Exam 3 (ch 7, 8, & 9)

Episodic and semantic memory share two key features:

1. they can be communicated flexibly 2. they are accessible to our consciousness

_________ is one of several enzymes that are critical for degrading dopamine.

COMT

Who argued that episodic memory grows out of semantic memory?

Endel Tulving

Later in the day, the senior is helping a new student learn her way around campus. When the tour finishes, the newcomer asks where she can buy a cup of coffee. The senior thinks for a moment, then says that the coffee is better at a nearby Starbucks than at the student center. How might the senior be using both semantic and episodic memory here?

Knowing that the student center serves lousy coffee is an example of general knowledge about the world, so it counts as semantic memory. (Knowing how to get to Starbucks from the present location counts as semantic memory, too.) But why does the college senior think that the coffee is better at Starbucks? If he can remember a specific episode in which he went to the student center and had terrible coffee, or visited Starbucks and had a great experience, that would qualify as episodic memory.

What is the most common treatment for ADHD?

Ritalin, also known as methylphenidate, are stimulants that either increase dopamine release or block its reuptake at synapses

In an expert juggler who has reached the autonomous stage of skill learning, basal ganglia neurons might fire most strongly when

She is catching and tossing the balls

What kind of information or functioning is lost or disrupted, as well as what kind of trauma or damage might be responsible with anterograde amnesia?

The ability to form new episodic and semantic memories is lost or disrupted. The common causes are damage to the medial temporal lobes (or the basal forebrain).

In a novice juggler who is still in the cognitive stage of skill acquisition, basal ganglia neurons might fire most strongly when

The balls are in the air

Is ADHD a heritable disorder like schizophrenia is?

Yes, there has been recent studies that have identified some of the genes believed to be linked to ADHD

Declarative memory

a broad class of memories, both semantic and episodic, that can typically be verbalized ("declared") or explicitly communicated in some other way

Nondeclarative memory

a broad class of memory that includes skill memory and other types of learning that do not fall under either the episodic or semantic memory categories and that are not always consciously accessible or easy to verbalize

Explicit memory

a category of memory that includes semantic memory and episodic memory and that consists of memories of which the person is aware: you know that you know the information

According to standard consolidation theory, patients with brain damage that is limited to the hippocampus should have _______ of anterograde amnesia and ________ of retrograde amnesia.

a lot of; very little

A false memory is _______.

a memory for events that never actually happened

define dopamine

a neuromodulator that alters neuron-to-neuron communication

A skill is a(n)

ability to perform a task that has been honed through experience

If a mother wants her son to implicitly learn to use correct grammar, she should

always use correct grammar when she speaks to him

The general term for conditions involving severe memory loss is _____. More specifically, loss of the ability to form new declarative memories is called _____, while the loss of previously acquired information is called ______.

amnesia, anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia

During encoding of new verbal information, the ________ is activated for tasks that involve semantic processing, while the _______ is activated for phonological processing.

anterior prefrontal cortex; posterior prefrontal cortex

What kind of information or functioning is lost or disrupted, as well as what kind of trauma or damage might be responsible with transient global amnesia (TGA)?

anterograde (and possibly retrograde) memory, usually for a day or less is lost or disrupted. The common causes are unknown but possibly a brief interruption of blood flow to the brain.

Ten years ago, John was involved in a motorcycle accident that caused damage to his medial temporal lobes, including his hippocampus. He spent 2 weeks in the hospital recovering before being released to the care of his wife at home. Now, John has no memory of the time he spent in the hospital. Is this an example of retroactive interference, proactive interference, retrograde amnesia, or anterograde amnesia?

anterograde amnesia

During the ______ stage of skill learning, learners begin using stereotyped actions when performing the skill and rely less on actively recalled memories of rules.

associative

Being able to type a text message without looking at the phone is an example of the _____

associative stage

What is one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric problems in children?

