exam 4

George H. W. Bush

41st U.S. President. 1989-1993. Republican

Operation Mongoose

A CIA operation backed by President Kennedy in 1961 that used covert operation against President Fidel Castro's government in Cuba in efforts to overthrow the communist government in Cuba.

The Beats

A United States youth subculture of the 1950s small but influential group of writers and poets challenged both the literary conventions of the day and the lifestyle of the middle class.

nonviolent protest

A peaceful way of protesting against restrictive policies

Freedom Riders

A series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961. John lewis was involved.

The protest tactic initiated by black students in Greensboro, North Carolina, was: Select one: a. the sit-in b. street theater c. the March on Washington d. the freedom ride e. the occupation of campus administration buildings

A. the sit-in

When William Jefferson Clinton took office in 1993, what kind of president did he imagine himself to be?

Activist president

James Baldwin

African American author and spokesperson for the civil rights movement during the 1960's

The American Indian Movement advocated

"Red Power"

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

13. Analyze the wartime experiences of African-Americans in the U.S.

+ 9/10 black Americans lived below the poverty line; earned 39% of whites wages > 50% + 5.5 million blacks migrated to industrial areas in the North and West (city-dwellers) + Labor shortages and govt. employment standards opened assembly-line jobs, causing black unemployment to drop by 80% + Migration increased racial tensions and riots

59. Discuss the strategies of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.

+ Black protests and legal strategies + Strong black protest presence in South confronted with the use of nonviolent and civil disobedience to bring about change

53. Enumerate the increase in college enrollments between the 1940s and the 1960s.

+ College enrollments in the U.S. more than doubled + More than 40% of young Americans attended college by the mid 1960s + Federal government subsidized the education of more than 2 million veterans + The Cold War sent millions of federal dollars to universities for defense-related research + More community colleges

14. Identify the components of the GI "Bill of Rights."

+ Gave veterans government funds for education, housing and health care + Provided loans to help them start businesses and buy homes + Empowered millions of GIs to better themselves and their families

2. Describe the events in Europe, Africa and Asia that threatened world peace in the 1930s and America's response.

+ Germany - Hitler rebuilt German's military and anti-Semitism gave Hitler power, troops marched on Germany's border in violation of the Treaty of Versailles + Italy - Threatened military aggression, conquered Ethiopia and projected fascist power into Africa + Japan - Invaded Manchuria and China, built a battle-ready fleet to seek naval superiority, captured Nanjing and killed 200,000 Chinese civilians + Spain - Bitter civil war broke out when Nationalists attacked the Republican government + U.S. Reaction: Alarmed Americans and wanted isolationist policies, Congress passed Neutrality Acts to stay out of war

(Chapter 26) 19. Identify the problems Harry Truman faced as "an accidental president."

+ Lacked the charisma and political skills as Roosevelt + Had to confront domestic problems that the New Deal had not solved + Had to avoid another depression without the war to fuel the economy

52. Identify the impact of the bracero program on Mexican immigrants.

+ Mexicans were permitted to enter the U.S. to work for a limited period + Until the program ended, more than 100,000 Mexicans entered the U.S. each year to labor in the fields and many stayed, legally or illegally + U.S. did not welcome Mexicans' low-wage labor + "Operation Wetback" sent more than a million Mexican back across the border

32. Identify the organization(s) and actions of the post-war African-Americans civil rights movements.

+ NAACP membership counted half a million members + Jackie Robinson integrated major league baseball and won Rookie of the YEar + Ralph Bunche received the Nobel Peace Prize + Gwendolyn Brooks won the Pulitzer Price for poetry + American Association of University Women and the American Medical Association opened their doors to black members + Thurgood Marshall fought for school desegregation

58. Identify the individuals and organizations that provided leadership in the civil rights movement of the 1950s.

+ NAACP: Brown v. Board of Education + Thurgood Marshall: NAACP lead lawyer, overturned Plessy v. Ferguson + MLK Jr.

Events in Iran

- 1953 CIA support of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi - 1978 Iranian Revolution - October 1979, Shah Mohammad Reza allowed asylum into U.S. - Iranian Hostage Crisis - Second oil crisis - Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

Summarize what made the 1960 election between Richard Nixon and John Kennedy one of the more compelling in modern history. Identify Kennedy's New Frontier and his most significant legislative achievements.

- 1st ever presidential debate, most ppl thought Kennedy won on TV but that Nixon won on radio; JFK better looking than Nixon - JFK defeated Nixon in razor-tight race by popular vote -JFK: Democrat, Catholic, youngest president, sort of supported civil rights, endorsed MLK, pushed against discrimination - Nixon: lack of charisma, lack of Eisenhower support -New Frontier increased federal aid to education, medical insurance for the elderly, and anti-poverty initiatives

Terrorist Attacks against United States

- January 25, 1993: attack on CIA employees - February 26, 1993: World Trade Center Bombings - June 25, 1996: fuel truck bomb at U.S. air force installation in - Saudi Arabia - Aug. 7, 1998: coordinated attacks on American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania - October 12, 2000: USS Cole attacked off coast of Yemen

End of the Cold War

- Massive Military spending under Reagan - Fall of the Berlin Wall - Poland begins the collapse in 1989 - Army Coup attempt in 1991 - USSR collapses peacefully

Adolph Hitler

---- became chancellor of Germany by legal means.

Grace Ann Goodue

----a school teacher was President Calvin Coolidge's wife.

german employment

----from March 1930 to March 1932 more than doubled.

Identify the Conservative Counter-Revolution and George Wallace and trace their rise in popularity over the course of the 1960s.

-Conservative Counter-revolution opposed liberals, and the Counterculture -Alabama Governor attacked civil rights legislation and movement towards racial integration -ran for president in 1968 and 1972 -hated hippies and Blacks -became governor of Alabama again in 1980s supporting blacks

Summarize the military strategy the U.S. employed in Vietnam. How far was the U.S. willing to go to keep communism out of South Vietnam, and why wasn't it willing to exert its full capacity for warfare on the North Vietnamese?

-The U.S. hoped to eliminate the VC (Viet Cong) from South Vietnam, but they didn't want things to escalate into a major war with China or the USSR, so they never invaded the North directly other than an aerial bombing campaign called Operation Rolling Thunder. The three-year campaign was the biggest sustained air battle of the Cold War, but never accomplished its goal of fully destroying the North Vietnamese economy. -They didn't exert full capacity of warfare because they didn't want escalation into a major war with China or the USSR.

Evaluate and critique the successes and failures of the Great Society's war on poverty and racism.

-Under President Lyndon B. Johnson -Great Society lowered the rate of black poverty and malnutrition for pennies on the dollar (despite taxpayer's complaints), creating a black middle class and empowering millions through the 1964-68 legislation. Overall poverty rates dropped. -But most African Americans remained mired in poverty, with underfunded public schools and poor municipal sanitation. The historic legacy of redlining, subprime mortgages, segregation, and neighborhood covenants was still in place even after the Fair Housing Act, creating residual, institutional, or "structural racism."

Watergate Scandal

-Was a problem in Washington during the presidency of Richard Nixon. The members of an association working to have Nixon re-elected, CREEP, were involved in a burglary, and it was then linked to Nixon. The CREEP group had also gotten lots of money from unidentifiable places. -Nixon tried to use government to cover-up his involvement. Impeachment proceedings were started but Nixon resigned from his office in August of 1974.

Evaluate the causes of the Great Depression.

1. Factories produced more then consumers could buy 2. Instability in Europe 3. Agricultural decline of the 20s 4. Wealth had become distributed too narrowly 5. A reduction in the money supply 6. The US raised tariffs and other nations retaliated by raising their own tariffs 7. People didn't have enough money to buy consumer goods

Detail the Republicans' legislative accomplishments of the 1920's.

1. Higher tariffs 2. Dramatic reduction in government spending 3. Dramatic reduction in taxes

Describe Franklin Roosevelt's new Latin American policy.

1. Institutes the Good Neighbor Policy: policy of cooperation and friendship, no intervention, the US does continue its goal political dominance: still asserts economic power 2. He does maintain the idea of regional collective security

Describe the U.S. strategy in the Pacific during World War II.

1. Island Hopping 2. Control the Sea

Detail Truman's political weaknesses.

1. Korea continues to be divided 2. The massive rearmament of the American military was implemented 3. A long tern presence of US troops begins

Explain the events of the Red Scare.

1. Number of labor strikes 2. There is a mayday celebration in Cleveland that turns into a number of riots 3. A series of bombings: mail and letter bombs 4. Palmer raids: search and seizures on communists and anarchists

Discuss why the automobile industry grew in the 1920's.

1. People wanted cars 2. Freedom to buy cars 3. Car makers had the freedom the produce and sell them 4. Advertising goes up 5. Annual model change comes into being 6. Cars became very inexpensive 7. Had the necessary income to buy cars

Prohibition was widely supported by

1. Progressives 2. Ku Klux Klan 3. Women 4. Southerners, those living in rural areas, 5. African-Americans.

Explain why the Democrats suffered in the 1938 elections.

1. There was a sharp recession 2. The court packing scheme was seen as too much of a grab for power

Explain why the U.S. dropped the atomic bomb on Japan in 1945.

1. To shorten the war 2. Save lives 3. Empress the Soviets (America is stronger then you) 4. Just another weapon

Evaluate the results of Russia's land blockade of West Berlin.

1. Truman institutes a 2 phase policy consisting of: 1. A huge airlift of food, supplies, and fuel in West Berlin 2. Sends v 29's outfitted to deliver atomic bombs sent next to Russia o Caused Stalin to lift the blockade 2. A huge political success for the US

Detail the principal events of U.S. foreign policy from 1939 to 1941.

1. US moving from neutrality to being in the war 2. The US replaces an arms embargo with a cash and carry policy towards arms 3. In steps there is a switch to an all out aid to allies short of war 4. Peace time draft instituted and an increase of defense 5. Naval patrols in the Atlantic and escorting ships 6. An undeclared naval war in the Atlantic

Volstead Act

18th amendment

What was one benefit that American soldiers received under the G.I. Bill?

They were able to obtain business loans at reduced rates.

The Beats

They were poets from a counterculture movement that emphasized drugs, sex, and rebellion.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

In March 1979, a plume of radioactive steam spewed from an overheated nuclear reactor at _______ in Pennsylvania.

Three Mile Island

McCarthys downfall

Told decorated army veteran he was not fit to wear the uniform and accused him of disloyalty- lawyer Welch says he has no sense of decency, other republicans joined democrats to censure him, lost votes then died 3 years later- still made an impact on scaring people

The Arab Awakening starting in 2010 affected the nations of

Tunisia

The Marshall Plan

USA helped rebuild Europe by giving them money. This would increase foreign trade and prevent communism

"New Right"

Various right wing political groups or policies that are used to describe the emergence of eastern European countries after the collapse of soviet union and soviet style communism.

Richard Nixon

Vice President under Eisenhower and 37th President of the United States

In the election of 1940, FDR defeated _________________________

Wendell Willkie

Carter and "human rights"

Went away from anticommunist policies and helped encourage worldwide support for human rights issues. Sometimes fueled the rise of Anti-American regimes.

Describe a typical U.S. soldier in Vietnam.

Young and poor

Alienation and Liberation, continued

Youth Culture and Delinquency Rock and Roll

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

The "new immigration" mostly brought what groups to the U.S.?

Asians and Latinos

Jimmy Carter faced a host of economic problems when he became president: stagnating wages, rising unemployment, inflation, and falling industrial productivity. From which previous president(s) did he inherit a large federal budget deficit?

Both Nixon and Ford

Identify and describe the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Civil Rights Act of 1964: -March on Washington contributed to legislation outlawing racism in public establishments -beefed up 14th Amendment considerably to outlaw formal racism anywhere -also reaffirmed equal pay act for women (S. Democrats put in hoping that N. democrats would vote against whole bill) Voting Rights Act of 1965: -outlawed all the various excuses states used to keep Blacks and Hispanics from voting including literacy tests and poll taxes

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Civil Rights organization

The term benign neglect can be used to describe the Nixon administration's policies in which area?

Civil rights

Fidel Castro

Communist dictator of Cuba who came into power in 1959.

John F. Ehrlichman

Counsel and Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs. -Under President Richard Nixon

3. Discuss how American desire for peace and neutrality paved the way for WWII.

Desire for peace led Germany, Italy and Japan to launch offenses on the assumption that the western democracies lacked the will to oppose them.

Describe the southern economy at the start of the 1960s.

Despite rising wages, job opportunities for black southerners declined.

The First Indochina War ended when the French suffered a major defeat at:

Dien Bien Phu.

National leaders divided into two opposing camps concerning involvement in the Vietnam War. They were the ________ and the ______.

Doves, Hawks

Decisions by the Warren Court in the 1960s were based on what clause of the 14th Amendment?

Due process

Coolidge's

During ---- presidency the United States known as the Roaring Twenties.

Adlai Stevenson was:

Eisenhower's opponent for president in both 1952 and 1956.

Medicare/Medicaid

Examples of social insurance programs overseen by the Dept. of Health/Human Services.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

Detente

French meaning the relaxation of tension, and indicates a warming of relations between US and USSR and the US and China in the early 1970's, under Nixon.

Wallace, George C.

George Corley Wallace Jr. was the 45th Governor of Alabama, a position he occupied for four terms, during which he promoted "low-grade industrial development, low taxes, and trade schools."

Following Richard Nixon's resignation as president, he was succeeded by his vice President

Gerald Ford

Who was the first woman nominated for vice president by either major party?

Geraldine Ferraro

The 1980s women's peace camp movement began at

Greenham Common.

"Black Power" advocates include

H. Rap Brown Bobby Seale Huey P. Newton

The U.S. joined an international effort in 1994 that sustained an uneasy peace in which country?

Haiti

Malcolm X

He was a member of the Black Muslims and the Black Power movement. His wanted to find equality for black Americans using "any means necessary," and to separate, not integrate, blacks and whites. Later in life he changed his views about working with white America and was assassinated in 1965

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

President Richard Nixon's most important foreign policy advisor was

Henry Kissinger

Lou Henry

Herbert Hoover married his Stanford sweetheart, ---- and they went to China, where he worked for a private corporation as China's leading engineer.

Mississippi River

Herbert Hoover was the first President to be born west of the ----.

Which of the Warren Court rulings made it possible for Latinos to seek redress as a group rather than as individuals?

Hernandez vs Texas

Who were the presidential candidates in the election of November 1968?

Hubert Humphrey Richard Nixon George Wallace

Richard Nixon won the 1968 election defeating the Democratic Party presidential nominee

Hubert Humphrey students for a Democratic Society was a racial student organization of the New Left

19th Amendment

In 1920, the ---- guaranteed women the right to vote.

Cuban Missile Crisis

In October 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war when President Kennedy insisted that Nikita Khrushchev (leader of the USSR) remove the 42 missiles he had secretly inserted in Cuba. The Soviets eventually did so, nuclear war was averted, and the crisis ended.

National Security Act

In response to threats from Soviet Union- established department of defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, and National Security Council- secretary of cabinet rank presided over army, navy, and the new Air Force.

Kent State

In the spring of 1970, the compus where the Ohio National Guard killed and wounded antiwar demonstrators

Charles "Lucky" Luciano established the Commission which controlled all __________________________ mafia families

Italian/American

Which of the following is NOT true of the GI Bill?

Its huge cost did not justify its benefits.

The Moral Majority was a fundamentalist religious and political organization founded by

Jerry Falwell

President Eisenhower's first secretary of state was

John Foster Dulles

Sirica, John

John Joseph Sirica was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, where he became famous for his role in the trials stemming from the Watergate scandal.

