Exam 3 Ch. 9 NFS

Excessive intake of vitamin A from supplements could cause all of the following EXCEPT: a liver damage. b birth defects. c increased incidence of bone fracture. d acne.

acne

Long term use of antibiotics may result in vitamin K deficiency because:

antibiotics may change the bacterial flora in the gut, decreasing vitamin K production.

Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to___________ ___________ retention by the kidneys.

increase calcium

As the intake of polyunsaturated fats increases, the need for vitamin E:

increases.

Adequate vitamin D intake has been associated with:

inhibiting the development of autoimmune disorders.

Vitamin D acts primarily in the:

intestine, kidney and bone.

Vitamin A is stable EXCEPT when exposed to: a heat. b light and oxygen. c cold temperatures such as in a refrigerator. d fat.

light and oxygen.

Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by:

long term use of antibiotics.

The recommended intake of vitamin E is expressed in:

mgs of alpha-tocopherol.

A vitamin D-deficiency disease in adults which is characterized by weak or soft bones is called:

osteomalacia.

Vitamin A may be lacking in diets of people in North America because:

people choose diets which contain low amounts of vitamin A.

Since vitamin A and carotenoids are bound to proteins in foods, ______________ is necessary to release them for absorption.

pepsin

Vitamin A toxicity occurs most frequently when large amounts of ______________ is (are) ingested.

preformed vitamin A supplements

Vitamin E deficiency in the U.S. is most likely to be a problem in:

premature infants.

Retin A and Acutane, derived from vitamin A, can do all of the following EXCEPT: a reduce skin wrinkles. b treat acne. c increase epithelial cell turnover. d prevent one from getting the flu.

prevent one from getting the flu.

The primary function of vitamin D in the body is to:

regulate calcium and phosphorus levels.

The actions of vitamin D do NOT include: a regulating thyroid hormone synthesis. b stimulating intestinal calcium absorption. c breaking down of bone to release calcium into the blood. d increasing calcium reabsorption by the kidneys.

regulating thyroid hormone synthesis.

A vitamin D-deficiency syndrome characterized by bone deformities in children is called:

rickets.

Children in developing nations are most likely to develop deficiency symptoms associated with which vitamin?

A

Which vitamin has the best known role in cell differentiation?

A

Deficiencies of vitamins ______________ and ______________ are most common in developing countries.

A & D

Why vitamin D is known as the "sunshine vitamin"?

It can be produced in the skin by exposure to ultraviolet light.

What is true about provitamin A? a It is bound to fatty acids. b It is a carrier of proteins. c It functions as a metabolic enzyme. d It is available in both plant and animal products.

It is bound to fatty acids.

Which statement about cholecalciferol is FALSE? a It is the chemical name for vitamin D 33 . b It is formed in the skin of humans by exposure to sunlight. c It is derived from cholesterol. d It is destroyed by UV light.

It is destroyed by UV light.

Which statement about vitamin D toxicity is FALSE? a It is likely to be caused by too much sunlight. b It may be caused by over-supplementation or over-fortification. c It results in calcium deposition in soft tissues. d It may cause cardiovascular damage.

It is likely to be caused by too much sunlight.

Which statement about the stability of vitamin E is FALSE? a It can be destroyed when oil is repeatedly heated to high temperatures. b It is destroyed by exposure to oxygen. c It is sensitive to light. d It is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process.

It is often completely destroyed in the normal cooking process.

Beta-carotene is LEAST plentiful in which food? a Mangos b Mustard greens c Kiwis d Carrots

Kiwis

Why is vitamin D deficiency on the rise?

Low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin D.

Which of the following is not a role of vitamin E? a Protects membranes b Maintains the integrity of red blood cells c Protects against some environmental pollutants d Prevents blood clotting

Prevents blood clotting

Which form of vitamin A is involved in vision?

Retinal

Differentiation, or the process by which cells become more specialized, is most affected by which form of vitamin A?

Retinoic acid

Which transports preformed vitamin A from liver stores to tissues?

Retinol binding protein

______________ is a visual pigment that helps transform light energy into a nerve impulse sent to the brain.

Rhodopsin

Why are fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occurring in the developed world?

Rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables.

Why would vitamin A deficiency cause eye infections and blindness?

Vitamin A maintains epithelial tissues.

Vitamin A is essential for ______________. a reproduction b growth c immune function d All of these

All of these

Which food contains the highest amount of vitamin E?

Almonds

Which carotenoid has vitamin A activity in the body? a Zeaxanthin b Lycopene c Lutein d Alpha-carotene

Alpha-carotene

Which form(s) of vitamin A has antioxidant properties?