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); about 5% of children are diagnosed with it

Neurons in the _______ change their firing patterns as rats learn to perform a perceptual-motor skill.

basal ganglia

Why is studying mental illnesses like schizophrenia and ADHD difficult?

because of the lack of clear disease markers, lack of uniformly applied diagnostic criteria, and the growing realization that these disorders are highly heterogeneous, with each patient sharing some but not all symptoms with other patients in the same diagnostic category

What are treatments for ADHD that are not medication?

behavioral training methods may offer some relief. Training children with ADHD to learn to better manage their cognitive control and to use their working memory more effectively can, over time, lead to improvements in their working memory on certain tasks as well as reduce some of the core symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity

Recent studies of function brain imaging on patients with schizophrenia suggest that their reduced capacity for executive aspects of working memory is accompanied by what?

by the engagement of a larger network of other cortical regions, consistent with the idea that they are recruiting compensatory networks that utilize other, less impaired brain regions

In Baddeley's working-memory model, which system monitors and manipulates the two working memory buffers?

central executive

The ________ in Baddeley's model monitors and manipulates both of the working-memory buffers, providing cognitive control of working memory.

central executive

Getting drunk will impair processing in your _______, which will make it harder to perform skills such as walking in a straight line.

cerebellum

What are symptoms of ADHD?

children and adults with this disorder have great difficulty with cognitive-control processes such as planning, organizing their time, keeping attention focused on a task, and inhibiting responses to distracting stimuli

What is an example of how ADHD symptoms are especially evident in settings that require the exercise of self-control?

children diagnosed with ADHD can sit still for hours when they are actively playing video games, but they have trouble paying attention in school where they must sit for long periods and pay attention to less captivating information

A teenager who is learning to make macaroni and cheese for the first time is likely to be in the ______ stage of skill acquisition.

cognitive

Historically, researchers have questioned whether it is possible for animals other than humans to learn _____ skills.

cognitive

Updating a website is an example of a(n) _______ skill because it requires using computer programming knowledge to solve a problem.

cognitive

The manipulation and application of working memory for planning, task switching, attention, stimulus selection, and the inhibition of inappropriate reflexive behaviors is known as

cognitive control

_______ occurs in some forms of amnesia when patients, asked to remember past events, respond with highly detailed but false memories.

confabulation

Newly acquired episodic and semantic memories are particularly vulnerable during the ______. However, each time a memory is reactivated or recalled, it may again become vulnerable to modification, a process termed _______.

consolidation period, reconsolidation

Practicing a single dance routine that is synchronized to a specific piece of music is an example of ______ practice.

constant

Indicate which facet of working memory is in evidence: Remembering to pick up donuts, toilet paper, and seltzer water at the convenience store while you make your way up and down the aisles

controlled updating of short-term memory buffers

According to the level-of-processing effect, which decision would lead to the BEST memory for a word?

deciding whether the word makes sense in a sentence

Episodic memory and semantic memory are sometimes grouped together in the category _______, whereas other types of memory, such as skill memory, that are not always consciously accessible or easy to verbalize are sometimes grouped together in the category ______.

declarative memory, nondeclarative memory

Short delays are used in the ________ task for the purpose of assessing working memory; longer delays are used in the same task for the purpose of studying long-term memory.

delayed nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS)

Is this an open skill or a closed skill: a fish catching insects

depends on the fish and the insect. mostly closed if the insect falls into the water; mostly open if the insect lives underwater

Is this an open skill or a closed skill: a boy playing a piano

depends on the type of music. mostly closed if classical; mostly open if jazz

In the _____ paradigm, subjects typically show worse memory for items that they have been specifically instructed to forget.

directed forgetting

Earl Miller argued that the key "cognitive" contribution of the prefrontal cortex to working memory is the ability to sustain activity despite ________.

distractions

Loss of motor control ______ (does or does not) imply that a skill memory is forgotten.

does not

Most pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia work by altering the transmission of ________, a neuromodulator that alters neuron-to-neuron communication.