John Keats

John Keats was an English Romantic poet

In 1952, the first vaccine for polio was developed by which scientist?

Jonas Salk

Which U.S. senator led a hunt for Communists within the U.S. government in the early 1950s?

Joseph McCarthy

Operation Desert Storm in 1991 resulted in the expulsion of Iraqi forces from

Kuwait

In the 1947 Texas desegregation order there was an exception: the first grade could continue to be segregated. What was the rationale for this exception?

Language skills

Income Tax Act

Law passed in 1986 that lowered income taxes, especially for the poor

In 1985 a new leader of the Soviet Union came to power named

Mikhail Gorbachev

In 1962 James Meredith became the first African-American student at the University of

Mississippi

Dwight Eisenhower

NATO supreme commander, runs for republican candidate for president and wins, claims he would go to Korea himself to win

1968 Presidential Election

Nixon won the presidency with his campaign promise to unify the nation, restore law and order, and end the war in Vietnam.

What was the main reason the United States did not experience the same difficulties its European allies experienced after World War II?

No battles were fought and no attacks were made on U.S. soil.

Saturday night massacre

Oct. 1973 - Nixon ordered Archibald Cox to be removed from office after Cox insisted on receiving Nixon's Watergate recorded tapes. Led to support of impeachment of Nixon, since he abused Presidential power.

Iran-Contra scandal

Officials sold weapons to Iran to gain freedom for the American hostages in Iran

Who masterminded the plan to use the proceeds of the "arms for hostages" deal to fund the Nicaraguan rebels in what became known as the Iran-Contra scandal?

Oliver North

President Harding

On August 2, 1923, ---- died while on a speaking tour in California.

Stonewall riots

Overzealous police who assaulted homosexuals resulted in this.

Nixon Doctrine

President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam stating that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars.

Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology.

Reaganomics

Reagan's economic policy; tax cuts, arms build up, budget cuts

Militart

Received 3 bil more to replace planes and protect against threats- got more support after soviets tested and dropped their first bomb- Truman gets researchers to research hydrogen bomb to stay ahead

War Powers Act

Required the president to seek congressional approval for the commitment of American troops oversea.

One example of how the end of Cold War hostilities between East and West affected international relations was

Russia's participation in the G7, to make it the G8.

Non-violent protest

Showing disapproval without damaging property or causing any threat

Agnew, Spiro T.

Spiro Theodore Agnew was the 39th vice president of the United States from 1969 until his resignation in 1973. He is the second and most recent vice president to resign the position, the other being John C. Calhoun in 1832. Unlike Calhoun, Agnew resigned as a result of scandal.

The name of the first man-made satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, was ________.

Sputnik

manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages

The 18th amendment or the Volstead Act which prohibited the ----

dismissal of Bruning

The 1932 presidential election resulted in Hindenburg's ----

Ronald Reagan

The 40th President of the Unite States; former actor, and oldest person to become President

Foreign Interventions

The CIA and the Cold War Indochina: The Background to War

Civil Rights

The Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 Desegregation in Little Rock

Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC)

The Commission was established to investigate civil rights abuses. it also worked to withold the feeral funding from any state with mandated school segregation and public facilities.

Berlin Wall (1989)

The Day Berlin wall was brought down

Red Scare

The Red Scare was a growing fear of Communism in America that was most prevalent after each of the World Wars

President Carter announced the United States would boycott the Olympics in 1980 in response to what world event?

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Festering Problems Abroad

The U-2 Summit Castro's Cuba

Central High, Little Rock

The first school to be integrated

National Socialists or Nazis in Germany

The most remarkable political event that the uncertainty and turmoil of the Great Depression caused was the coming power of the ----.

21. Explain what was meant by an "Iron Curtain" in Europe.

The political, ideological, and military barriers that separated Soviet controlled East Europe from the rest of Europe and the West after WWII - Communism vs. Noncommunism

Berlin

The suspending of civil liberties and arrests of communist or alleged communist was a direct result of the Olympic Games held in ---- in 1936.

Domino Theory

Theory that political event in one country would spread to neighboring countries such as communism.

Televison

The primary force shaping the new consumerism and mass popular culture of the 1950s was.

Herbert Hoover

The son of a Blacksmith

The GNP

The value of good and services produced both INSIDE and OUTSIDE of a country within a year.

Iran-Iraq War

The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran's Islamic revolution.

The Cold War

The war of tension and suspicion after WWII between the USSR and the US.

Arthur Laffer Curve

Theory that states lower tax rates to boost economic growth. Shows relationship between tax rates and amount of tax revenue collected by governments.

From the perspective of Students for a Democratic Society, what did the Communist Party have in common with large universities and corporations?

They all were impersonal and undemocratic institutions.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers and public places illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

"I Have a Dream"

This speech by Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington focused on civil rights.

The Smoking Gun Tapes

This tape revealed that Nixon had obstructed justice in asking that the CIA and the FBI halt all investigation of the watergate scandal.

Duc, Thich Quang

Thích Quảng Đức was a Vietnamese Mahayana Buddhist monk who burned himself to death at a busy Saigon road intersection on 11 June 1963. Quảng Đức was protesting the persecution of Buddhists by the South Vietnamese government led by Ngô Đình Diệm.

Eisenhowers president tactics

Toured Korea battlefield, ruled out small offensive, turned to diplomacy, hinted to china about use of nuclear weapons- Stalin dies so that helped- led to stalemate and armistice near 38th parallel

Many adults, having experienced the Depression and wartime rationing, were eager to consume more in the 1950s.

True

The Civil Rights Act established the Civil Rights Commission and a new Civil Rights Division in the Justice Department.

True

The GI Bill of Rights provided financial assistance for home loans and college expenses.

True

The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 began after Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man.

True

The phrase "In God We Trust" was added to coins and currency in the 1950s.

True

martin luther king jr

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

USS Cole

U.S. Navy ship attacked by suicide bombers which was led by Osama bin Laden

Henry Kissinger

US diplomat, in 1973, he helped to negotiate the withdrawal of US troops from South Vietnam and later headed the commission investigating the attacks of September 11.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Dwight Eisenhower

United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany and became the 34th president

While Latino immigrants to the U.S. reflected various streams, they all tended to settle in what areas?

Urban and suburban areas

Republicans

Used dissatisfaction with post war economy and fears of communism to regain power

Massive Resistance

Virginia government's policy which fought to resist the integration of public schools

Jerry Falwell

Virginia minister, "war against sin", "pro-life/family/America" devoted to waging above candidates into office. Founder of Liberty University which was formerly Lynchburg Baptist College.

In the election of 1984, President Reagan easily won reelection over the Democratic Party nominee

Walter Mondale

Burger, Warren

Warren Earl Burger was the 15th Chief Justice of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1986. Born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Burger graduated from the St. Paul College of Law in 1931. He helped secure the Minnesota delegation's support for Dwight D. Eisenhower at the 1952 Republican National Convention.

Senator Harry Byrd

Was an American orchardist, newspaper publisher and politician. He served in the Senate of Virginia and then represented Virginia in the U.S Senate. -He was the first independent in the history of the U.S. Senate to be elected by a majority of the popular vote.

1968 Democratic Convention

Was held in Chicago. Purpose was to elect a suitable nominee to run as the Democratic Party's choice for prez in the 1968 election. Events that led to convention were: assassination of Martin Luther King and JFK. Riots broke out from Anti-Vietnam war protestors during the time of the convention. These riots turned into bloody battles after the Chicago police tried to stop the protestors. Democrats settled on Hubert Humphrey but lost to Richard Nixon. Shows a large split in the party over the Vietnam War.

Watergate

Watergate is a name given to the scandal the Nixon administration committed during the '72 presidential election where hired "goons" broke into Democrat HQ at Watergate hotel for any dirt. This scandal revealed several other dirty plays Nixon's administration did the years leading up to the election and forced him to resign and killed the faith the public had in the government.

American Bootlegger

When Alcohol became illegal, the ---- was born. These Rum Runners would also be the beginning of Stock Car Racing.

industrial advancement

While the capitalist economies of Western Europe floundered in the great depression, the Soviet Union undertook a tremendous ----.

G. Gordan Liddy

White House "plumber" who plotted the Watergate break-in, he currently is the host of a right-wing conservative radio talk show.

General Westmoreland

William Childs Westmoreland was a United States Army General, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak, including during the Tet Offensive. Adopted a strategy of attrition against the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army.

Rehnquist, William

William Hubbs Rehnquist was an American lawyer and jurist who served on the Supreme Court of the United States for 33 years, first as an Associate Justice from 1972 to 1986, and then as the 16th Chief Justice of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2005.

In what place, in 1969, did all the positive forces of the counterculture come together to celebrate peace, love, and freedom?

Woodstock, NY

letters from birmingham jail

Written by Martin Luther King while in the city jail in birmingham alabama where he was confined after being arrested for his part in the birmingham campaign.

Which of the following organizations fought for the civil rights of Puerto Ricans in the United States?

Young Lords Party

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Explain the implementation of the Agricultural Adjustment Act.

a farm recovery! The general method was to take acreage out of production. METHODS • To Plow under the crops. Destroy the crops/kill live stock. •In the second year it was taking acreage out of production. PROBLEMS •The payments were used to increase efficiency. •Tenant farmers were kicked out without any payment. •Farmers took the worst land out of production. •There was some rise in income for farmers, but it came from the subsidies. •Larger farms benefited the most. •It was also held unconstitutional

Sit-ins

a form of protest in which people sit and refuse to leave (a form of civil disobedience- used to promote the Civil Rights Movement)

Berlin Wall

a fortified wall made up of concrete and barbed wire made to prevent East Germans escaping to West Berlin. It was one of the most visible signs of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain.

What were elements of Johnson's "Great Society" programs?

a health insurance program for the elderly. an anti-poverty program. a medical care program for the poor.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment. Conceived to help African Americans, the bill was amended prior to passage to protect women, and explicitly included white people for the first time. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage. Banned the use of literacy tests and other practices.

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

north atlantic treaty

a mutual defense treaty

Sit- Ins

a nonviolent approach to protest in the south in which African American citizens would "sit in" at establishments where they were denied service to make a statement

Equal Rights Amendment

a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawing discrimination based on sex

Watergate

a scandal in which President Nixon resigned over accusations of illegal activity

Freedom Rides

a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

MLK, Jr.

a young pastor from Dexter Avenue Baptist Church who was made popular through the Montgomery bus boycott and led the African Americans throughout their struggle towards equality through his eloquent speaking and ardent passion.

The counterculture advocated

abandoning political action using hallucinogenic drugs the back-to-land movement

Owing to its lack of industrial development and infrastructure, Vietnam was

able to withstand bombing attacks.

The Immigration Act of 1965 did what?

abolished the national origins quota system

The 1964 Civil Rights Act was ineffective at addressing the problem of

access to voting rights.

downfall of joseph mccarty

accused the pentagon of trying to blackmail his committee

Operation Desert Shield

after Iraq invaded Kuwait Bush sent 230,000 troops to protect Saudi Arabia

1968 Election

after all of the turbulent events of 1968, America experienced a conservative backlash. George Wallace gained support as a third-party candidate basing his campaign on conservative grievances. But Nixon, returning from a loss in the last election ran successfully on a vision of stability, law and order, government reattachment, and peace with honor in Vietnam. Despite a last minute serge by Humphrey, Nixon pulled out a slight victory.

U2 spy plane

an incident between president Eisenhower and soviet minister Khrushchev where an american spy plane was shot down and both sides accused the other of spying

Cuban Missile Crisis

an incident where Soviet missiles were placed in Cuba as a response for help. The event greatly increased tensions between the Soviets and the Americans. As a result, a hotline was established between the two nations to avoid any accidents.

EPA

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

The efforts of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in 1964 resulted in

an integrated Mississippi delegation in 1968.

Cuban Missile Crisis

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

Tet Offensive

an offensive launched in 1968 by the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese army. Timed to coincide with the first day of the Tet (Vietnamese New Year), it was a surprised attack on South Vietnamese cities, notiably Saigon. Attack shook US confidence and hastened the withdrawal of its forces.

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

an organization that sought to apply non-violent protest as means of fighting segregation

in the spring of 1948 harry tremens fortunes were best described as

at low ebb

William H. Whyte " The Organization Man" 1956

attempted to describe special mentality of the worker in a large bureaucratic setting.

why did the us adopt a policy of containment

based on the assessment of the instability

like Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush appealed to conservative voters during his presidential campaign by claiming that he would

be tough on crime.

Jack Kerouac wrote on what topic?

beats

By 1960, about 65 percent of Americans:

belonged to a church.

how did the new nation of israel repel the joint attack

better organized and better armed

Elvis Presley's recordings:

blended a variety of musical styles.

Baby boom

booming birth rate post-WWII; idealized the family

One of rock and roll's most important contributions was to:

bridge class and racial divisions.

television coverage

brought the scenes of violence to people across the country. In the end, the protesters won.

de facto segregation

caused by social conditions such as poverty

Martin Luther King Jr.

civil rights leader and Baptist preacher who rose to prominence with the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 and founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. He was an outspoken advocate for black rights throughout the 1960s, most famously during the 1963 March on Washington where he delivered the "I Have a Dream Speech." He was assasinated in Memphis in 1968 while supporting a sanitation workers' strike

What was the policy of trying to limit the expansion of Soviet influence abroad?

containment

Establishing the Peace Corps was part of President Kennedy's broader commitment to

convincing developing nations to model themselves after the United States.

why so difficult to maintain bus boycott

could not afford to miss single days wage

The evidence in the Watergate case, based on testimony and on teh White House tapes, concluded that Nixon

covered up evidene of the crimes of others

Containment

created by diploman George Kennan; goal was to limit the spread of communism beyond where it already existed by 1946; becomes key U.S policy in Cold War

counterculture

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

What was the major domestic reform goal of Clinton's first term?

deficit reduction

The invasions of Grenada and Panama by the United States reflected a desire to

demonstrate toughness by engaging in a low-risk conflict.

As a result of his son's death, Calvin Coolidge became ____________________

depressed

By the mid-1950s, an increasing number of workers:

did mental rather than physical labor

Saturday Night Massacre

dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973.

Luciano's Commission was established to _________________ and _____________________ between all American mafia families

divide territory; resolve disputes

national security council memorandum NSC68

dramatic increase in military spending would have had much opposition

Evidence of the continuing influence of the counterculture throughout the 1970s could be seen in the

dramatic increase in the divorce rate.

who warned of the dangers of military industrial complex

dwight d eisenhower

Black Power

emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy. a range of political goals, from defense against racial oppression, to the establishment of separate social institutions and a self-sufficient economy (separatism help usher in black radical thought, and action against white supremacy. Black Power adherents believe in Black autonomy, with a variety of tendencies such as black nationalism, and black separatism. Often Black Power advocates are open to use violence as a means of achieving their aims, but this openness to violence was nearly always coupled with community organizing work. CONFLICTED with civil rights.

What is meant by "supply-side economics"—Reagan's approach to economic policy in the early 1980s?

encouraging, through tax cuts, private sector investment that would create new jobs, thus promoting economic growth and increasing net tax revenues

What policy changes were NOT made during President Obama's first term?

ending don't ask don't tell

Environment Protection Agency (EPA)

enforcing federal environmental laws and regulations

which american was accused of espionage and executed

ethel rosenburg

What word describes a diverse group of conservative Protestant Christians, who in the late 1970s became noticeably influential as political and social activists?

evangelicals

Many critics of American life in the 1950s believed that middle-class society suffered from:

excessive conformity.