Carotenoids

Which statement about canned vegetables is FALSE? a Canning exposes vegetables to high temperatures, reducing their nutrient content. b Canned vegetables are typically high in salt. c Canned vegetables have a very long shelf life. d Current dietary recommendations are to rarely, if ever, consume canned vegetables.

Current dietary recommendations are to rarely, if ever, consume canned vegetables.

Which vitamin is referred to as the "sunshine vitamin"?

D

Which is NOT considered a good dietary source of vitamin E? a Fortified breakfast cereals b Soybean oil c Peanuts d Dark orange and yellow vegetables

Dark orange and yellow vegetables

______________ is an anticoagulant that interferes with the action of vitamin K.

Dicumarol

Which group of people is most at risk for vitamin D deficiency?

Elderly

Which statement about fat soluble vitamins is FALSE? a They can function in the control of gene expression. b Fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods. c Intake can vary without risking deficiency as long as the average intake is adequate. d After absorption, they are transported in the lymphatic system.

Fat soluble vitamins are only found in plant-based foods.

Which statement about frozen foods is INCORRECT? a Freezing vegetables causes nutrient losses. b Fresh produce in grocery stores always has higher nutrient content than frozen produce. c Produce is often frozen in the fields where it is grown. d Freezing slows the loss of nutrients caused by exposure to heat, light and air.

Fresh produce in grocery stores always has higher nutrient content than frozen produce.

When vitamin A is deficient, there is a delay in the regeneration of the visual pigment. Which statement is INCORRECT? a This condition is called night blindness. b This causes difficulty adapting to dim light after exposure to bright light. c This is one of the first signs of a vitamin A deficiency. d This condition is irreversible.

This condition is irreversible.

What is the purpose of retinol activity equivalents?

To provide a factor for converting a quantity of carotenoids to an equivalent amount of vitamin A.

In the liver, vitamin E is incorporated into ______________ and from there delivered to cells.

VLDLs

Which of the following is a good source of vitamin E? a Calf's liver b Skim milk c Raw tomatoes d Vegetable oil

Vegetable oil

Which of the following is a fat soluble vitamin? a Niacin b Riboflavin c Vitamin A d Vitamin B12

Vitamin A

What is a function of vitamin E? a Vitamin E neutralizes reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage. b Vitamin E blocks the absorption of free radicals in the small intestine. c Vitamin E works with biotin to destroy harmful intestinal bacteria. d Vitamin E liberates the bound reactive oxygen compounds into the bloodstream.

Vitamin E neutralizes reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage.

Which fat soluble vitamin can be synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

Vitamin K

Which statement is true about the need for dietary supplements? a Women of child-bearing age need extra folate. b Supplement use increases overall health in all populations. c Vitamin A should be given in high doses to the elderly. d Vegans usually need supplements of Vitamin A.

Women of child-bearing age need extra folate.

______________ is necessary for proper vitamin A transport and metabolism.

Zinc

The carotenoid with the most vitamin A activity is ______________.

beta-carotene

Fat soluble vitamins require ______________ and ______________ for absorption into intestinal cells.

bile and dietary fat

Vitamin K is required to produce prothrombin, which is needed for:

blood clotting.

Vitamin D regulates ______________ and ______________ balance in the body.

calcium; phosphorus

A condition in which carotenoids accumulate in adipose tissue causing skin discoloration is:

called hypercarotenemia.

The action of sunlight on 7-dehydrocholesterol forms:

cholecalciferol.

Fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestine within ______________.

chylomicrons

Reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables, tends to decrease intake of all of the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT vitamin ______________. a A b D c E d K

d

The best way to increase antioxidant intake is to:

eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

When vitamin A is deficient, all of the following occur EXCEPT: a new epithelial cells do not differentiate properly. b epithelial cells produce a hard protein found in hair and fingernails. c epithelial cells produce too much mucus. d the likelihood of infection is increased.

epithelial cells produce too much mucus.

Women of child-bearing age need _____ ____.

extra folate.

Keratomalacia most severely effects the:

eyes.

When consumption of ______________is insufficient, vitamin A absorption is decreased.

fat

Cystic fibrosis increases the risk of vitamin E deficiency because:

fat absorption is reduced.

Vitamin E is essential for:

fertility.

African Americans are at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a their darkly pigmented skin filters out more light. b they spend less time in the sun than people of other ethnic backgrounds. c they consume less milk. d they have a higher incidence of lactose intolerance.

they spend less time in the sun than people of other ethnic backgrounds.

The primary function of vitamin E is:

to act as an antioxidant.

Natural alpha-tocopherol is about _______ as active as the synthetic type.

twice

Xerophthalmia occurs from:

vitamin A deficiency.

The food that contains the most vitamin D is:

whole milk.

Vitamin A deficiency can result in:

xerophthalmia