dopamine

Schizophrenia patients with two less effective alleles of the COMT gene- a gene that functions in _________ metabolism- are more likely to perform _________ on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task compared to patients with zero or one abnormal copy.

dopamine; worse

The _______ cortex is activated during people's attempts to remember past events.

dorsolateral prefrontal

In a delayed-response task, Fuster found that monkey prefrontal neurons fired only

during a delay period when the monkey had to remember the location of an object

Researchers found that schizophrenia correlates with depressed DLPFC activity during what task?

during the N-back task, a standard test of the manipulation of working memory

Carol sustained frontal-lobe damage when she was hit by a car last year. Now she is unable to hold down a job, as she never cares to show up on time. Given her brain damage and behavior, it is likely that Carol has ______ syndrome.

dysexecutive

Therapy involving _____ is sometimes used to treat severe depression but can severely disrupt newly formed memories.

electroconvulsive shock

The "______ effect" refers to the phenomenon that memory is usually best when the cues available at testing are similar to those at encoding; the "______ effect" refers to the phenomenon that memory is usually best when information is processed in the same way at encoding and retrieval.

encoding specificity, transfer-appropriate processing (TAP)

According to Endel Tulving, which type of memory stores specific autobiographical events?

episodic

The second phrase to be translated is ne tentes, aut perfice. This is harder; the student can remember studying the phrase, and he even recalls that the phrase was printed in black ink on the lower left of a page in his textbook, but he cannot recall the translation. Is the student using semantic or episodic memory?

episodic memory

Whereas ______ memory includes information we are aware that we know, _______ memory can exist without the learner's awareness.

explicit, implicit

The _____ is located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain and is connected to subcortical structures such as the _______ by a fiber bundle called the ______.

frontal cortex, basal forebrain, fornix

_______ is a sudden memory loss that does not seem to result from physical causes such as brain injury.

functional amnesia

What does the frontal cortex do?

helps to determine what we store and what we don't save

Standard consolidation theory states that brain structures including the ______ are required for storage and retrieval of _______ memories but not of _______ memories. In contrast, multiple trace theory suggests that _______.

hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe, recent episodic and semantic, older, episodic (and possibly semantic) memories are encoded by an ensemble of hippocampal and cortical neurons and that both the hippocampus and cortex are normally involved in storing and retrieving even very old memories

Severe and permanent amnesia can be caused by brain damage that includes the ______ or the ______.

hippocampus, basal forebrain

Thorndike proposed the ______ to explain why skills transfer best when they are used in situations that are highly similar to the one in which they were originally learned.

identical elements theory

People improve at the serial reaction time task without realizing that some sequences are being repeatedly presented or that their performance is improving, which suggests that their learning is _______.

implicit

Suppose a child is learning to swim. If a person measures how long it takes the child to swim from one end of the pool to the other each day, the person will typically find that the child's speed will

increase rapidly over the first several days and then increase more slowly on subsequent days

While control subjects use the DLPFC in executive working-memory skills, patients with schizophrenia are unable to do so. what do they do instead?

instead, they engage greater VLPFC involvement, possibly as a form of compensation for the dysfunctional DLPFC response

General _______, the capacity for learning, reasoning, and understanding, appears to be associated with a strong ________ memory, especially for manipulating larger numbers of rules, concepts, goals, and ideas.

intelligence; working

When two memories overlap in context, the strength of either or both memories may be reduced. This is known as what?

interference

______ refers to a disruption of memory due to overlap with the content of other memories. In _______, new learning disrupts old (previously stored) information. In ______, old learning interferes with the ability to recall newly learned information.

interference, proactive interference, retroactive interference

In a 1972 study, Bransford and Johnson read an abstract passage aloud to participants, who then had to recall as much information as possible. Some participants were also shown a picture that was described by the passage, either before or after they heard the passage read. The results of this study demonstrated that memory is better when the information is?