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed President Johnson to

expand the U.S. military commitment in Vietnam

During the 1950s, the black population in the North decreased as a result of the great migration.

false

The postwar era witnessed economic depression and falling social contentment

false

The youthful rebels known as the Beats:

favored road trips, Buddhism, and jazz

Alger hiss scandal

fed the fears of those who believed in the existence of a powerful communist underground

John J. Sirica

federal judge in the Watergate scandal

Civil Rights Act of 1964

federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act prohibited employers from discriminating based on race in their hiring practices, and empowered the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to regulate fair employment.

The US became the first industrialized country in the world to _______________________________ its citizens

forcibly sterilize

taiwan was formerly

formosa

The interstate highway system was:

funded by gasoline taxes

What was NOT an element of Johnson's "Great Society" programs?

funding program to return tax revenues to states

With the end of World War II, women workers were encouraged to:

give up their jobs to returning veterans.

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

group formed by student activists; used the sit-in as an effective method of protest

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

group of mostly African American ministers who worked to fight injustice through nonviolence

Life magazine's ideal woman of the mid-1950s was:

having babies

Life magazine's ideal woman of the mid-1950s was:

having babies.

why did eisenhower order troops into little rock

he could not ignore flouting of federal authority

how did jfk demonstrate his liberal leanings

he emphasized his youth and vigor

President Nixon's trip to China was surprising because

he had been an anti-Communist throughout his political career.

on what grounds did truman order forces into korea

he had the backing of the un security council

how did nixon receive national prominence

he made a name for himself by exploiting the public fear of communist subversion

how did dulles change politics of containment

he suggested building so many powerful nuclear weapons

how did JFK approach relations with the soviets before 1960

he was an ardent cold warrior

what prompted chief justice earl warren

he was convinced

Leon Jaworski

hired as a replacement for Cox as special prosecutor, also asked nixon for the tapes

how did JFKs religion shape his political career in MA

his irish catholic ancestry was a valuable asset

why was eisenhower so popular

his reluctance to seek political office reminded country of george washington

President Nixon's final undoing can be attributed to

his taping of Oval Office conversations.

Al capone was brought down on the accusation of _____________________________

income tax easion

Increased inflation during the early 1970s was caused by

increased military spending for the Vietnam War.

who was the military officer who refused to move to the back of the bus

jackie robinson

why did truman proceed with the development of the hydrogen bomb

joint chiefs of staff said it would be deterrent

Voting Rights Act of 1965

legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literacy tests and intimidation. It was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal.

The Harding-Coolige Agenda consisted of: ____________ tarrifs, cut federal _________________, and cut federal ________________

low; spending; taxes

bernard bunch's plan

magnanimous

why was joseph mccarthy so effective initially

many people were so concerned

leader of chinese communist forces

mao zedong

March on Washington

massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, it was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

John Dean

member of the White house inner circle who leveled allegations on Nixon

Birmingham

most notoriously violent city in the south against blacks. Nicknamed Bombingham.

President Warren Hardi's

mother was a midwife and their father taught, for a time, at a rural school. Their education was completed at Ohio Central College.

Which of the following pieces of Truman's domestic agenda was rejected by Congress?

national healthcare

Suburban growth was spurred by all of the following EXCEPT:

new construction of mass public transportation

Suburban growth was spurred by all of the following EXCEPT:

new construction of mass public transportation.

jfk campaign slogan

new frontier

Stagflation in the 1970s was caused by

no major tax increases under Presidents Johnson and Nixon to pay for federal government spending increased foreign competition reliance by the USA on cheap energy sources

MLK beliefs

non-violence

sit-in

nonviolent protests in which a person sits and refuses to leave

Massive retaliation was the policy of threatening the expansion of Communist aggression by the use of

nuclear weapons

Name the supporters of the Containment Policy.

o George Marshall o Dean Atchison o George Kennan

Freedom Riders

organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement.

taft hartley act more difficult?

outlawed closed shop

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Strategies of CORE

peaceful confrontation interracial

The postwar after World War II was based on

pent-up consumer demand economic stimulation during World War II increased economic productivity

Biologist Rachel Carson focused her research on which environmental aspect?

pesticide use

The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis was precipitated by the decision of the Soviet Union to

place nuclear missiles in Cuba

Vietnamization

policy of equipping and training of the South Vietnamese to fight for themselves

Richard Nixon is best described as what kind of person?

pragmatist, who deviated from his own earlier positions in both foreign and domestic policy

The Bush Doctrine called for

preemptive military action

Diem

president of South Vietnam, a member of an influential Roman Catholic family, he was a civil servant before World War II and was connected with the nationaists during the war

A very important reason for passage of the GI Bill was to:

prevent the return of the Depression

After World War II, the United States hoped to accomplish which of the following goals by establishing a presence in West Germany?

preventing the spread of Communism in Europe

After the war, Americans were most eager to:

purchase

President truman election in 1948 in terms of domestic politics

pushed for a fair deal little was enacted

The case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka concerned what?

racial segregation in public schools

Under the GI Bill of Rights, World War II veterans

received federal government-subsidized education and training secured federal government-backed mortgage loans to buy homes were given access to federal government hospitals

policy of massive retaliation receive mixed reviews

reduced defense budget, but was dangerous

Ronald Reagan came into office in 1981 with a threefold agenda that did NOT include what actions?

reduction in the power and activism of the presidency

Rosa Parks

refused to give up her seat on the bus in Montgomery, local leaders organized a boycott in protest

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

resolution of Congress passed in1964, in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, to take all necessary measures to repel armed attack or prevent further aggression

In regard to New Deal programs, Eisenhower:

retained most programs and even expanded some.

Many concerned observers blamed teen delinquency on:

rock and roll.

David Riesman "The Lonely Crowd" 1950

saying that the traditional man was overrated and people should worry more about what society thinks of them rather than what they think of themselves.

The "Double V" campaign concerned victory over the Axis powers and which American issue?

segregation in the United States

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Birmingham, AL

site of protests where students and children were beaten, arrested and jailed for non-violent civil rights marches

african american organization forefront

southern christian leadership conference

in what ways were trumans attempt to inhibit stalin miscalculated?

stalin knew american atomic arsenal was insufficient to destroy soviet military machine

The baby boom

started in 1941

Sunbelt

states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative

Jimmy Carter entered the presidency with what attributes? What was he missing?

stressed human rights, a set of priorities

In the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, decision, the Supreme Court:

struck down "separate but equal" in public education.

how did thurgood marshall support his argument

submitted a mass of sociological evidence

John Keats' The Crack in the Picture Window was a stinging critique of?

suburban life

Elvis was especially controversial because of his:

suggestive gyrations on stage.

Reaganomics embraced the economic theory known as

supply-side economics

President Johnson's landslide victory over Barry Goldwater suggested that the majority of American voters

supported federal spending on domestic problems.

Ronald Reagan came into office in 1981 with a threefold agenda that included what actions?

tax cuts deregulation of the economy reduction in spending for social programs

In response to the federal deficit, President George H. W. Bush was forced to deviate from standard conservative policy on

tax increases.

most common assessment of truman decision to fire macarthur

that truman did the right thing

Which U.S. government agency was formed as a response to the news that the Soviet Union had detonated a nuclear device?

the Central Intelligence Agency

Which conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union nearly resulted in a third world war?

the Cuban Missile Crisis

The United Nations was formed after World War II as the successor to which failed organization?

the League of Nations

What event, more than any other, catapulted Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence?

the Montgomery bus boycott

Johnson's vision of the Great Society as being about more than economics was reflected in the creation of

the National Endowment for the Arts.

The United States and which other nation emerged as the world's two dominant superpowers after World War II?

the Soviet Union

Senator Joseph McCarthy's power began to unravel when he made reckless charges about Communist influence in:

the U.S. Army.

Vietnamization

the US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam

Which alliance was formed as a reaction to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

the Warsaw Pact

Integration

the act of uniting or bringing together, especially people of different races

what was the name of the united nations body the general assembly created specifically to supervise all nuclear energy production

the atomic energy commission

In the case of Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka, the Supreme Court ruled that

the doctrine of separate but equal was unconstitutional

why did the us intervene in guatamala

the government of jacobo guzman had bought soviet weapons

Daniel Ellsberg

the individual most responsible for illegally leaking the Pentagon Papers to the press in 1971

The congressional ban of DDT can be attributed to

the influence of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring.

Although President Reagan was committed to cutting government spending, he made an exception when it came to

the military.

Before becoming president, Eisenhower was most shaped by his experience in:

the military.

Feminism

the movement aimed at equal rights for women. The movement began in 1848 with the Seneca falls convention.

Although President Reagan was famous for his commitment to building up the American military,

the process actually began during Carter's term.

Probably the greatest blow to President Bush's popularity, reminding Americans of the importance of effective government, was is reaction to what event?

the response to Hurricane Katrina

Most blacks who moved to the North were fleeing terrible poverty in:

the rural South.

which government agency was targeted by joseph mccarthy

the state department

The postwar era witnessed its most dramatic population growth in:

the sunbelt

The postwar era witnessed its most dramatic population growth in:

the sunbelt.

What finally pushed the Kennedy administration to commit to federal legislation to end segregation and protect voting rights?

the violent repression of nonviolent demonstrations

why were americans in such a sober mood

their hope of pushing back the soviet union was fading

why were americans convinced that conspirators were undermining the nations security

there were alarming examples of espionage

Bush v. Gore

this case ruled in favor of Bush by saying that recounting the votes in certain counties of Florida was unconstitutional because of equal protection of the law; Gore's wish to make the process as simple and painless as possible backfired

role of eisenhower in advancing the cause of civil rights

thought little about using the government to create equality

Operation Rolling Thunder

title of a gradual and sustained US 2nd Air Division, US Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force aerial bombardment compaign conducted against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1965 to 1968.

When the U-2 spy plane was shot down over Russia, Eisenhower first:

tried to cover it up.

George Wallace, governor of Alabama, followed the example of Mississippi governor Ross Barnett when Wallace

tried to prevent black students from entering his state's university.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 began after Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man.

true

By the 1950s, suburban life was marked by an increasing:

uniformity

Protests in cities around the world—including New York, Paris, and Mexico City—were all organized by

university students.

The mafia's greatest strength was its ____________________________

vow of silence

Factors that led to mafia's fall ________________, __________________, ______________________, ______________________, and _________________

vow of silence (code of...); eave's dropping, RICO act, witness protection program; informant

Factors that led to the mafia's rise: ___________________, _________________, and __________

vow of silence (code of...); payoffs; labor unions

In his presidential campaign, Jimmy Carter emphasized his moral character and that he was an "outsider" because he

wanted to distinguish himself from Nixon.

The Tet Offensive of early 1968

was a turning point in the Vietnam War resulted in a military defeat for the communists led to a political victory for the communists

Edmund Muskie

was an American politician from Rumford, Maine. He served as Governor of Maine. - Secretary of State under Jimmy Carter from 1980 to 1981.

Operation Rolling Thunder

was the title of a gradual and sustained U.S. 2nd Air Division (later Seventh Air Force), U.S. Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force (VNAF) aerial bombardment campaign conducted against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 2 March 1965 until 1 November 1968, during the Vietnam War.

Ezell Blair Jr; Franklin Mccain; Joseph Mcneil; David Richmond.

were involved in North Carolina in 1960 four college students sat in at Woolworths. -Known as the "GREENSBORO FOUR"

Sit-in Movement

when blacks sat in "whites only" sections or buildings; peaceful protesting

The nation's suburban population by 1970 was overwhelmingly:

white

The mafia set up the _________________________

witness protection program

In the election of 1960, Senator John F. Kennedy

won a narrow victory over Richard Nixon

Explain the implementation of the National Recovery Act.

•Have companies in the same field join together and create a sort of Monopoly. METHODS •An appeal to patriotism. •The legislation said "if you do enter into one of the agreements then you can put a blue eagle on your products". PROBLEMS •These agreements were to detailed to be enforced. •The codes ore agreements favored big business. •Labor became disenchanted with the whole arrangement. •Self interest tended to push companies to violate the agreements. •Held unconstitutional.

Describe the ethnic and political changes resulting from the New Deal.

•Labor unions grow dramatically as a result of the Wagner act. Union members tended to vote for democrats. •African Americans tended to vote for democratic candidates. •Low Immigration and high deportation. •The growth of a new political coalition of democrats. •Indian tribes started to be recognized. •The new deal provided the foundation for huge increases for government expenditures and debt, huge increases on the dependency of the government, and encouragement to leave the workforce.

Describe the parts of Franklin Roosevelt's relief program.

•There were direct relief programs. (direct payments to people.) •Work relief programs. •The works progress administration administered some of the projects. •The national youth administration. RESULTS •Provided minor relief, but had almost no effect.

Black Panthers

a militant Black political party founded in 1965 to end political dominance by Whites

One result of improved relations between the United States and China was

a mutually beneficial trade relationship.

Hungarian Uprising

a nationwide revolt led by workers and students against the Marxist-Leninist government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956. The revolution was crushed by the soviets.

Black Power

a social movement that called for African American power and independence

Suburbia

a town in between urban and rural (bordered cities)

What policy changes were made during President Obama's first term?

banning of waterboarding continuing extraordinary rendition ending American combat role in Iraq

The postwar economic boom was fueled mainly by:

cold war-related military spending

California's Proposition 13 would achieve one of the New Right's main goals by

decreasing the size of government.

President Richard Nixon's grand design for foreign policy was called

detente

Eisenhower on integration

did not support it

Dr. Benjamin Spock

emphasized the importance of nurturing children.

President Calvin Coolidge

father was a farmer but Spent some time as a school teacher and Justice of the Peace

JFK on integration

he supported it.

The first Levittown was built ________.

in Nassau County, New York

federal housing administration (FHA)

insured loans for building and repairing homes

The New Economy of the 1990s was characterized by

low inflation low unemployment federal budget surpluses

harry truman formed the

loyalty review board

increasing attention to the middle east

oil had been recently discovered in iraq kuwait saudi arabia

how did the military industrial complex affect the nation

one tenth well established at that time

President Jimmy Carter's desire to return control of the Panama Canal to Panama grew out of his

opposition to colonialism.

In The Affluent Society, John Kenneth Galbraith pointed out the:

persistence of poverty.

President Warren Harding

served in the Senate from 1915 until his inauguration as president

NAFTA was a trade agreement involving

the USA Canada Mexico

One major reason for religion's growing appeal in the 1950s was:

the desire to combat godless communism.

impact of sputnik

the soviets rendered American bomber defenses useless

LBJ 2 Civil Rights laws

worked successfully to get the laws passed. worked through a filibuster and cloture

Name the candidates for President in 1948.

• Democrat: Harry Truman WINNER! • Republican: Tom Dewey • Strom Thurman (Dixiecrats (southern democrats)) • Henry Wallace (progressive party)

Iranian Revolution

• led to Islamist theocracy (government by religious leaders)

Explain why Franklin Roosevelt's court-packing scheme failed.

•People don't like FDR. He was to power hungry. •A number of people in both parties saw this as a dangerous precedent. •The supreme court was not behind in their work load. •The Supreme court approved some new deal legislation. •A justice resigned giving FDR his first appointment to the supreme court.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

"Star Wars", proposed defense system to keep Americans safe from enemy missiles(Soviet Union) Ronald Reagan started defense with tensions over the cold war.

All of the following were steps of Hitler's consolidation of power

(1) Crushing of alternative political groups (2) Capture of full legal authority (3) Purging of a rival within the Nazi party itself

The British National Government attacked the depression by?

