentation

Please mark the only correct answer below. Select one: a. It is recommended to feed the average pets AAFCO labeled food for "All Life Stages" b. The last posted horse industry stats for NC showed that this is a $20 billion industry. c. Grain products (vs meat byproducts) are thought to be more palatable for companion animals d. It is possible for a "Diet food" to have more calories than a Non diet food. e. Alt milk is a normally good source of protein

d

True or false: Fish have salivary glands.

false

true or false: The cecum of poultry is considered to be higher functioning than most other omnivores discussed this semester.

false

Dusty or moldy hay can cause a permanent respiratory problem similar to human emphysema called _____ in horses.

heaving

true or false: In 2019, $95.7 billion dollars was spent on pets in the US, $36.9 billion of this was on pet food.

true

Poultry require more arginine in their diets as compared to most mammals because they do not produce _____. Instead their waste is secreted in the form of _____

urea, uric acid

Cockerel

A young domestic cock; not older than one year

This is why horses with internal parasites lose weight even though they are eating plenty of feed (including grain): Select one: 1.Reduced maltase secretion and reduced surface area for absorption in the small intestine. 2.Reduced maltase secretion and reduced surface area for absorption in the large intestine. 3.Reduced bile storage in the gallbladder. 4.Reduced ability to stop defecating. 5.None of the above.

1

Check ALL that apply: What items were discussed in your class materials as being potentially unhealthy or potentially toxic / pathogenic for your pet dog? Select one or more: 1.Xylitol 2.Strawberries 3.Fescue grass 4.Onions 5.Raisins 6.Raw meats

1, 4, 5, 6

I decided to feed my cat only ribeye steak meat from now on. Explain to me why this is a bad choice. What is the strictly nutrition reason for this answer (not the bacterial / contaminant reason if it is raw)?

1. A steak is very rich in protein, in fact it has too much protein for a cat to digest. Additionally the Ca:P ratio of a steak is 1:20 which is way above the phosphorous requirement for a cat. While the steak does contain taurine, an essential amino acid for cats, it is too protein rich and the cat cannot digest this. ; when a cat has a requirements of 1.1:1 which could lead to rubber jaw and other bone problems.

Pullet

A young hen or female usually less than a year old; also referred to as a medium-sized young chicken suitable for frying

In contrast to some popular press media reports, most farmers care for and pay a lot for their animals and their welfare. In fact, a swine farmer should expect their animal's diet to be what approximate portion of the costs of operating their facility / farm?

2/3 or 60-75%

For what stage of growth are antibiotics commonly added to swine diets, and what is the reason? Select one: 1.Finishing hogs; we want to clear their system before sending them to market. 2.Finishing hogs; their immune system is older and a little worn out. 3.Young nursery pigs; their immune system is not yet fully developed and they could use some help. 4.Young nursery pigs; they have a nutritional requirement for some antibiotics. 5.None of the above.

3

In the horse, this is where and how starch, protein & fat in grain are ultimately ABSORBED: Select one: 1.rumen (by microbes) 2.stomach (by hydrochloric acid and pepsin) 3.small intestine (by enzymes secreted from the pancreas and cells lining the small intestine) 4.cecum (by enzymes secreted from the pancreas and cells lining the cecum) 5.none of the above

3

We do not want to overfeed protein to swine because that could lead to this environmental problem: Select one: 1.It can cause skin irritations in people living nearby 2.Toxins in the air have been linked to increased cancer risks in the swine 3.High levels of nitrogen in the soil and potentially higher phosphorus (which can cause algae blooms) 4.High level of potassium in the air causing increased bird mortality 5.None of the above are correct

3

You are working at a swine farm and several of the pigs have died from bleeding out (or bleeding from stomach ulcers). What is the most likely cause for this? Select one: 1.parasites 2.drug interaction 3.finely pelleted feed 4.abusive workers 5.none of the above

3

Too much alfalfa could possibly be a problem for horses because: Select one: 1.It causes cribbing behavior. 2.It leads to a more frequent need for teeth floating. 3.Horses do not typically like it. 4.It increases the chance of horses consuming a type of beetle that could lead to the animals death. 5.None of the above.