interpreted in the context of things one already knows

One difference between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memory ______, while semantic memory _______.

is acquired in a single exposure; usually requires several exposures

The hippocampus

is most active during initial encoding of words that would be remembered

Which statement is TRUE regarding episodic memory?

it can be communicated in a format other than that in which it was acquired

A mutation in one kind of gene causes only a small change in cognitive performance, but what happens when there is a combination of mutations in many different genes?

it could push a person past a tipping point into a high-risk category for schizophrenia

What does COMT inhibitors do?

it is one of several enzymes that are critical for degrading dopamine (and other related neuromodulators)

What does this evidence suggest about having 1 or 2 copies of the less effective allele (as it is most common in those with schizophrenia)?

it shows that it impairs activation of the PFC during working-memory and executive-function tasks

Even with patients with schizophrenia are able to keep up with the processing demands of tasks that require cognitive control and do exhibit normal working-memory behaviors, what does brain imaging show?

it shows that these patients are meeting the demands less efficiently by employing greater posterior cerebral metabolic brain activity with less focused cortical activity

Deficits in working memory in people with schizophrenia may be caused by a(n) _________ in the prefrontal cortex.

lack of sufficient dopamine

Frontal-lobe patients with damage to the ______ side are most likely to show specialized deficits in verbal (as opposed to visuospatial) working memory.

left

Which type of memory is NOT considered to be a transient memory?

long-term

Cramming the night before an exam is an example of ______.

massed practice

H.M.'s seizures were so bad doctors removed his _____ bilaterally, drastically reducing the frequency and severity of his seizures.

medial temporal lobes

Semantic memory

memories for facts and general knowledge about the world

Semantic memory

memory for facts or general knowledge about the world, including general personal information

Episodic memory

memory for personal experience of specific autobiographical events; it includes information about the spatial and temporal contexts in which the event occurred

Implicit memory

memory that occurs without the learner's awareness

Feeling-of-knowing and judgment-of-learning phenomena are examples of ______, the knowledge of, and ability to think about, our memories.

metamemory

Identify the region of the prefrontal cortex whose activity is most critical: Deciding who should sit where around a dinner table set for eight to avoid seating ex-spouses and feuding ex-business partners next to each other.

monitoring and manipulating information requires the DLPFC

In the Tower of Hanoi puzzle, moving all the disks to the right is an abstract plan that depends on the ______ part of the frontal lobes, whereas specific plans for completing individual steps to solve the puzzle (e.g., moving the yellow disk to the middle peg) depend on a more ______ part of the frontal lobes.

most anterior (frontmost); posterior region

Is this an open skill or a closed skill: a young woman throwing darts

mostly closed; dart-throwing movements are predefined, and inputs are stable

Is this an open skill or a closed skill: a girl swimming

mostly closed; swimming movements are predefined, and inputs are stable

Is this an open skill or a closed skill: a couple kissing

mostly open if skilled; kissing requires continuous feedback

Is this an open skill or a closed skill: A sea lion balancing a ball

mostly open; balancing a ball on one's nose requires continuous feedback

Is this an open skill or a closed skill: a bear catching a fish

mostly open; fishing requires accurate prediction of changing inputs

Place-based models of memory are also known as ________ models of memory because they imply the existence of two or more different places for memories to be stored; similarly, state-based models of memory have been referred to as _________ models of memory because they imply that there is only one place for memory, although these memories can be in various states.

multi-store; unitary-store

Which theory is supported by the finding that some people can have retrograde memory loss extending all the way back to their childhood?

multiple memory trace theory

In _______, extensive practicing of an instrument leads to loss of motor control.

musician's dystonia

Daniel Weinberger and colleagues have shown that a mutation in what gene affects dopamine metabolism in the frontal lobes?

mutation in the COMT gene

Psychologists sometimes classify memories that are not easily put into words, including skill memories, as

nondeclarative memories

Without any explicit training from adults, many children know how to turn the ignition key in order to start their parent's car. This is an example of

observational learning

Korsakoff's disease is what?