(1) Raised government taxes (2) Cut insurance benefits to rhe unemployed and the elderly(3) Lowered government salaries

The following were factors that contributed to the intense severity and extended length of the Great Depression in Europe

(1) The financial crisis stemming directly from the war and the peace settlement (2) The crisis in the production and distribution of goods in the world market (3) The lack of strong and responsible economic leadership and cooperation

Soviet citizen survived because they

(1) They utilized the black market (2) Peasants raised tiny private plot (3) People bartered with each other

Brown v. Board

(1954) the Supreme Court rule that separate but equal was unconstitutional

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Khanh, Nguyen

(November 8, 1927 - January 11, 2013) was a South Vietnamese military officer and Army of the Republic of Vietnam general who served in various capacities as head of state and prime minister of South Vietnam while at the head of a military junta from January 1964 until February 1965.

Lyndon Johnson

*Called his government "the great society" * -signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. - he had a war on poverty in his agenda. -In an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. -he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

50. Analyze the post-war growth of new suburbs.

+ 11 million new homes went up in the suburbs, and 1/4 Americans lived there + Suburban homes were accessible to families with modest incomes and families were thrilled to own houses + The factory assembly built identical units so workers performed one job house-to-house + The government subsidized home ownership by guaranteeing low-interest mortgages and by making interest on mortgages tax deductible + Highways also encouraged suburban development + Were under attack for bulldozing the natural environment, creating contamination and disrupting wildlife patterns + Helped polarize society along racial lines

41. Describe how the special relationship between Native-Americans and the federal government ended during the Eisenhower president.

+ After Indians left their homes for military service and work in the defense industries, policymakers began to favor assimilating them + The communal practices of Indians resembled socialism and stifled individual initiative + The government implemented a 3-part program of compensation, termination and relocation + Compensated Native Americans for land taken by the government with over $800 million in compensation + Eisenhower signed bills transferring jurisdiction over tribal land to state and local governments + Encouraged Indians to move to cities, where relocation centers were supposed to help with housing, jobs, and medical care

15. Discuss the U.S.'s reaction to reports of Hitler's "Final Solution" in Europe.

+ Americans believed the reports were exaggerated and opposed admitting Jews into the U.S. + U.S. officials refused to grant asylum to most Jewish refugees + U.S. military opposed the bombing of concentration camps and rail lines because they didn't want to take planes away from military missions

37. Explain how the Korean War began and why was it officially a "U.N. police action?"`

+ Artificial division of Korea after WWII where Soviets controlled North and U.S. controlled the South (38th Parallel) + Communist North Korea invaded South Korea + Americans implemented containment to stop the spread of Communism + Marked the militarization of American foreign policy + Officially became a UN police action because Truman sent troops without Congress declaring war, so it wasn't officially a war

9. Analyze the impact of WWII on the U.S. economy.

+ Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, 1/7 workers were unemployed and the federal budget was under $10 billion. + By the end of war, factories were converted to assemble tanks and airplanes, and production soared to record levels + Jobs exceeded workers, plants operated at full capacity and the federal budget topped $100 billion + Employment increased union membership, and the govt. asked unions to pledge, rather than strike

12. Describe the contributions of women to the war efforts in the U.S.

+ Before the war, 1/4 women worked. After the war, 50% more women worked + Worked on assembly lines in defense industries + Most married women remained at home for domestic chores and child care, but supported the war by planting Victory Gardens, saving recyclable materials for war material and bought war bonds

4. Characterize the relationship between Germany and the Soviet Union prior to the start of WWII.

+ Bitter enemies, hatred between Fascist Germany and Communist Soviet Union + Negotiated with Joseph Stalin that the Soviet Union would not join Britain and France in opposing a German attack on Poland + Two powers signed the Nazi-Soviet treaty of nonaggression, exposing Poland to an onslaught by both German and Soviet armies

43. Discuss the goals of brinksmanship.

+ Blocked any efforts for Soviet Union to expand + U.S. can go to the brink of war due to nuclear weapons

27. Identify the new federal organizations created by the National Security Act of 1947.

+ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) + National Security Council (NSC)

56. Identify the critics who challenged the "consumer culture" of the 1950s.

+ David Reisman -The Lonely Crowd: Americans replaced independent thinking with an eagerness to adapt to external standards of behavior and belief + William H. Whyte Jr - The Organization Man: blamed modern corporation for making employees tailor themselves to the group + Vance Packard - The Status Seekers: decried "the vigorous merchandising of goods as status symbols" + Playboy: Idealized masculine independence; Bachelor culture vs. Domestic ("ideal family") culture

20. Explain the concept of a "Cold War" and the issues that led to the deterioration of U.S. & Soviet relations at the end of WWII.

+ Describes the hostility that had emerged between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over clashing interests in Eastern Europe + Prewar mistrust and antagonism between the West and the Soviet Union resurfaced over their different visions of the postwar world + The Western Allies' delay in opening a second front in Europe aroused Soviet suspicion during the war + Soviet leader Joseph Stalin wanted to make Germany pay for the rebuilding of Soviet economy, to expand influence and have friendly governments on the borders in Eastern Europe + The U.S. emerged with productive capacity and monopoly on atomic weapons, making it most powerful + Fearing a return of the depression, U.S. officials believed that a healthy economy depended on opportunities abroad + U.S. leaders and citizens regarded foreign policy as a means to preserve national security and bring freedom, democracy and capitalism to the world + Americans believed WWII might have been prevented had Hitler's initial aggression been resisted rather than appeased + Soviet and American interests clashed in Europe when Stalin considered U.S. officials hypocritical for demanding democratic elections while supporting dictatorships in Latin America for benefit + The division of Germany + The Iron Curtain

39. Explain the fall of McCarthyism.

+ He hurled reckless charges of communism against the military during televised hearings + A Senate vote in 1954 to condemn him marked the end of his influence

(Chapter 27) 38. Describe President Eisenhower's "middle way" and analyze how it helped him navigate domestic policies.

+ He pledged "a middle way between untrammeled freedom of the individual and the demands for the welfare of the whole Nation" + Promising that his administration would "avoid government by bureaucracy as carefully as it avoids neglect of the helpless" + Generally resisted expanding the federal government's power

42. Describe Eisenhower's new national defense strategy.

+ His foreign policy differed in its rhetoric, means and movement toward accommodation with the Soviet Union (Containment) + Concentrated U.S. military strength under nuclear weapons and missiles to deliver them + The U.S. intervened at the margins of Communist power in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East + Gave Allie nations weapons and backed them up with nuclear strength

16. Evaluate the results of the "D-Day" invasion.

+ Hitler ordered a counterattack where 70,000 Allied soldiers were killed and cost the Nazis hundreds of tanks and more than 100,000 men dead + Allied armies dropped bombs and captured Berlin, Hitler committed suicide + German surrender

8. Identify the Roosevelt administration's efforts to protect against espionage and internal subversion during WWII.

+ Issued executive order 9066 which authorized sending all Japanese-Americans to internment camps + Japanese-Americans lost homes and businesses worth $400 million + Supreme Court upheld the order as justification to "military necessity"

31. Show how the Serviceman's Readjustment Act impacted the post-War economy.

+ It offered 16 million veterans job training and education, unemployment compensation until they found jobs and low-interest loans to purchase homes, farms and small businesses. + 1.3 million (veterans) bought houses with govt. loans + 2.2 million veterans attended college and sparked a boom in higher education

36. Analyze the impact of McCarthyism on American society.

+ Law abiding citizens were humiliated and discredited, lost their jobs and some were sent to prison + Banned books from public libraries + Freedom of Speech rights were violated + Expression of dissenting views were stifled

33. Identify the organization(s) and actions of the post-war Mexican-Americans civil rights movements.

+ League of United Latin-American Citizens (LULAC) combatted discrimination and segregation in the Southwest + Led by Dr. Hector Perez Garcia, the American GI Forum became a national force for battling discrimination and electing sympathetic officials; especially for veterans rights as "they earned their credentials as Americans" + Mendez vs. Westminster struck down school segegration

28. Analyze the Cold War concept of "collective security" and how it was applied in 1949.

+ Nations agree to protect each other if any are attacked + U.S. joined Canada and Western Europe to form NATO to counter Soviet threat + For first time in history, U.S. agreed to go to war if its allies were attacked

55. Explain the growing importance of television in shaping American values and attitudes.

+ Nearly 90% of American homes boasted a TV set. Average viewer spent 5 hrs/day + Situation comedies projected the family ideal and the feminine mystique into homes + Ran political TV ads for the first time and played a key role in election campaigns + Called "a selling machine in every living room" + Came to dominate leisure time, influence consumption patterns, and shape perception of the nation's leadership

(Chapter 25) 1. Discuss FDR's "Good Neighbor Policy" and its consequences.

+ No nation had the right to intervene in internal or external affairs of another, especially Latin America + Non-use of on military force to exercise its influence + Honored the the principle of national self-determination Consequences: Permitted rise of dictators who exploited nations with private support from U.S. businesses, Did not prevent the U.S. from exerting economic influence in Latin America, Fascist groups in Germany and Italy threatened military aggression

51. Locate the "Sun Belt" and explain its growth in the postwar period.

+ No regions experienced postwar economic and population booms more intensely than the South and Southwest + Economic opportunity attracted new residents + More production in commerce + The aerospace industry boomed + The surging populations threatened the environment + High-technology basis of economic development drew well-educated, highly skilled workers and even the poor

48. Explain the U.S. reaction to the Sputnik satellite launch.

+ Raised fears that the Soviets led not only in missile development and space exploration, but also in science and education + Established NASA and approved a budget increase for space exploration + Eisenhower signed the National Defense Education Act which provided support for students in math, foreign languages, and science and technology

6. Discuss the consequences of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

+ Sank all of the fleet's battleships, killed 2,400+ Americans with 1,000+ injuries, almost crippled U.S. war-making capacity in the Pacific + Made Japanese military commanders overconfident + Americans instantly united in desire to fight & avenge + Ultimately declared war

46. Describe how the Suez Canal Crisis was part of the U.S. Cold War struggle against communism.

+ Secretary of State Dulles began talks with Egypt about American support to build the Aswan Dam on the Nile River + The following year, Egypt's leader, Nasser, sought arms from Communist Czechoslovakia, formed military alliance with other Arab nations and recognized the People's Republic of China + In retaliation, Dulles called off the deal for the dam + Nasser responded by seizing the Suez Canal, owned by Britain and France but scheduled to revert to Egypt within 7 years. Revenue from the canal could provide capital for constructing the dam + In response, Israel attacked Egypt with help from Britain and France. Eisenhower called on the United Nations to arrange a truce and pressured Britain and France to pull back, forcing Israel to retreat

47. Identify Nikita Khrushchev.

+ Soviet leader that took over after Stalin's death + More moderate + Similar to Eisenhower + Wanted to cut defense spending and the threat of nuclear devastation

25. Identify the Berlin Blockade and the U.S. response.

+ Soviets blocked U.S. access to West Berlin, cutting off food, fuel and other essentials to 2 million inhabitants + U.S. response: to avoid a confrontation with Soviet troops, U.S. and British pilots airlifted 2.3 million tons of goods to sustain West Berliners + After hesitation to shoot down cargo planes, he lifted the blockade and Berlin was divided into East and West Berlin

11. Analyze the importance of the Allies' plan to open a "second front" in Western France in the war against Germany.

+ Stalin demanded that America and Britain mount an immediate assault across the English channel to divert German troops away from Soviets + U.S. and Britain delayed opening a second front in order to weaken the Nazis and Communists as they fought + Decided to strike in North Africa to help secure control of the Mediterranean

34. Define "Dixiecrats."

+ States' Rights Party + Formed by southern Democrats who opposed civil rights + Headed by J. Storm Thurmond, South Carolina governor

49. Explain what Eisenhower meant when he warned Americans of the growing influence of the "military industrial complex."

+ Struggled against pressures from defense contracts sought more money for newer, more powerful weapons systems ($$$$) + He warned that "an immense military established and a large arms industry exercised total influence" + The Cold War created a warfare state + Encouraged Americans to stop relying on military as a guarantor of liberty and "use our power in the interests of world peace and human betterment"

45. Analyze the role of the CIA in American foreign policy during the 1950s.

+ The Eisenhower administration sought to topple unfriendly governments in Latin America and the Middle East + Officials viewed nationalist uprisings as Communist threats to democracy and acted against governments that threatened U.S. economic interests + The administration took this course of action out of sight of Congress and the public, making the CIA an important arm of foreign policy

40. Discuss the impact of Eisenhower's greatest domestic legislation.

+ The Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956 + Authorized construction of a national highway system, with the federal government paying most of the costs through increased fuel and vehicle taxes + The highways accelerated the mobility of people and goods, spurred suburban expansion, benefited trucking, construction and automobile industries

23. Identify the goals of the Truman Doctrine and locate where the policy was first implemented.

+ The U.S. would resist Soviet military power + The U.S. would "support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures"

26. Explain the Cold War concept of "nuclear deterrence" and its consequences.

+ To deter Soviets from attacking, U.S. wanted to have a larger, nuclear force than Soviets + Soviets also wanted a larger fleet + Led to an escalating nuclear arms race with more nuclear weapons being made + Deterrence: discouraging an action through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences

24. Discuss the objectives of the Marshall Plan.

+ To help European nations struggling to recover after the war and restore their economies + Hoped to stop those countries from turning to Socialism and Communism out of desperation + Spent $13 billion helping 16 Western European countries

18. Discuss President Truman's decision to use the atomic bomb.

+ Truman saw no reason not to use the atomic bomb if doing so would save American lives and issued an ultimatum: surrender unconditionally or have the bomb dropped

29. Characterize the foreign policy challenge(s) faced by Truman in the Middle East.

+ Truman wanted American-Arab friendship as a barrier against Soviets and for access to oil + Leaders adopted socialist/Communist ideas + Communist leader, Mao signed a defense treaty with Soviet after the U.S. refused to recognize PRC, blocked admission into the United Nations and supported the Nationalist government in Taiwan (provided $3 billion) + Had pleas from Jews and wanted Jewish vote in election + Felt a moral commitment to Holocaust survivors + Supported the Jews when they declared the state of Israel + Made the defense of Israel the cornerstone of U.S. policy in Middle East

22. Describe the Cold War concept of "containment."

+ U.S. foreign policy that developed after WWII to hold in check the power and influence of the Soviet Union and other groups

44. Trace the origins of U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

+ Vietnam identified themselves as communist, seceded from France and went to war + A communist victory would trigger the fall of Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines + Southeast Asia Treaty Organization committed to the defense of Cambodia, Laos and South Vietnam + Began sending weapons and military advisers to South Vietnam and put the CIA to work infiltrating and destabilizing North Vietnam

35. Explain the rise of "McCarthyism."

+ Wave of anti-Communism spread and weakened liberals + "Red-baiting" were attempts to link individuals or ideas with communism + Setback in U.S. and Soviet relations + Revelations of Soviet spying and Americans made the government and people question if there were more spies

57. Identify Alfred Kinsey and how he challenged the accepted standard of the "ideal family" of the 1950s.

+ Wrote two books (Sexual Behavior in the Human Male/Female) that disclosed American's sexual behavior that often departed from the postwar family ideal + 1/3 of men and 1/7 women reported homosexual experiences + Large numbers of men and women reported they engaged in premarital sex and adultery

Watergate Scandal

- 1972 Presidential Election - Break-in at Watergate Hotel (June 17, 1972) - Nixon denies involvement or knowledge of break-in (June 22, 1972) - James McCord links break-in to White House (March 1973) - Break-ins linked directly to Nixon (June 1973) - Revelation that Nixon has secret recording device in Oval Office (Spring 1974) - Congress subpoenas tapes (Spring 1974); Nixon refuses to release tapes - SCOTUS rules tapes must be released (July 24, 1974)

Critique Richard Nixon's actions in the 1968 presidential race. Evaluate the quality of the evidence for his violation of the Logan Act or purported treason, and whether his actions were beneficial or harmful to the U.S. in the long run.