4

When viewed from the rear, a horse that is "just right" would have this shape: Select one: 1.triangular shape (with the backbone being the apex of the triangle) 2.diamond-shaped (with the backbone and hips forming the top and sides of the diamond) 3.heart-shaped (with the backbone being in the center depression of the heart) 4.smooth and relatively flat along the top (no ridge or valley where the

4

Coccidiosis

A protozoan disease affecting all poultry and domestic birds, which leads to blood in bird stool and reduces the marketability of the birds

Very briefly, why is phytase important (make sure you include the species most discussed with it)?

About 2/3 of naturally occurring phosphorus is tied up as phytate-phosphorus. This means that the phytate holds onto the phosphorus in the body, not allowing it to be absorbed. This not only means that the animal receives way less phosphorus than it consumes, but it can also cause environmental problems such as algal blooms (leading to fish kills) when the excess phosphorus is excreted by the animal. Phytase is an enzyme that can be given to the animal, allowing the release of the phosphorus from the phytate, and therefore a huge increase in phosphorus absorption. The main species discussed with the phytase enzyme was pigs, but the enzyme can be important for poultry and other species as well.

Describe aflatoxicosis in fish (include what causes it) and list TWO symptoms of the disease.

Aflatoxicosis in fish is caused by feed that is contaminated with aflatoxins. Symptoms of this disease include anemia and reduction in feed intake (weight loss).

Which of these enzymes are not present in the GI of newborn pigs? Select one or more: a. Aromatase b. Lactase c. Amylase d. Maltase

C, D

Explain in detail 3 ways in which cats differ from dogs in their nutrient requirements.

Cats differ from dogs in their nutrient requirements as regarding amino acids, protein levels, and fiber levels. Cats need amino acids like arginine, arachidonic acid, niacin, taurine, and vitamin A in their diet. Cats also need higher constant levels of protein in their diet as their liver is continously releasing enzymes that digest the proteins. Further, cats cannot handle fiber as well as dogs can.

A 1,000 pound horse that is not getting any grain (the horse is eating just hay) should eat approximately this many pounds of hay per day (please note units are in pounds): Select one: A.5 to 10 pounds B.25 to 30 pounds C.1 to 2 pounds D.over 30 pounds E.15 to 20 pounds

E

What does FLUTD stand for & explain one of the two types of disorder discussed of this condition (giving details of prevalence and treatment of your example).

FLUTD stands for Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disorder. It occurs when urinary stones develop, such as struvite or calcium oxalate. If not treated, it prevents the cat from urinating. The bladder can rupture and result in death. In more historical studies, struvite was the most common urinary stone at around 98% of cases, but more recent studies have found that calcium oxalate is becoming more and more prevalent. Struvite stones, a form of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate, is thought to occur when there is too much magnesium in the diet. Treatment may include reducing the amount of magnesium and monitoring water intake and urine output. ; These stones form in a more alkaline or neutral environment. The second type of stone which is less common are calcium oxalate stones which form under more acidic and neutral conditions. Before 1981 about 78% of stones reported were struvite stones and only 2% were calcium oxalate. From 1994-2002 this trend changed with calcium oxalate stones becoming more prevalent at 55% and struvite stones only making up 33%. One of the reasons for this may be that research was done that showed struvite stones occured when the cat's urine had a more basic pH. This basic pH caused a problem because cats are naturally carnivores which led to their urine pH being more acidic. Once this was understood pets who were prone to struvite stones were able to be fed diets that helped keep urinary ph >6.6. This explains why there was such a large decrease in struvite stones.

Explain the process by which horses can suffer from dietary founder? What is the other name for founder? Be specific about what in the diet causes this, how it progresses, and what it can lead to.