often accompanied by confabulation

Proactive information is when

old information disrupts new learning

How and why do stimulant medications remediate the attentional problems in people with ADHD?

one possibility is that stimulant medications increase the saliency of the basal ganglia signal to the PFC by increasing extracellular dopamine in the striata region of the basal ganglia

If the origins of ADHD are in the basal ganglia, not the frontal lobes, why do stimulants improve working memory and reduce symptoms of ADHD?

one view is that people with ADHD have "noisy" basal ganglia, that sometimes send inappropriate signals to the PFC, resulting in distractible behavior, while at other times the basal ganglia do not signal the PFC when appropriate, resulting in perseveration or inattention

What is wrong with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with schizophrenia?

one view is that the deficits in working memory and executive control found in schizophrenia may be linked to deficiencies in cortical dopamine processing

In humans, the prefrontal cortex encompasses approximately ________ of the cerebral cortex.

one-third

Surfing is an example of a(n) ________ skill because surfers have to adapt to variations in the qualities of each wave.

open

An age-related disorder involving a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons that affect basal ganglia activity is ______.

parkinson's disease

George Sperling's (1960) experiments on visual sensory memory demonstrated that

people have a very brief visual memory that decays rapidly

In a 1972 study, Bransford and Johnson read an abstract passage aloud to participants who then had to recall as much information as possible. Some participants were also told the topic of the passage before they heard the passage read. Which group remembered the MOST information?

people who were told the topic before hearing the passage

Skiing is an example of a(n) ________ skill because it requires coordinating movements based on sensory information.

perceptual-motor

In the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, frequently used in clinical settings, patients with frontal-lobe lesions show ______; that is, they fail to learn a new rule despite feedback indicating that the old rule is incorrect.

perseveration

What kind of information or functioning is lost or disrupted, as well as what kind of trauma or damage might be responsible with functional amnesia?

personal (episodic and semantic) memories are lost or disrupted. The common causes are strong psychological trauma but no obvious physiological injury.

Identify the region of the prefrontal cortex whose activity is most critical: Remembering how to pronounce the name of the French exchange student you just met.

phonological encoding is a specialty of the posterior left VLPFC

According to the ______, performance during learning improves rapidly at first, then slows down.

power law of practice

Many studies suggest that the _________ is dysfunctional in patients with schizophrenia.

prefrontal cortex

Which area of the brain seems to play an especially important role in working memory?

prefrontal cortex

Marina recently broke up with her longtime boyfriend Carl; last month, she started dating Lance. One night while she was tired and distracted, she called him Carl by mistake. Is this an example of retroactive interference, proactive interference, retrograde amnesia, or anterograde amnesia?

proactive interference

Suppose Jamal buys a new remote control for his television, and he is having a hard time remembering where the buttons are because they are arranged differently than they were on his old remote control. This is an example of

proactive interference

Suppose you buy a new remote control for your television and you're having a hard time remembering where the buttons are because they are arranged differently than they were on your old remote control. This is an example of

proactive interference

The Robot gradient describes a pattern of memory loss in which ______ memories are more prone to disruption than are ______ memories.

recently acquired, older

Episodic memory is what we ______, semantic memory is what we _____

remember, know

Which memory task is likely to be the MOST difficult following damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

remembering a phone number someone just verbally told you before you can enter it into your phone

Someone with damage to the basal ganglia would have the MOST trouble with which task?

remembering how to do a specific dance

According to the testing effect, which study principle is LEAST likely to increase your recall of information on a psychology exam?

rereading the text

Scott took two semesters of Latin in college. He then spent a summer abroad in Spain and learned some Spanish while he was there. The next semester, he enrolled in another Latin course, but on his first test he mistakenly used some Spanish words instead. Is this an example of retroactive interference, proactive interference, retrograde amnesia, or anterograde amnesia?