- Actions in election: interfered with foreign relations as a private citizen. Nixon and Kissinger disrupted the three-way peace talks (U.S., South Vietnam and North Vietnam), telling the South and its leader President Thiệu through intermediary Madame Anna Chennault that, if they hung on until Nixon was president, they'd get a better deal. -Treason: was wiretapped by FBI and tapped S Vietnamese embassy in Washington, Nixon denied charges in phone call, Johnson decides not to publicize - Interfering with foreign relations as a private citizen is a felony under the Logan Act.

Explain the ways that Henry David Thoreau and Mahatma Gandhi influenced the philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr.

- For inspiration MLK looked to Gandhi, who preached reliance on satyagraha, loosely translated as the "truth force." Using Non-violent protests. -American writer Henry David Thoreau advocated a similar approach a century earlier in Civil Disobedience. King distinguished his message from Gandhi's passive resistance. - Like Gandhi, King used activist speeches- transferred the moral burden of violence onto his oppressors for all to see. - Like Thoreau and Gandhi, Reverend King argued that some laws were worth breaking on behalf of a higher moral cause.

Identify the Great Society and contrast the legislative achievements of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Which congressmen passed LBJ's landmark civil rights legislation?

- Kennedy: New Frontier agenda, win Space Race against soviets, lowered taxes, sent troops in South to integrate Mississippi Univ and Alabama; signed Equal Pay Act- outlawing sex discrimination in pay for equal work, Title IX- ensured girls and women could play sports - Johnson: Great Society, "war on poverty", expanded New Deal, added Medicare to Social Security, helped secure funds for low-income housing, refused to sign Southern Manifesto opposing integration, 1964 Civil Rights Act (outlawed discrimination in public), 1965 Voting Rights Act (outlawed poll tax),

Contrast Richard Nixon's strategy for attaining victory in Vietnam with Lyndon Johnson's. How were their strategies similar? How did they vary?

- Nixon: didn't want resolution to crisis before election, convinced Kissinger w/ promise of being in NSA(Security Agency), disrupted peace talks by saying better deal with Nixon; handed more responsibilities over to South Vietnamese Army, vietnamization -- troops dropping, transfer of fighting responsibilities; entice Chinese into stopping support of N Vietnam by linkage and detente strategies; didn't work so negotiated settlement that divided along 17 parallel; strategic bombings, SAME AS JOHNSON and lots of americans died; never fostered stable S Vietnamese gov't - Johnson: wanted to end war along terms similar to Korean, w/ country divided along 17th

Clinton Presidency

- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) ~ North American free trade bloc - World Trade Organization (WTO) ~ Framework for negotiating/formalizing trade agreements ~ Replaced General Agreement on Tariffs/Trade (GATT) - 1947

Identify Barry Goldwater and analyze how the 1964 Election triggered a shift in voting patterns.

- Republican -Didn't support national intervention on racism or civil rights, but wasn't racist -got crushed in presidential election and led to most liberal era. -wanted Social Security to be optional and aggression against communism in containment -wanted nuclear weapons under pentagon -leader of Conservative Counter-Revolution: resisting the growth, role, and scale of the government

Describe Joseph McCarthy's role in American politics and evaluate recent attempts to revive his reputation.

- Senator who notoriously manipulated HUAC - committee started to push right wing KKK members and Nazis out of Government. -ACCUSED PEOPLE OF BEING COMMUNIST to destroy their career -Attacked non spies and spies for being on Left -Targeted Jews and homosexuals -No knowledge of Verona project(counter espionage intelligence) - Manipulated and exposed paranoid tendencies of anxious society - Went too far by investigating CIA and director Dulles and George Marshall (US Army Chief of Staff in WWII) - Public turned on him after investigation by Edward Murrow and after they saw him on TV -Recent attempts to revive his reputation as later revealed Soviets did have spies in US.

Summarize the importance of the Emmett Till case. What does it tell us about the importance of jury duty, media coverage, and sectional relations between North and South?

- The Court ruled jury duty as fundamental to equal protection under the law. Ethnic groups lacking that fundamental right were unlikely to experience anything approximating justice. -The Emmett Till case gave the TV-watching part of the American public an up-close reminder that, despite being a relative beacon of hope in a hostile world, the United States had some skeletons of its own in the closet. -The perpetrators admitted to kidnapping, torturing, and killing the boy but knew they were in no danger of being indicted since the jury was all white. Brought controversy when killers were acquitted. -Moreover, it testified to the lingering regional resentment from the Civil War and Reconstruction between the North and the South.

Evaluate the limitations and legacy of the 1960s counterculture (according to our textbook).

-"junior-grade hipsters": rejected the materialism, violence, and racism of mainstream culture; rejected work ethic -Individualism undermined group political action; some groups Students for Democratic Society advocated for progressive causes - FBI started a project called COINTELPRO, which undermined organized expressions of the counterculture and the Civil Rights movement. -Berkeley protests attracted lots of students to hippie movement -opposition to fighting war -Counterculture had a big cultural impact that outlasted the '60's, emboldening the sexual revolution, ushering in shaggier groovy dos and facial hair, reinvigorating popular music, popularizing recreational drug use, and contributed to "blue islands"- referring to liberal areas

Identify and describe the appeal of Richard Nixon's Law & Order campaign.

-1968 had been a rough year in America, with the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Bobby Kennedy, setbacks in the Vietnam War, and rioting and crime in the streets. People thought the world was crashing down around them. Nixon promised to return "law and order" to American streets if elected in 1968 - Nixon narrowly won on fear and pessimism over Humphrey in '68.

Describe how, including the 24th Amendment, 1965 Immigration Act, Loving vs. Virginia (1967) case, and Fair Housing Act of 1968, the Civil Rights Movement changed the legal landscape regarding race in America.

-24th amendment: outlawed poll tax -Immigration: welcomed ppl from around the world by abolishing national origins quota system -Lovings v Virginia: outlawed banning interracial couples -Fair Housing: banning discriminatory practices in real estate(redlining and blockbusting) -OVERCAME EPIC FILIBUSTERS IN SENATE- A filibuster is a political procedure where one or more members of parliament or congress debate over a proposed piece of legislation so as to delay or entirely prevent a decision being made on the proposal.

Congress Of Racial Equality (CORE)

-An organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality -This civil rights organization sponsored the "freedom ride" to Birmingham, Alabama to protest segregation on buses and trains

Contrast the civil rights strategies of the early Southern, Christian-led movement and the Northern, Nation of Islam-oriented Black Power movement. Who were the primary leaders of the Black Power movement?

-Black Panthers: trained militarily, vowing to defend themselves if attacked by white police, keep black drug dealers off the streets -Nation of Islam: followers endorsed same segregationist policies as white oppressors, turned traditional racism around -embraced African culture and ethnic pride -never resulted in substantive political changes of non-violent movement led by MLK -impacted society and popular culture -Primary leaders of Black Power movement were, Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael.

Explain how voting rights legislation affected the Houston Astrodome bond issue.

-Blacks could vote and wanted to go to astrodome, ALLOWED BLACKS TO ATTEND EVENTS THERE -Judy Garland and Supremes double billing

Analyze what can we learn about conspiracy theories in general from the conspiracy theories surrounding the Kennedy assassination. Why does it present a problem if more than one sounds convincing?

-Conspiracy theories teach us that individually they seem plausible but when you look at other theories they contradict each other. -The problem is how compelling various freestanding theories can sound in isolation. If we know that, at the least, all of them are wrong but one, since they conflict with each other, then collectively they show how right theories that are wrong can sound.

Describe what went wrong for the Democratic Party in the 1968 election.

-Democrats divided; S Whites over desegregation and northern liberals over Vietnam. -Turned on Johnson bc of escalation of Vietnam -Sirhan Sirhan shot Robert Kennedy the night he won CA primary -young crowd rioted in Chicago over Vietnam war; embarrassed Democrats

Explain how the mid-20th century black Civil Rights movement incorporated strategies pioneered by early civil rights leaders.

-Du Bois: wanted courts to beef up 14th and 15th amendments to secure basic rights of citizenship and voting; Niagara Movement; co founder of NAACP; advocated for Pan-Africanism globally -Washington: more gradualist approach advocating that Blacks get up to speed in segregated vocational colleges before pushing for full equality; Atlanta Compromise; promoting education -Marcus Garvey: promoted black business ownership

Summarize how the U.S. got involved in Vietnam between World War II and 1963. Identify the importance of the: Atlantic Charter, NSC-68, Relations With France & Japan, Domino Theory.

-Eisenhower sent Ngo Dinh Diem to take over South Vietnam and US aided but couldn't organize effective gov't, no elections -Viet Cong (Minh supporters) started to assassinate village leaders that supported Diem -civil war btwn S Vietnam and National Liberation Front (NLF), Viet Cong, Viet Minh, People's Army of N Vietnam (backed by China and USSR to lesser extent) -Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill vowed in their 1941 ATLANTIC CHARTER to support decolonization, or independence movements, in the postwar world. -NSC-68 declared that US would fight communism anywhere and everywhere on the Eurasian continent. -Japanese invaded France territories(during WWII) for tin and rubber. Led US to question trading partnership with Japan bc could threaten US oil in Indonesia. FDR cut off oil and steel exports to Japan setting stage. US helped China and England liberate Vietnamese from Japanese control, but France couldn't regain control. -France worried if Vietnam became communist rest of region would "fall like dominoes" to communism

Discuss the politics of America's highways. Who pays for them? Why did America choose roads over passenger/commuter rail? What's the purpose of the 4-lane interstates?

-Eisenhower signed Interstate Highway Act of 1956 Four-lane interstate was seen as efficient for military purposes. Armed convoys could move around on the interstate. Overpasses were/are at least 17-ft high so that nuclear warheads can pass underneath. -PA pioneered 4 lane system w/ Turnpike, created so vehicles didn't have to stop at every light in every town their highway bisected, and could pass each other safely in between. -Open-access free roads funded by gov't, in between are state or country-funded roads and farm-to-market roads. -Excise taxes on oil, vehicles, tires went toward road construction in "self-fueling system"; charged to wholesalers rather than retailers but mostly passed to consumers.

Ricahrd nixon

-Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization" -He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.

Briefly summarize the origins of the Internet.

-Fairchild researched and created silicon transistors. Today chips don't run just computer systems and phones, they run cars, planes, satellites, medical devices, weapons, robots, etc. Government-subsidized chip foundries and Fairchild led to the creation of big companies seen today, such as Apple, Google, Hewlett-Packard, Cisco, eBay, Adobe, Yahoo, Facebook, Netflix, LinkedIn, etc.

Explain why Eisenhower and the U.S. didn't want to sign the 1954 Geneva Convention or honor the convention's call for country-wide elections.

-Geneva Accords: called for dividing Vietnam along 17 Parallel w/ independent N and French held S; communists wanted to unify whole country -Eisenhower, meanwhile, felt that even fully participating in the Geneva talks sanctioned the communists' takeover in the north. -While the U.S. sent a representative to Geneva, it didn't sign the agreement, mainly because they knew the wrong guy would win a unified election: Ho Chi Minh. -Neither side really trusted the other enough for verifiable elections. Voting requires political stability.

Evaluate the ways that the techniques and concerns of the Black Civil Rights Movement carried over, or were shared, by other groups Hispanics, American Indians, LGBT, Elderly:

-Hispanics fought in large numbers, Black and Hispanic civil rights reinforced each other used vote to gain control over local councils and school boards -sued in courts -non violent protest (e.g. Chavez and Huerta boycotted grapes) -March from Delano to Sacramento CA by Chavez -worked with cooperative white politicians like RFK -American Indians: sit-ins, fish-ins -Gay and Lesbian: riots (Stonewall), used right to create and support families -Gray Panthers: elderly, The 1965 Older Americans Act and other legislation also banned age discrimination in hiring, which has proven difficult to enforce, and provided subsidies for disease prevention and nutritional charities like Meals On Wheels.

Describe how the Civil Rights movement connected to public education, both K-12 and colleges.

-In 1954, the Court integrated all U.S. public schools in the Brown v. Board case. -Ike took a stand against the Arkansas National Guard being used to keep black students out of Little Rock's Central High School in 1957. -At the University of Alabama, similar rioting ensued and Governor George Wallace (D) took advantage of the media exposure. -Public schools that allowed Blacks too much access incurred the wrath of politicians.

Explain how the Rodney King and O.J. Simpson trials in Los Angeles exemplified and/or caused racial tension in America circa 1990s.

-In 1991, a passerby videotaped white cops beating up black, unarmed drunk driver Rodney King with batons. The police were acquitted by an all-white jury increasing racial tensions. -a mostly-black jury acquitted "the Juice" despite DNA evidence implicating him in the death of his wife, Nicole, and Ron Goldman (both white). The jury in O.J.'s trial didn't really think he was innocent, they were just balancing out the scale of justice, in their view, for years of racism on the part of the LAPD. -bookends

Identify White Flight and analyze how race and class played into urban expansion and freeway construction in the postwar period. As a case study, how did Austin encourage racial segregation?

-Interstate Act rough on ghettos -Gov't has right to eminent domain = right to expel residents while paying them full market value; poorer the neighborhood, easier to match market value -Segregation = key to real estate development; homes affordable to commoners -curvilinear roads provided maze that discourage outsiders from going through, gave peace and quiet -Banks and VA agents denied benefits to black veterans -White flight from inner cities --> develop of suburbs -Covenants promised never to re-sell property to Blacks, Hispanics or Jews. -Gov't redlined all-white areas on maps and awarded lower-rate mortgages; sub prime interest rate loans, (denied all minorities financial services, like banking and insurance) -donut effect: donut holes of poverty and rubble in the center surrounded by prosperity in white suburbs -gentrification - reviving inner city homes and driving up tax rates on existing minority homeowners(renovating poor neighborhoods in turn increases land rent and drives out poorer people previously living there) -Austin: I-35 separated east and west Austin, using interstate as physical barrier to affirm segregation; reinforced 1928 city plan for "negro district", realtors agreed to never re-sell anything in W Austin to Blacks or Hispanics hoping to segregate completely, city didn't provide water/electricity for minorities w/ homes outside Eastside districts

Discuss how and why the Tet offensive was a turning point in Americans' attitudes toward the Vietnam War. Analyze why its interpretation among journalists, historians, the Pentagon, and the public remain controversial.

-Johnson rallied US forces to defend Khe Sanh (air base) and launched B-52 raids in hills surrounding base's perimeter -VC surprised US by simultaneously attacking 55 cities on Tet (Chinese New Year's holiday), snuck weapons in everyday items; caught military and public back home off guard -public was confused as to how the communists could've launched such an attack, just after the authorities were telling the public that victory was imminent. -The growing tension between the Pentagon and media was important because Vietnam was the first war with footage and body counts featured nightly on the evening news. -widened credibility gap and reduced public's trust. Decreased public's support for the war.

Describe how violence and protests in Alabama and the 1963 March on Washington impacted civil rights legislation.

-Kennedy was an incrementalist that didn't want to push too fast, fearing that would endanger the movement. -LBJ (Kennedy's VP) refused to sign the aforementioned Southern Manifesto to resist school integration in 1956. -When JFK died, President Johnson pressured the FBI to crack down on the KKK rather than King. -LBJ became committed to promoting civil rights for all minorities. -Led to Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act

Analyze and assess the theory that Hollywood radicals were trying to dismantle the American system. What did Hollywood do to leftist Actors?