Founder is also known as laminitis. When the horse eats too much starch/grains, it can bypass the small intestine into the cecum. In the cecum, the starch can cause an increase in amount/growth of lactobaccili. Consequently, this would cause an increase in the amount of lactic acid produce dby the lactobaccili, decreasing the pH of the cecum below normal pH. This can lead to permanent lameness in the horse. ;This is common in horses who are fed high amounts of grain but are not high performance animals that will use all of the soluble carbohydrates. This progresses slowly and the horse eventually becomes non weight bearing on it's front hooves. This is because the laminai in the hoof are very inflamed and cause the horse a large amount of pain. A way to diagnose this before the horse becomes not weight bearing is also by fatty deposits appearing on the horses crest resulting in a floppy neck.

Pick one of the top two species of farmed fish in either the US or NC. (Tell me if you are answering this question regarding the US overall OR NC speficially). Either is OK as long as you give the right answer. 1). Tell the location you will describe. 2). Tell one of the top two species you will discuss. 3). Tell the economic value this species has to the industry. 4). Tell one unique thing about nutrition that would make aquaculture a challenge nutritionally.

In North Carolina, trout is the top farmed fish species. It brings an economic value of 97M. Aquaculture is a challange nutritionally as fish can vary their nutritional needs based on species, season, and age. Thus what is good at one point in the year may not be good for the next. Additionally, fish also have preferences for eating like at what level the food is in their tank.

This image is of what breed of pig that US producers are trying to mix with current stock to produce lean animals with more offspring?

Meishan

Define the following life stage in cats to the appropriate feeding guidelines: Geriatric cats

Need a more palatable diet with more fiber. It is important to watch more closely for dietary problems.

What is "Paylean""? What are it's functions? What is the mechanism by which it works? what percentage of US farmers us it - why or why not?

Paylean, otherwise known as ractopamine, is the a growth hormone that can be naturally produced in the pituitary glands of swine. It directs nutrients from fat tissue to muscle cells in order to increase muscle growth and reduce fat deposition. It works by binding to the beta-1? receptors in cells. US Farmers do not usually use it as it is a protein that would be digested like other proteins if given orally. Thus, it has to be given by injection, which would be too difficult and time consuming for farmers to do to all of their swine. Around 50-80% of farmers use it (?)Paylean (or Ractopamine) is a repartitioning agent that directs nutrients to muscle and away from fat. It increases muscle growth by 30% and decrease fat deposition by 5%. It works as a beta antagonist and binds to beta-1 receptors on the cell.

According to the second companion animal obesity article on Moodle, briefly explain two ways that pet owners can prevent obesity in their pets. It must be clear that this information is coming from the article.

Pet owners can prevent obesity in their pets by exercising them on walks longer than just taking them out to use the bathroom. They should also be wary of the food they give to their pets and the nutritional requirements needed for their specific pet.

What is phase feeding? What is one advantage and one disadvantage of this method? Name a species in which it is commonly used.

Phase feeding is feeding an animal based on its age and growth level. An advantage of this type of feeding is that you can limit waste and thus improve costs by ensuring the animal is getting exactly what it needs and not less/more. A disadvantage is that the farmer has to have many storage units for the feed which could increase the chances of food spoilage, uses up space, and is resource connsuming. It is commonly used in swine.

Define the following life stage in cats to the appropriate feeding guidelines: Pregnant female

Should be fed ad libitum. Monitor attitude and keep in mind that weight gain should be gradual.

Define the following life stage in cats to the appropriate feeding guidelines: Breeding cats

Should be in good condition and not too slim or too fat.

PERFECT: ) Pick one of the top two species of farmed fish in either the US or NC. (Tell me if you are answering this question regarding the US overall OR NC specifically). Either is OK as long as you give the right answer. Tell the location you will describe Tell one of the top two species you will discuss Tell the economic value this species has to the industry. Tell one unique thing about nutrition that would make aquaculture a challenge nutritionally.