retroactive interference

John also has no memory of events that occurred in the months before his accident, although he remembers his childhood in Minnesota. Is this an example of retroactive interference, proactive interference, retrograde amnesia, or anterograde amnesia?

retrograde amnesia

What are the two most common disorders involving dysfunctional prefrontal circuits?

schizophrenia and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Evidence suggests that nonhuman animals probably have what type of memory?

semantic and episodic

Identify the region of the prefrontal cortex whose activity is most critical: Learning the definitions of "distributor", "ignition coil," and "carburetor" by reading a car-repair manual.

semantic encoding is done by the anterior left VLPFC

A college senior takes his Latin vocabulary exam. The first phrase to be translated is carpe diem. This is an easy one; he knows the answer is "seize the day," even though he cannot remember exactly where he first heard this expression. Is this student using semantic or episodic memory?

semantic memory

______ is memory for facts and information about the world (including personal information); _______ is memory for specific events that occurred at a particular time and place.

semantic memory, episodic memory

Areas of the cerebral cortex involved in processing specific types of information, such as sights and sounds, are called ______; other areas of the cortex, called ______, process information both within and among sensory modalities.

sensory cortex, association cortex

Jamie forgets the color of Carrie's shirt as soon as they exchange goodbyes. The fleeting visual sensation that Jamie had before she forgot the color is called a(n) _______.

sensory memory

Evan must study or two exams and write a term paper. He needs to decide how to distribute his work during the day, including how much time to spend studying each subject, when to work on the term paper, how much he needs to accomplish before taking a break, and so forth. The task Evan's central executive is MOST concerned with in this example is

setting goals and planning

Indicate which facet of working memory is in evidence: Preparing for your friends a meal consisting of an entree, a salad, and two side dishes and having all the dishes ready to serve at the same time

setting goals and planning

Amnesia

severe memory impairment

Three ways in which memory can be tested are free recall, which entails _______; cued recall, which entails _______; and recognition, which entails _______. Of the three, _______ usually produces the best performance.

simply generating requested information from memory, some kind of prompt or cue to aid recall, picking out (or recognizing) a studied item from a set of options, recognition

During periods of ______, neurons in the hippocampus "replay" the same activation patterns that they showed during prior learning.

slow-wave sleep

There is strong evidence for frontal dysfunction in ADHD, but is the frontal cortex the origin of the attentional and cognitive control problems of ADHD?

some investigators believe that frontal-cortex dysfunction, and the associated working-memory and attentional problems, are actually the consequence of deficits in other subcortical structures, especially the basal ganglia, which is critically involved in skill learning and action selection

Remembering a fact but thinking you learned it in school when you actually only saw it in a movie is an example of a ______.

source monitoring error

Practicing the piano once a week for several months is an example of ______.

spaced practice

Indicate which facet of working memory is in evidence: Remembering not to wake up in the middle of night and call out the name of your old girlfriend while you are sleeping with your new girlfriend

stimulus selection and response inhibition

The _______ task consists of a series of names of colors, each printed in a color that is different from the color being named.

stroop

What is structurally different in the brains of people with ADHD?

structural neuroimaging of children with ADHD shows they have a smaller right PFC, the region associated with spatial attention and working memory. they also have decreased PFC activity, while diffusion tensor imaging has indicated weaker prefrontal white matter connections

A person's genetically endowed ability to perform a skill better than most is known as a gift or a(n)

talent

Indicate which facet of working memory is in evidence: texting while driving

task switching

Psychologists usually associate cognitive skills with all EXCEPT

tasks that depend on physical dexterity or speed

What kind of information or functioning is lost or disrupted, as well as what kind of trauma or damage might be responsible with retrograde amnesia?

the ability to retrieve (recall) existing episodic (and possibly semantic) memories is lost or disrupted. The common causes are broad damage to the medial temporal lobes and beyond.