-MPA Blacklist never had any formal legal authority but damaged careers and included people who weren't communists. -Violated SPIRIT of free speech. -Some of Hollywood Ten fired people from the industry that really were active communists -Committee for First Amendment formed in response to blacklisting leftists -In the end, 50 directors signed to blacklist anyone who wouldn't submit to interrogation before HUAC

Summarize how [Ralph] Nader's Raiders changed peoples' everyday lives.

-Nader's Raiders were a group of lobbyist consumer advocates; pushed against GM(General Motor) about lack of seatbelt and instability of Chevy Corvair -Nader sued GM(General Motor) for entrapment and bought full-time lobbyists with settlement --> outlawed firing employees before pensions kick in, ingredients on food products, credit scores available, optional seatbelt offered

Summarize the ways that World War II helped trigger the modern (mid-20th c.) Civil Rights Movement.

-Not only did minority troops fight in combat (nothing new), but Americans also looked hard-core racism in the eye when fighting Japan and Germany and didn't like what they saw. Japan's racially justified brutalization of other Asians and the horrific Jewish Holocaust made some, not all, Americans rethink their own racism. -Minorities began to fight back against segregationist policies.

Describe how the Kennedy administration struggled to control the escalating civil war in South Vietnam.

-Politically and militarily, one problem was figuring out whose side everyone was on, especially when many people were just caught in the crossfire and didn't necessarily favor either side. -Kennedy's administration tried to segregate the VC(Viet Cong) and VC(Viet Cong) sympathizers from others by relocating villagers in the Strategic Hamlet Program. But people didn't want to move away. -(Viet Cong was North Vietnam Army and Liberation Front.)

Describe how China's communist revolution influenced American politics.

-Public sided with General MacArthur in fight over whether US should have conquered China during Korean War; Truman blamed for "losing China". -East Asian linguists fired by State Department (no one in gov't who spoke Korean or Vietnamese). -Truman instituted loyalty oaths and revived House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in response. -New enemy within was on the left, Red Scare occurred. -Spectacle of political backstabbing and paranoia, fanned communist flames.

Analyze how broader American culture mirrored the government's attempts to ferret out communists.

-Red Scare against Communism: second in US history after post WWI outbreak; widespread fear by society about a potential rise of communism, anarchism, or radical leftism. -Hollywood blacklisting of leftist actors

Dean Acheson

-Secretary of State under Harry Truman - Defined American foreign policy during the Cold War -Secretary of State who said we didn't need to defend South Korea but Truman disagreed

Identify policies the textbook mentions as helping cities cope with race-based police brutality.

-Some cities improved things by putting more black and minority police on the streets in inner-city neighborhoods. -One constructive step forward is police wearing body cameras.

Identify the Dixiecrats (States' Rights Party) and integrate their story with our earlier analysis of the Democrats in the 1920s and 30's.

-The Dixiecrats were a short-lived segregationist political party in the United States of mainly Southern Democrats. The Party opposed racial integration and wanted to retain Jim Crow laws and white supremacy in the face of possible federal intervention. -Their party was united under legislating racial rights, but they were also divided among left and right ideas. Some Dixiecrats supported the new deal and some didn't.

Evaluate the successes, failures, and challenges of Harry Truman's Fair Deal. Identify the Old Guard, and explain their importance.

-The Fair Deal supported civil rights legislation, universal health insurance, expansion of Social Security benefits, and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act that weakened labor the year before. -Pros: strong unions and prosperous working class, big housing and consumer economy, low interest rates, lasting impact, small increase in min wage, expansion of Social Security to include Cost Of Living Allowances, helped cement the New Deal. -Cons: didn't add much to New deal liberalism, defeated on health insurance by AMA.(Medical Association) -The "Old Guard" was a coalition of northern Republicans and southern Democrats that mostly blocked the Fair Deal. They blocked civil rights legislation, supporting black voting rights and prohibiting lynching.

From Short Video: Analyze how the la Drang battle symbolized the Vietnam conflict. How did it exemplify the strategic problems the U.S. faced fighting in South Vietnam?

-The battle was extremely important because it was the first significant contact between U.S. troops and North Vietnamese forces. The action demonstrated that the North Vietnamese were prepared to stand and fight major battles even though they might take serious casualties. Senior American military leaders concluded that U.S. forces could wreak significant damage on the communists in such battles--this tactic lead to a war of attrition as the U.S. forces tried to wear the communists down. -The North Vietnamese also learned a valuable lesson during the battle: by keeping their combat troops physically close to U.S. positions, U.S. troops could not use artillery or air strikes without risking injury to American troops. This style of fighting became the North Vietnamese practice for the rest of the war.

Identify Colin Powell and three main points of the Powell Doctrine.

-The most influential Vietnam veteran (secretary of state) in terms of shaping future policy. His Doctrine built on the lessons of Vietnam by suggesting these future guidelines: -1. Never engage in any war the public doesn't back. -2. Use overwhelming air power up front, destroying the enemy's air force, then proceed on the ground. -3. Always have both a clear plan of attack and a viable exit strategy.

Evaluate the idea that public/government spending can only be a drag on the economy. How well does that notion stand up against American history during the Cold War?

-The public notion that government spending is bad for the economy is extremely Contradictory. -Military spending during the Cold War was an example of how government-funded research and cooperation with private investors spurred the economy. - Cold War arms race spurred post war boom - military-industrial complex shaped modern economy - e.g. silicon transistors, integrated circuits, computers

Explain why relations were so contentious between labor and management in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Identify the key legislation that affected labor.

-The relations between labor and management were so contentious because Management wanted the 1935 Wagner Act repealed, the Wagner Act compelled management to negotiate with unions, supply minimum wage, and guaranteed basic worker rights. Labor wanted to hang on to their gains and underscored their determination with a series of (connected) secondary strikes in railroads, coal, steel, and autos in 1946. -Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 outlawed communism among labor leaders, union political contributions, Businesses requiring union membership, and boycotts

Analyze and describe the pros and cons of Affirmative Action. How, in some cases, do Whites benefit from Affirmative Action?

-The traditional argument against any demand for equality is that particular groups shouldn't get special treatment. -The flaw in that is asking for any special treatment; they're asking for equal treatment as measured by whatever privileges a given society affords the dominant group. -Another complication with Affirmative Action is that its beneficiaries might feel their achievements are devalued. -Without caps, Asians might be majority at many leading colleges. -Affirmative action benefits Whites over superior Asians and Women -Pros: restrict discrimination against equally or better-qualified minorities -Cons: seen as going too far (e.g. inferior applicants getting preferential treatment and discriminating against Whites), beneficiaries might feel achievements devalued

Identify the My Lai Massacre and explain how the liberation policy backfired.

-The worst recorded atrocity was at Song Mỹ village — My Lai and My Khe or "Pinkville" to the U.S. since it was a Viet Cong stronghold. In March 1968, some mentally drained U.S. troops lost control there, raping, dismembering, and massacring between 350 and 500 civilians for four hours. -The liberation campaigns didn't win over the hearts and minds of many neutral converts. Likewise, the My Lai photos didn't win over the hearts and minds of many Americans back home.

Explain how and why NSC-68 trumped the Atlantic Charter as far as America's role in Vietnam. Distinguish between Truman's narrower "rotten apples in a barrel" policy (LO 13:2) toward key areas and the broader "domino theory" applied to the entire Eurasian landmass.

-Under Truman, the U.S. was dedicated to preventing the spread of communism, especially after NSC-68 (1950) declared that they would fight communism anywhere and everywhere on the Eurasian continent. Trumped Atlantic Charter and led to U.S. involvement in Vietnam War. -US needed both Japanese and French alliances; France worried if Vietnam became communist rest of region would "fall like dominoes" to communism -The U.S. supported countries gaining their independence from Europeans(Atlantic Charter), but not if the new, independent country was a communist dictatorship or even a socialist democracy. Vietnam appeared headed for a communist dictatorship.

Analyze how the 1964 presidential election changed the Vietnam situation for the U.S. Identify the Gulf of Tonkin incident and how LBJ's retaliation after Pleiku helped muster Soviet support for North Vietnam.

-When President Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) ran against Barry Goldwater in 1964, Goldwater wanted to use at least tactical nuclear bombs to end the war. LBJ feared that might mean WWIII with the Soviets, but also wanted to look moderately tough during the election. -Gulf of Tonkin: N Vietnamese torpedo fired on USS Maddox in Gulf of Tonkin; only caused one bullet hole -2nd and 3rd attacks from Gulf of Tonkin didn't happen, exaggerated to push public toward intervention -LBJ retaliated: US sent troops to demilitarized zone (N saw as act of aggression), Gulf of Tonkin Resolution getting funding -N attacked US helicopter base in Pleiku; Johnson bombed N Vietnam in retaliation during Soviet Premier visit convincing USSR to have military alliance with N. Vietnam, Chinese backed Minh in turn

Identify the Constitutional argument plaintiffs used in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Describe how opponents of same-sex marriage have shifted tactics in recent years.

-ambiguity of 14th amendment's due process clause: should outlaw banning same-sex marriage bc some ppl find it confining -14th amendment's equal protection under the law; opens up question of polygamous marriage -Gave right to same-sex marriage -Court sometimes takes public opinion into account

Nation of Isalm

-known as Black Muslims -Viewed white society as oppressive -Preached black separation and self help

Briefly describe some of the engineering challenges confronting the American space program in the 1960s. Based on what you've read in previous chapters, why were the U.S. and USSR so intent on exploring the moon.

-traditional mainframe computers were too large to take into space. Circuits were a new thing at the time. -landing systems were difficult to engineer -The U.S. and USSR both wanted to prove their technological superiority over the other.

Nonviolent resistance

...

2 goals for military system

1) unification 2) new institutions to coordinate military and diplomatic strategy

Describe the results of China's "fall" to the Communists.

1. China comes within the Russian orbit and a treaty is signed between the Russians and the Soviet Union, Russians are the big dogs 2. The US failed to recognized China as a legitimate a government and they don't want diplomatic relations 3. Enter into security agreements with Japan

Describe the areas of economic weakness in the 1920's.

1. Declining industries: due to competition (railroad industry, coal industry, cotton textile industry 2. Union membership declines 3. Dramatic drop in farm exports and prices: Consumer price index dropped by 11% but farm products was down over 50%, net income per farm dropped over 75%

Describe the scandals of the Harding administration.

1. Didn't know anything about these bad things 2.Teapot Dome Scandal: salt dome, oil underneath, part of the US petroleum reserve, Secretary of the interior leased a number of oil reserved lands to private ___ and received a number of bribes with the leasing 3. Number of other scandals that involved politicians 4. Veterans burro scandal 5. Harry Dwardy was accused of taking bribes

Discuss how the U.S. estranged itself from Europe in the 1920's.

1. Economic tensions a. number of war debts owed to the US and the US would not cancel those debts b. tariffs 2. The refusal of the US to embrace the idea of collective security

Discuss the causes of the Great Crash.

1. Excessive optimism and speculation in the 1920s 2. Slowing of economic activity in 1929 prior to the stock market crash 3. Hard to evaluate the worth of new industries 4. There were a number of new relatively unsophisticated investors 5. The purchasing of stock on margin: borrowing the money to buy the stock 6. Production began to faulter

Describe the events that encouraged the rise of McCarthyism.

1. Government general portrayal of Russian communists as hell-bent of concurring the world 2. There is a revelation to the Americans that there are communists agents in departments in the US government 3. Truman institutes a loyalty oath program if you wanted to work in the US government 4. Alger His trial occurred and he was charged for being a communist agent 5. There are trails and conventions of number of US part officials of violent over throw of the government 6. China falls to the communists 7. The Russians detonate an atomic bomb and spies in the west helped 8. The Rosenberg's are convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Russians

Explain the major economic events of the 1920's. *DOUBLE CHECK*

1. Growth in the continuing use of electricity as a power source 2. Continued growth of the use of an assembly line 3. Extensive rise in grows domestic product and per capital grows domestic product 4. Unequal distribution of wealth 5. Growth in debt 6. Continuing drop in farm products and prices 7. Speculation in the stock market 8. Saturation in the market for cars and appliances

Describe the events that contributed to the downfall of McCarthyism.

1. He extends his attacks to upper levels of the army 2. The hearing he conducts are televised and reveals what a bully he is 3. Edward Murrow attacks McCarthy as being out of control 4. The Senate censures him and his influence is over

Explain why Japan went to war with the U.S.

1. Japan looses all its sources of petroleum 2. Japan chooses continued aggression over stopping aggression and negotiating for petroleum 3. Japan launch an attack on Pearl Harbor to end the US navy in the Pacific so it will not be able to take the Dutch East Indies

Explain why China "fell" to the Communists in 1949.

1. Mao (communists) defeated the nationalists 2. Lots of corruption among nationalist leaders 3. Massive inflation, wiped the middle class 4. Mao issues sever discipline to attack people to his cause 5. Gained Manchuria which increases his power 6. Truman administration gave up, stopped providing aid

Describe the social effects of the Great Depression on the population.

1. Psychological effect from the burden of unemployment 2. There was a large deportation of Mexicans 3. Decline in health care 4. Homelessness and vagrancy 5. Soaring high school dropout rates 6. Organized protests

Discuss U.S. economic growth in terms of sectors of the economy. *DOUBLE CHECK*

1. Some industries were growing very fast a. Radio broadcasting is growing fast b. Movies industry is growing fast c. Chemical engineering 2. Corporations continued to dominate the economic unit 3. Corporate mergers: make businesses much larger cause you can spread costs over more and more products 4. Huge emphasis on marketing, advertising... 5. Huge growth in chain stores

Explain the U.S. distrust of the Soviet Union during World War II.

1. Soviets support of domestic communist activity 2. Distaste for Stalin's regime 3. Ideological differences between the Soviet government and the US

Describe how Franklin Roosevelt won the election of 1944.

1. Stresses the prosperity of the war 2. Replaced Henry Wallace with Harry Truman 3. Took advantage of increased support from organized labor

Evaluate the support for and the results of Prohibition.

1. The Anti-Saloon League 2. Urban Progressives 3. Some ethnic groups: some Germans and Irish • Ignored by upper class Urbanites Results: 1. Decline in drinking 2. Fashionable drinking appears amongst the upper class 3. Crime becomes rampant: connected with alcohol, smuggling 4. Create a profound disrespect for the law 5. Repealed

Describe the war plan followed by the Allies in 1942-43.

1. The British and the Americas would seize North Africa and drive out the Germans 2. Allies would begin a drive into Sicily then Italy and begin up the Italian Peninsula 3. Soviet Union maintain its Eastern front and then begin to throw back the German 4. No cross channel invasion

Explain the reasons why isolationism increased in the U.S. during the 1920's and 1930's.

1. The Great Depression made foreign policy look unimportant 2. As the danger of war seemed more obvious it increased the desire of the US to stay out 3. WWI was seen as more of a mistake

Describe the factions within the Democratic party in the 1920's.

1. The Rural South and West faction 2. Stood for prohibition, fundamentalism, and the Klan. 3. Democrats in the city in the North and Midwest factions: Jewish, Catholic, oppose prohibition...

Describe events in Europe after its division between the free world and Communist camps.

1. The US and Great Britain refused to allow Russia to take anything from the Western zone 3. Stalin increases the communication of the Easter zone 4. Stalin uses communism to dominate Europe

Discuss the elements of the Marshall Plan of 1947.

1. The providing of extensive economic aid from the US to European countries 2. However, it will be in exchange for the nations we fund in agreeing in ways to use the money, achieve economic revival and promote free institutions

List the prerequisites of the Second Industrial Revolution.