The location that I will describe is our home state, North Carolina. One of the two top species in North Carolina fisheries is Trout. Trout has an economic value of about 23 million dollars. Its meat is worth about 1.99 per pound. One unique thing that would make aquaculture a challenge nutritionally is the fact that fish do not require certain foods, certain amounts of foods, or even food at all during some months. This of course depends on the species of fish, the age of the fish that you are working with, and it also depends on wether or not you are artifically heating the pool that the fish are being kept in. Some farmers choose to heat their tanks and keep the fish at a more constant temperature, which would effect the food intake that the fish would need. This would most likely make it so that the fish do not need as fluxuating amounts of food, but instead a more constant diet. However, if this does not occur, then the fish may need a certain diet in a more active, hotter summer month, than a cold winter month where the fish are not as active, could be in a semistate of "hibernation", or do not require nutrients for those months. However, when no feeding/low feeding occurs in the winter months, this makes it so that the spring months are very nutritionally important and plenty of food and nutrients that were not provided during the winter may be needed in large amounts because of the growth needed from the animals and the need to get nutrients in their systems.

There was a food labeling paper in the extra readings section of the course. Tell me one thing from that article (be precise so that I can tell you read it).

There are several things that need to be included on a food label. These include the manufacturer's name and address, the product name, the guaranteed analysis, the ingredients, the quality statement, and the intended species.

Why did I ask you to research Menu Foods on your own? Some detail please on what happpened with Menu Foods & the results that were challenging for animal owners.

There was a major pet food recall regarding Menu Food products. Their feed was contaminated with methylamine(?), a chemical used in plastics, that was making pets ill. Pet owners had to become more wary of what they were giving their pets.

Explain what risks / concerns dog owners should be aware of when purchasing fake bones or rawhide treats for their dogs. Provide at least 2 risk

When purchasing fake bones or rawhide treats for their dogs, owners should be aware of at least 2 risks. They should ensure that the fake bone or rawhide treat will not splinter before or after consumption by the dog. This could cause severe damage to the dog's GIT. They should also research the company and location where the product was manufactured to ensure that the country does not use pesticdes banned or strictly regulated by the US. Otherwise, the owner could accidentally be introducing these pesticides to their dog and cause them to become ill.

Which of the statements are true regarding with hot weather feeding program in poultry Select one or more: a.To compensate low feed intake during hot weather, diets should be high nutrient density b.Hot weather feeding methods are practiced when the average nighttime temperatures are greater than 80 °F. c.Feed is removed 10 hours before the temperatures reach 95 °F in the poultry barn d.Food digestion decreases body heat e.Use of synthetic amino acids is recommended

a, b, e

Select all of the following that are true regarding cat nutrition. a. Cats prefer to eat 10 to 20 times a day b. Drastic changes in food are okay for cats c. 33.8% of cats are overweight d. Raw chunk meat is an appropriate diet for cats e. Sedentary cats should not be fed ad libitum

a, e

In companion animals which statement is true? Select one: A.Moist food is recommended for cats that need food available throughout the day since it is less likely to spoil. B.Dry pet foods can contain both plant and animal byproducts, but those containing animal products are often more palatable. C.Dry foods are the recommended food type to clean the animal's teeth AND always works so well that it is more recommended by veterinarians than yearly teeth cleanings. D.All of the above. E.A & B Only. F.None of the above.

b

Approximately (+ or - 5%), this percentage of dogs are considered to be OBESE according to your moodle material: (This is just obese not overweight + obese) Select one: a.3.0 b.40 c.20 d.30 e.none of the above percentages are correct representatives

c

This is the mineral that can act as an antibiotic for swine when given at 10-20x the requirement in the diet.

copper

Which of the following is true about fish teeth? Select one: a. They evolved from scales. b. They are constantly being replaced. c. They are made up of dentine and covered by enamel. d. They have a pulp cavity like humans. e. These are all correct.

e

First limiting amino acid in poultry production

methionine

true or false: Dogs do not need or crave a large variety in their diets (or feeding regime) as many owners believe.

true

true or false: Cats are generally considered obligate carnivores.

true