Medial temporal lobes

the medial (or inner) surface of the temporal lobes that contains the hippocampus, the amygdala, and other structures important for memory

When a rat learns to turn the correct way in a T-shaped maze, one finds that in the basal ganglia

the pattern of neural activity changes as the rat becomes better at the task

what did they see when they looked at the brains of non-symptomatic individuals with 0, 1, or 2 copies of the less effective COMT allele to see which brain regions showed activity during the 2-back task?

the region that was most highly correlated with this allele was the PFC. The more copies of the less effective COMT allele (hence the worse dopamine functioning), the less PFC activity was seen during the 2-back task

Several tasks are commonly used to investigate different phenomena related to skill memory, including the serial reaction time task and the rotary pursuit task. Identify which aspects of skill memories each of these tasks has been useful for testing.

the serial reaction time task is a perceptual-motor learning task that requires participants to press a key in response to a light as quickly as possible. It is used to test for unconscious (implicit) skill learning. ; the rotary pursuit task is a standard perceptual-motor skill learning task that measures how quickly individuals learn to coordinate their movements with a spinning disk. It has also been used to measure the role of genetics in determining how performance changes with practice.

What did they find happening in the brains of people with schizophrenia during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test?

their dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed no evidence of increased blood flow as it would in control individuals

How do current medications for ADHD work?

they act in part by altering dopamine function in the cortex

What is an example of how the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is dysfunctional in patients with schizophrenia?

they are especially impaired at visuospatial working-memory tasks when these tasks involve the manipulation or updating of information in working memory

Where does research believe there is physiological dysfunction in people with ADHD?

they believe that it involves dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex and its cortical and subcortical connections, including connections to the cerebellum and the basal ganglia

What is an example of how functions attributed to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex seem relatively unimpaired in patients with schizophrenia?

they have close to normal performance on phonological or visuospatial memory tasks, and on memory tasks involving only minimal delays or few items to keep track of

What do COMT inhibitors do?

they prevent the breakdown of dopamine and are used as a treatment in Parkinson's disease to increase levels of dopamine in the brain

What is the role of these genes that are linked to ADHD?

they regulate the function of dopamine in the brain

How did patients diagnosed with schizophrenia that had two copies of the less effective COMT allele do on the WCST?

they showed worse performance not this task than patients with none or one less effective COMT allele, and the same was true for non-symptomatic siblings of schizophrenia patients and for non-symptomatic controls drawn from the general population

what do most pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia do?

they work by altering the transmission of dopamine

Which of the following is an example of source amnesia?

thinking you remember playing in a particular park as a young child, but actually only remembering the pictures your parents took of you playing in that park

If a baby is able to eat Grape Nuts using a spoon but shows no ability to eat them using a spork, then this may be a case of ______.

transfer specificity

The fact that professional athletes generally are not exceptional at all sports can be viewed as a case of ________.

transfer specificity

_______ is a transient or temporary disruption of memory that typically includes both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

transient global amnesia (TGA)

true or false: the greater the blood flow to the DLPFC, the better the patients performed on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

true

Practicing catching a baseball thrown at various heights, speeds, and distances is an example of ______ practice.

variable

Identify the region of the prefrontal cortex whose activity is most critical: Rehearsing the toast you will make at your brother's wedding.

verbal rehearsal requires the left VLPFC

Identify the region of the prefrontal cortex whose activity is most critical: Remembering where you parked and deciding which way to walk to your parking spot as you exit the department store at the mall.

visuospatial rehearsal requires the right VLPFC

In Baddeley's working memory model, which system holds object and location information for manipulation?

visuospatial sketchpad

Jim can remember a long (seven- or eight-item) list of colors without much thought, but when asked to remember a list of full names, he can remember only four or five. From what we know about short-term memory storage, this is likely due to the ________.

word-length effect

_________ is the active and temporary representation of information that is maintained for the short term in the mind, assisting the individual to think about and decide what to do next.

working memory

Research on memory consolidation suggests that when retrieving an old memory

you can modify it by integrating new information into it