1. There is a dramatic increase in industrial productivity: lower prices and higher income. Causes: 1. Improvements in technology electric motors and electricity 2. A number of improvements in continuous movements of assembly lines 2. Rise or increase in consumer goods industries 3. Dramatic rise in per capita income 4. Continuing legal frame work in the country that is appropriate to industrial growth

Examine the major domestic developments during World War II.

1. There is a huge increase in the production of industrial and agricultural materials and products and a huge increase in prosperity 2. Increased affluence generally 3. There is a huge spending increase by the federal government 4. Huge tax increase and huge borrowing increases, withholding for income taxes 5. Vast migration of Americans throughout the US which causes social problems 6. Spike in marriages and divorces 7. Rise in women's employment particularly married women 8. Huge rationing program 9. Large number of minorities serve in the war and it changes their attitudes for things in America 10. Large south to north and west migration 11. Relocation of Japanese Americans

Discuss the results of the Washington Naval Conference of 1921.

1. There is an agreed limitation on the number of capital ships each country will own, the limit was a ratio 2. The US agrees to not fortify any of its bases 3. There is an agreement by all 9 nations that they will uphold the Open Door Policy in China 4. There was a Pacific security pact: 4 nations agreed to maintain peace in the pacific

Discuss the results of the Potsdam Conference.

1. There is an agreement that each side would take reparations primarily from its own occupied zone 3. Ended the wartime alliance

Evaluate the planning and attack on Pearl Harbor.

1. There is no evidence that FDR deliberately exposed the Pacific fleet to attack 2. There was negligence in Hawaii and DC to prepare for an attack

Describe the key elements of U.S. defense policy from 1945 to 1960.

1. Unification of all of the armed services into an integrated system 2. The air force emerges as the dominate power among the armed forces 3. The US develops a hydrogen bomb 4. There is a massive expansion of the US military and its budget with the idea that it should be able to halt the Soviets

Describe Hoover's response to the Great Depression.

1. Voluntarism: relieve human suffering 2. Takes governmental measures: creates agencies to give loans to farmers, banks, and public work projects to put people to work 3. Opposed direct relief payments by the government 4. Opposed massive public work projects

Describe changes for women and children in the 1920's.

1. Women gain the right to vote 2. Increase in divorces 3. Lower birth rates 4. Smaller families 5. Increase in married women working outside the home 6. Increased rebellion against traditional morality -Provocative Dancing -Smoking, Drinking

The "Baby Boom" covered the years from

1946-1964

Truman Doctrine

1947; Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology.

Berlin Airlift

1948-1949; Joint effort by the US and Britain to fly food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blocked off all ground routes into the city. It put the Soviets into a very difficult position, which forced them to either attack first or back off.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Brown vs. Board

1954 court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955 protest action to end segregation on buses in Montgomery, Alabama

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Great Society

1964, LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

voting rights act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Hubert Humphrey

1968 democratic presidential candidate; was LBJ's vice president, and basically wanted to continue his policies; split the democratic party, allowing Nixon to win

My Lai Massacre

1968, a massacre by American troops of 504 unarmed Vietnamese villiagers during the Vietnam War.

Tet Offensive

1968; North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon

Camp David Accords

1979 agreement reached between the leaders of Israel and Egypt after protracted negotiations brokered by President Carter; Israel surrendered land seized in earlier wars and Egypt recognized Israel as a nation. Despite high hoped, it did not lead to a permanent peace in region.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989, "Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in the upper house with conservative Democrats or "boll weevils"

Family Leave Act

1993 legislation that allows an employee to take unpaid leave due to illness or to care for a sick family member or to care for a new son or daughter including by birth, adoption or foster care.

The Contract with America was the platform for the Republican takeover of Congress in

1994

Bush v.Gore

2000 Presidential election between Bush (Republican) and George(Democratic). Bush won by 327 votes out of 6 million. Both Electoral(50.55%) and Popular vote(47.9%) were extremely close causing a recount of ballots.

The march on Washington

250,000 blacks and whites marched to the lincon memorial. MLK i have a dream.

Woodstock 1969

3-day music festival held at Max Yasgur's 600 acre dairy farm

Jimmy Carter

39th President 1977-1981 Democrat

The 1940 election was won by FDR for an un-presidented _______________________

3rd term

Kent State

4 students killed by National Guardsmen after violent protesting in this university

Kent State

4 students were shot by National Guard Troops during a protest against Vietnam war. Forced temporary closure of colleges and universities across the country.

Rosa Parks

43 year old, black civil rights activist, riding the bus home from Montgomery, Alabama, was asked by the bus driver to give up her seat for a white man due to the Alabama Jim Crow laws, refused and was sent to jail and fined.

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

McCarthyism

A campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950-1954.

National Security Council

A committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security

Patriot Act

A controversial law overwhelmingly passed by Congress in October 2001, after the terrorist attacks of September 11 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. It greatly expanded the power of federal law enforcement authorities to move against suspected terrorists.

NSC-68

A document that pushed for a large build up of the U.S military. It allowed the U.S to quickly build up its military for the Korean conflict.

Berlin Wall

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

Little Rock Central High School

A group of African-Americans who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism.

moral majority

A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism.

Silent Majority

A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s

filibuster

A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator refuses to relinquish the floor and thereby delays proceedings and prevents a vote on a controversial issue.

What was the "Tet offensive" of 1968?

A series of major attacks by communist forces in the Vietnam War. Both a tactical defeat for the Communists and a political defeat for the United States.

Stagflation

A slowly growing economy with high rates of unemployment and inflation.

NAFTA

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

In 1966 the rallying cry of the civil rights movement became Select one: a. "Black power." b. "Burn, baby, burn." c. "Freedom now." d. "We shall overcome."

A. "Black power"

The Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall in the aftermath of the Select one: a. Bay of Pigs invasion. b. arrival of American combat troops in Vietnam. c. Cuban Missile Crisis. d. election of John F. Kennedy.

A. Bay of Pigs invasion

In Operation Iraqi Freedom, the U.S. had the support of troops from Select one: a. Great Britain, Australia, and Poland. b. France and Germany. c. the United Nations. d. None of the these—the U.S. acted alone.

A. Great Britain, Australia, and Poland

The leader of the Moral Majority was: Select one: a. Jerry Falwell b. John Osteen c. Pat Robertson d. Billy Graham e. Oral Roberts

A. Jerry Falwell

Student civil rights activists in the South would likely experience all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. Kennedy's public encouragement b. extreme verbal abuse c. growing public admiration d. mob violence e. mass arrests

A. Kennedy's public encouragement

In 1968 the candidate who claimed to speak for the "silent majority" and "Middle America" was Select one: a. Richard Nixon. b. Hubert Humphrey. c. Robert Kennedy. d. George Wallace.

A. Richard Nixon

Most likely to support the Moral Majority would be: Select one: a. Southern Baptists b. Episcopalians c. college-educated women d. Californians e. science teachers

A. Southern Baptists

As George H. W. Bush prepared for the 1992 election, his greatest weakness became: Select one: a. a major downturn in the economy b. the continuing threat of Saddam Hussein to American security c. his support for the religious right agenda d. his lack of a compelling vision for the future e. the end of the cold war

A. a major downturn in the economy

The Strategic Defense Initiative involved Select one: a. an anti-missile defense system. b. support of the Contras in Nicaragua. c. a plan for peace in the Middle East. d. arms reduction talks with the Soviet Union.

A. an anti-missile defense system

The hippie movement ultimately: Select one: a. began to wane as counterculture had become counterproductive b. won over much of Middle America to its perspective c. got involved in civil rights activism and the war on poverty d. disappeared once the draft was ended e. was limited to San Francisco

A. began to wane as counterculture had become counterproductive

As he campaigned for president in 1980, Reagan promised to restore prosperity by: Select one: a. cutting taxes b. putting millions to work on government construction projects c. returning the country to the gold standard d. balancing the federal budget e. bailing out ailing banks and industries

A. cutting taxes

By 1971, the New Left: Select one: a. had split into factions and largely self-destructed b. was stronger than ever due to Nixon's policies c. was focusing on personal liberation rather than political change d. was working within the system for moderate reform e. remained committed to nonviolent movement

A. had split into factions and largely self-destructed

In the impeachment proceeding, Bill Clinton was charged with Select one: a. lying under oath to a grand jury. b. all of these. c. profiting from the Whitewater development. d. having an affair with Monica Lewinsky.

A. lying under oath to a grand jury

Reagan first became a star in Republican politics when he: Select one: a. made a television speech for Goldwater in 1964 b. opposed Ford for the nomination in 1976 c. led opposition to Roosevelt in the 1930s d. served in the Senate from California in the late 1960s e. campaigned for Eisenhower in the 1950s

A. made a television speech for Goldwater in 1964

To many voters in 1980, Ronald Reagan, in contrast to Jimmy Carter, seemed: Select one: a. sunny b. humorless c. to be a deep thinker and expert on the details of policy d. capable of getting Congress to pass a liberal reform program e. indecisive

A. sunny

Reagan's experience as an actor: Select one: a. was invaluable in a television age b. had been limited to a few performances on radio c. caused conservative Christians to view him with suspicion given the immorality of Hollywood d. helped him master policy details e. was irrelevant once he entered politics

A. was invaluable in a television age

In 1964, the University of California at Berkeley: Select one: a. was the site of a free-speech movement (FSM) b. became the birthplace of the counterculture c. was shut down by antiwar protestors d. was the scene of a bloody confrontation between students and the National Guard e. remained racially segregated

A. was the site of a free-speech movement (FSM)

New Deal program that were ruled unconstitutional: _____________ and _______________

AAA; NRA

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere. Helped to combat discrimination against non-Western European immigrants.

In the election of 1952, General Dwight D. Eisenhower easily won the presidency over the Democratic nominee

Adlai Stevenson

Black Power Movement

African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force if necessary. (Malcolm X)

Black Power Movement

African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary. (Malcolm X)

The post-World War II migration of Americans in minority communities affected

African Americans Puerto Ricans Mexican Americans

Malcom X

African-American civil rights leader who encouraged violent responses to racial discrimination

Marshall Plan

Aid program beginning in 1947 to rebuild war torn economies of Western Europe. Motivated by humanitarian concerns and the fear of communism.

Equal Employment Opportunity

Aims, through legal compliance, to ensure that anyone, regardless of race, color, disability, sex, religion, national origin, or age, has an equal opportunity based on his or her qualifications.

Describe the results of the election of 2000.

Al Gore won the popular vote

The disc jockey who popularized rock and roll was ________.

Alan Freed

Dubček, Alexander

Alexander Dubček was a Slovak politician who served as the First secretary of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from January 1968 to April 1969.

Butterfield, Alexander

Alexander Porter Butterfield is an American retired military officer, public servant, and businessman. He served as the deputy assistant to President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973.

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

3. Violence in the Middle East is still one of the biggest concerns of the United States government. What event or country in the Middle East do you believe has caused the United States the most problems since the end of World War II and why? A good answer will describe the root of the problems in the Middle East (decolonization after World War II), the various problems in Iran and Iraq, the importance of the Gulf War, and the rise in terrorist attacks against the United States in the 1990s and early 2000s.

America got involved with the middle east to support the minority groups in Israel after the decolonization after WW2, but we ended staying due to the oil presence and also conflicts of foreign affairs, also due to this decolonization which created middle eastern countries by European powers. I believe that the country thats caused the US the most problems in the middle east is Iran. Americas issues with Iran began early with OPEC involving Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. OPEC placed an oil embargo on the US in 1973 and caused the US to have to choose between support for Israel or consumerism of oil. US relations with Iran increased during the Iranian Revolution, but quickly after that relationship deteriorated when the US offered asylum to the sick Shah. This led to the Iranian Hostage Crisis where Iran invaded the US embassy and held 66 American hostages for 444 days. The Iran-Iraq war was during 1980-1988. During this war America supported Iraq and sold weapons and equipment needed to produce biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons. Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq in a military dictatorship. In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait, where US protected Saudi Arabia and defeated Iraq. These events are known as the Persian Gulf war and they are a significant attempt and grab for power and set up many events to follow. As US presence in the middle east continued terrorist attacks against the US rose There was an attack January 25, 1993: attack on CIA employees, February 26, 1993: World Trade Center Bombings, June 25, 1996: fuel truck bomb at U.S. air force installation in Saudi Arabia, Aug. 7, 1998: coordinated attacks on American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, October 12, 2000: USS Cole attacked off coast of Yemen, and most significantly the attack on the twin towers on 9/11/01. These terrorist attacks shattered American comfort but also raised their patriotism. While, Iraq seems to be the later cause for a lot of Americas problem with the middle east, I still believe that Iran caused most of these problems as they paved a path of conflicts for the US in the middle east and set us up for issues from the beginning, eventually leading to these issues with Iraq along with the horrendous terrorist attacks such as 9/11.

China Civil War

America tries to help but china is split between democracy and communism. Communism takes over and they are in control of 80% of supplies. America realizes compromise and agreement is over when china signs with Russia.

Which of the following factors contributed most to population growth in the United States after World War II?

American families began to have more children.

why did the united states not simply destroy its nuclear arsenal after WWII in order to prevent arms race with the soviet union

American leaders continued to believe that the atom bomb would be their winning weapon for years to come

The launching of Sputnik I by the soviet Union in 1957 led to

American panic the creation of NASA the passage of the NDEA

Berlin Blockade

American, British, French, and Soviet troops occupy a part of Berlin. Soviets block off the rails coming into Berlin.

political success of mccarthyism

Americans were deeply worried about communism

NATO 1949 "North Atlantic Treaty Organization"

An alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country;

Which nuclear weapons policy had the support of the majority of Americans during the early 1980s?

An immediate nuclear freeze

OPEC

An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Gromyko, Andrei

Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko was a Soviet Belarusian communist politician during the Cold War. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Gromyko was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy until he retired in 1988.

The 1920's version of the KKK, was not only racist, but also _______________ and ____________________

Anti-Semitic; Anti-Catholic

Cox, Archibald

Archibald "Archie" Cox Jr. was an American lawyer and law professor who served as U.S. Solicitor General under President John F. Kennedy and as a special prosecutor during the Watergate scandal. During his career, he was a pioneering expert on labor law and was also an authority on constitutional law.

The Black Panther Party believed in what philosophy?

Armed protection and protest

What national "traumas" occurred in 1968?

Assassination of President Kennedy, and assassination of Martin Luther King

Rusk

Assistant sec of state

Pinochet, Augusto

Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte was a Chilean general, politician and dictator of Chile between 1973 and 1990 who remained the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 1998 and was also President of the Government Junta of Chile between 1973 and 1981.

Describe the Tonkin Gulf Resolution.

Authority granted by congress to President Johnson in 1964 to approve and support in advance " The determination of the president as commander in Chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attacks against the U.S.

Katherine and Richard Gordon " The split level trap"

Authors of the novel The Split-Level Trap, published in 1960; along with Richard Gordon and Max Gunther, she was concerned about the psychological affects of suburban life; -She labeled the lifestyle "Disturbia" and "bemoaned" the "haggard" men, the "tense" women, and the "gimme" kids it produced;

Assessing the Eisenhower Presidency

Avoidance of volatile issues Eight years of relative peace and prosperity

The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in the early 1960s: Select one: a. was dominated by the Weathermen b. challenged established authority in favor of "participatory democracy" c. was the youth wing of the Democratic party d. looked to the Socialists and Communists of the Depression era for inspiration e. was a leading proponent of the sexual revolution

B. challenged established authority in favor of "participatory democracy"

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique: Select one: a. celebrated the cult of female domesticity b. explained the unhappiness of so many middle-class women c. painted an ideal portrait of suburban living d. argued that women should be paid high wages for housework e. told women how to better please their husbands

B. explained the unhappiness of so many middle-class women

Kennedy's inauguration is best remembered for: Select one: a. the flatness of his delivery b. his elegant and inspiring rhetoric c. the record cold in Washington that day d. the large and friendly crowd e. the list of promises in his speech

B. his elegant and inspiring rhetoric

A huge demographic factor behind Reagan's electoral success was: Select one: a. the growing number of Americans with graduate degrees b. population growth in the South and the West c. the declining percentage of people who went to church d. the baby boomers reaching retirement age e. the growth of the Hispanic population

B. population growth in the South and the West

In their role at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, the Yippies could best be described as: Select one: a. terrorists b. pranksters c. political activists d. artists e. political philosophers

B. pranksters

In its controversial Miranda v. Arizona decision, the Warren Court: Select one: a. made abortion legal b. required that an accused person be informed of certain basic rights c. banned prayer in public schools d. protected job rights for homosexuals e. gave police more power to search without a warrant Feedback

B. required that an accused person be informed of certain basic rights

One major inspiration for Reagan's economic approach was: Select one: a. Henry Clay's American System b. the Republican tax-reduction program of the 1920s c. Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism d. the New Deal e. Eisenhower's "modern Republicanism"

B. the Republican tax-reduction program of the 1920s

By 1960-1961, a number of students had become inspired to become social reform activists by: Select one: a. the fear of getting drafted and sent to Vietnam b. the example of the civil rights movement c. the boredom and restrictions of campus life d. musicians and protest singers with political agendas e. the need to rebel against their conservative parents

B. the example of the civil rights movement

Early in his presidency, Kennedy accomplished all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. support for space exploration b. the passage of a large tax cut c. the creation of the Peace Corps d. increases in Social Security benefits and the minimum wage e. the Trade Expansion Act of 1962

B. the passage of a large tax cut

President Johnson said that "we have just delivered the South to the Republican Party for a long time to come" after Select one: a. the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. b. the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. c. he defeated Barry Goldwater for president in 1964. d. the enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

B. the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Great Society

BJ's domestic policy that dealt with poverty and education.

Name Franklin Roosevelt's first New Deal legislation. *DOUBLE CHECK*

Banking legislation that provided governmental aid to and supervision of banks.

In the election of 1964, President Johnson defeated

Barry Goldwater

10. Locate and discuss the Pacific theater battle that proved to be a turning point in the Allies' war against Japan.

Battle of Midway at Midway Island; reversed the balance of naval power in the Pacific which put the Japanese at a disadvantage for war

The new Air Force

Became dominant because of the ability to carry nuclear supplies, deter attacking enemies, and wage war- were awarded 1/2 of entire military budget

Strategic Defense Initiative

Became known as Star Wars and would be able to shoot missiles down from space. Critics claimed it could never be perfected.

12 million

Between 1928 and 1932, approximately ----peasants left the countryside, a migration unprecedented in European history.

interracial

Between, among, or involving people of different races

"black power"

Black Power is a political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies aimed at achieving self-determination for people of African descent.

Which musician shocked fans in 1965 by shifting to a "folk rock" style of music, singing songs that suggested that the old America was beyond redemption?

Bob Dylan

What became the measure of U.S. military success in VietNam?

Body count

G. Bush

Born in Massachusetts, but mostly raised in Texas; WWII carrier pilot who was shot down and rescued by submarines; the father of our only father-son Presidents; was president during Dessert Storm; his VP was Dan Quayle.

Klaus Fuchs

British scientist gave Russia info about atomic bomb

Explain how the Soviets rebuilt their economy after World War II.

By taking reparations from the areas that they control

At the Altamont concert in 1969: Select one: a. the Rolling Stones recorded live their most classic psychedelic album b. the Beatles gave their last performance c. Hells Angels killed a man in front of the stage d. the violence of the hippies was fully displayed e. a huge crowd enjoyed three days of "peace and music"

C. Hells Angels killed a man in front of the stage

At Columbia University in 1968: Select one: a. the Yippies held their founding convention b. the presence of military recruiters sparked a riot c. a student strike shut down the campus d. students successfully fought for free tuition e. anti-war students disrupted a speech by President Johnson

C. a student strike shut down the campus

For the first Bush administration, the major problem in the early 1990s was Select one: a. the end of the cold war. b. the opposition of the religious right. c. an economic recession. d. the rise of global terrorism.

C. an economic recession

In the Birmingham campaign in 1962, Martin Luther King Jr. signaled a change in strategy from Select one: a. massive civil disobedience to using violence to achieve change. b. educating whites about racism to using violence to achieve change.seeking federal enforcement and new laws to massive civil disobedience. c. changing southern white attitudes to obtaining federal enforcement and new laws. d. educating whites about racism to using violence to achieve change.

C. changing southern white attitudes to obtaining federal enforcement and new laws

The anti-feminist women led by Phyllis Schlafly: Select one: a. believed in total separation of politics and religion b. succeeded in keeping abortion illegal c. helped keep the equal-rights amendment from being ratified d. voted about equally for Democrats and Republicans e. believed Ronald Reagan was too liberal

C. helped keep the equal-rights amendment from being ratified

President Kennedy's cabinet was dominated by: Select one: a. Catholics and racial minorities b. men from the most radical wing of the Democratic party c. men with new ideas and fresh thinking d. old-school politicians from the Truman administration e. his fraternity buddies from Harvard

C. men with new ideas and fresh thinking

The religious right fervently supported Reagan because he: Select one: a. had memorized large sections of the Bible b. was such a gifted actor c. supported its conservative social values d. was active in his church as a deacon e. was a model family man

C. supported its conservative social values

The youths of the counterculture: Select one: a. came primarily from poor or working-class families b. congregated in the Watts district of Los Angeles c. were the direct descendants of the Beats of the 1950s d. believed that electoral politics would solve society's problems e. preferred urban surroundings to a rural life in contact with nature

C. were the direct descendants of the Beats of the 1950s

freedom rides

CORE members rode buses from Washington to Alabama trying to protest segregation

sworn in as president of the United States

Calvin Coolidge, the vice president at Harding's death, was ----

In 1987 President Carter negotiated treaties between the USA, Israel, and Egypt known as the

Camp David Accords

Mississippi Freedom Summer

Campaign to register African American voters in the South.

Bernstein, Carl

Carl Bernstein is an American investigative journalist and author. While a young reporter for The Washington Post in 1972, Bernstein was teamed up with Bob Woodward; the two did much of the original news reporting on the Watergate scandal.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Cartel organized by major oil producing nations to boost prices for crude oil that became effective in the 1970s.

Al Capone

Chicago Gangster

After the United States entered World War II, immigrants from which of the following countries became eligible for U.S. citizenship?

China

17. Identify the participants and the results of the 1945 Yalta conference.

Churchill (Britain), Stalin (Soviet) and Roosevelt (U.S.) + Roosevelt secured Stalin's promise to permit votes of self-determination in countries occupied by the Red Army + Allies pledged to support Jiang Jieshi as the leader of China + The Soviet Union obtained a role in Korean and Manchurian governments in exchange for entering the war against Japan + Creation of the United Nations (UN)

freedom riders

Civil rights activists who tried to end segregation on national buses

Counter Culture

Closely related to the New Left, this was a new youth culture openly scornful of the values and conventions of middle-class society. The most visible characteristic was a change in personal styles.

Operation Rolling Thunder

Code name for American bombing(massive) campaign during Vietnam War. Military pressure on North Vietnam communist leaders to reduce their capacity on war wages against the U.S.

CREEP

Commitee to Re-Elect the President, facilatators of watergate, used dirty tricks to cause confusion within the democratic party.

Watergate Scandal

Composite term for illegal political acts by Nixon administration that culminated in the Southeast and led to the legalization of African slavery in Georgia.

Watergate

Composite term of illegal political acts by Nixon Administration that culminated in the 1972 burglary of the Democratic Party headquaters and subsquent cover-up

Foreign Policy in the 1950s

Concluding an Armistice Dulles and Massive Retaliation

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

Congress passed authorizing President Johnson power to take whatever actions he deems to defeat Southeast Asia including "the use of armed force" for peace and security.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Congressional authorization requested by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 that gave him the power to escalate military action in Vietnam without additional congressional approval

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Congressional authorization requested by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 that gave him the power to escalate military action in Vietnam without additional congressional approval.

Ethel and Julius Rosenburg

Conspiracy to transmit atomic secrets to Russia- said they were innocent but electrocuted

Timothy McVeigh

Convicted of bombing and was execute for his crimes He chose this building due to the excellent camera angles for media coverage to send message for this attack on anti-government. In 1995, the Murrow Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, was attacked by a large bomb that killed 168 people. The bombing was the act of this right-wing extremist.

Powell Doctrine

Created by major general Collin Powell. Stated that in war,attention, and care should be given to the land which the soldiers were standing on. If we go into a country, we have the responsibility to rebuild them

In 1959 Fidel Castro established a revolutionary government in

Cuba

A Conformist

Culture, continued A Religious Nation

John F. Kennedy was careful to conceal from the public during the 1960 campaign his: Select one: a. Roman Catholicism b. family wealth c. war record d. his health e. wife Feedback

D. his health

The bombing of the Oklahoma City federal building was an example of Select one: a. Islamic terrorism. b. the effect of Newt Gingrich's Contract with America. c. the Christian Coalition extremism. d. militia hatred of the federal government.

D. militia hatred of the federal government

Early in Reagan's presidency, all of the following were increasing EXCEPT: Select one: a. defense spending b. budget deficits c. poverty levels d. tax revenues e. cuts in social programs

D. tax revenues

In 1968 the correct order of events was: Select one: a. LBJ's withdrawal from the presidential race, the Tet Offensive, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., and the Democratic convention in Chicago. b. the Tet Offensive, LBJ's withdrawal from the presidential race, the Democratic convention in Chicago, and the assassination of Robert Kennedy. c. LBJ's withdrawal from the presidential race, the Tet Offensive, the assassination of Robert Kennedy, and the Democratic convention in Chicago. d. the Tet Offensive, LBJ's withdrawal from the presidential race, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., and the Democratic convention in Chicago.

D. the Tet Offensive, LBJ's withdrawal from the presidential race, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., and the Democratic convention in Chicago.

Violence erupted in 1962 when James Meredith attempted to integrate: Select one: a. Georgia Tech b. Texas A&M c. Louisiana State University d. the University of Mississippi e. the University of Alabama

D. the University of Mississippi

The Jobs Corps, Head Start, and VISTA were all part of Select one: a. Kennedy's New Frontier. b. Barry Goldwater's platform in 1964. c. Martin Luther King Jr.'s proposals for Birmingham. d. the War on Poverty.

D. the War on Poverty

Carter's management of the economy resulted in: Select one: a. growing public confidence that the nation was recovering from the Nixon-Ford recession b. a near collapse of the stock market and banking industry c. a surplus in the federal budget d. unacceptably high rates of inflation e. a sharp decline in unemployment

D. unacceptably high rates of inflation

Agent Orange, identified with long-term health and environmental problems, was used in Vietnam to do what?

Defoliate the thick Vietnamese jungle

George Mcgovern

Democrat running against Nixon on antiwar platform in 1972 election

The New Deal didn't end the ____________________________

Depression

The Economic Opportunity Act was "the most sweeping social welfare bill since the New Deal." What did it provide?

Development loans to rural families and urban businesses

in 1954 the Viet Minh defeated French troops in the battle of

Dien Bien Phu

Pentagon Papers

Documents leaked by press from Defense Departments releasing information regarding secret history within Vietnam conflict. Posted by New York Times in 1971

the idea that if Communism made inroads in one nation, surrounding nations would also succumb one by one

Domino Theory

The United States entered the 1990s: Select one: a. threatened by rival alliances in Europe and Asia b. slipping behind much of the world in technological development c. still preoccupied by the cold war d. with limited influence beyond its borders e. as the world's only remaining superpower

E. as the world's only remaining superpower

The feminist movement suffered a setback with the: Select one: a. National Organization for Women's inability to agree on a political agenda b. refusal of Ivy League universities to admit women c. Supreme Court's refusal to recognize abortion rights d. decreasing number of jobs for women e. failure of the states to ratify the equal-rights amendment

E. failure of the states to ratify the equal-rights amendment

Richard Nixon: Select one: a. like John F. Kennedy, came from a wealthy family b. did not have the intellectual depth to be president c. was politically damaged by his service as vice president due to Eisenhower's unpopularity when his presidency ended d. had limited political experience when he ran for president in 1960 e. had a reputation for hard-line anticommunism and rough campaign tactics

E. had a reputation for hard-line anticommunism and rough campaign tactics

The person most persuasive in getting President Kennedy to endorse civil rights would have been: Select one: a. his vice president, Lyndon Johnson b. Chief Justice Earl Warren c. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover d. his wife, Jackie e. his brother, Robert

E. his brother, Robert

Young men were able to avoid service in Vietnam by all of the following methods EXCEPT: Select one: a. going to prison b. fleeing to Canada or Sweden c. obtaining conscientious objector status d. failing the physical examination on purpose e. joining VISTA or the Peace Corps

E. joining VISTA or the Peace Corps

In the 1960 presidential race, John F. Kennedy: Select one: a. promised to provide health care to all Americans b. appeared nervous and unknowledgeable in a televised debate c. promised to use the White House to promote religion d. opposed civil rights e. promised to get the country "moving again"

E. promised to get the country "moving again"

The result of the 1960 election: Select one: a. was determined when Kennedy swept the West Coast b. saw Democrats regain control of the South c. was a popular vote landslide victory for Kennedy d. was challenged in the courts by the Republicans e. was likely determined by African American votes in a few southern states

E. was likely determined by African American votes in a few southern states

In the election of 1972, President Nixon won a landslide victory over the Democratic nominee

Edmund Muskie Hubert Humphrey George Wallace

The Early Years of the Civil Rights Movement

Eisenhower and Race We Shall Overcome The Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks Civil Disobedience

1968 Presidential Election

Election between Richard Nixon (Republican) and Hubert Humphrey(Democratic). Nixon- previous vice president: promised to restore "Law and Order"

Guevara, Ernesto "Che"

Ernesto "Che" Guevara was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat and military theorist. A major figure of the Cuban Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol of rebellion and global insignia in popular culture.

McCarthy, Eugene "Gene"

Eugene Joseph McCarthy was an American politician and poet from Minnesota. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the United States Senate from 1959 to 1971.

Why did President Nixon refuse to turn over secretly-recorded Oval Office conversations to the special prosecutor?

Executive privilege and matters of national security

Yalta Conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

New Deal programs that lasted: _________, _________, _________, and ______________________

FIDC; TVA; FLSA; Social Security

Bay of Pigs

Failed CIA operation in April 1961 to overthrow Castro and take over Cuba using Cuban exiles.

Truman referred to his program of economic and social reform as the ________.

Fair Deal

Because of the overall prosperity of the decade, blacks were able to close the income gap with whites by the end of the 1950s.

False

The Beats took their name because of their pervasive sense that society had beaten them, or triumphed over their spirits.

False

The postwar era witnessed economic depression and falling social contentment.

False

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Federal officials could register voters in places where local officials were blocking registration by African Americans. Eliminated literacy tests and barriers. African Americans got rights to vote.

Impact of Sputnik October 1957

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.Soviet satellite first launched into Earth orbit on October 4, 1957, this scientific achievement marked the first time human beings had put a man-made object into orbit and pushed the USSR noticeably ahead of the United States in the Space Race

JFK's Flexible Response

First goal of JFK admin was to build up nation's armed forces warning that the Soviets were opening a missile gap. Already, the US had a great nuclear arsenal but the new admin wanted to put the Soviets on the defensive so they increased their arsenal which created, if it ever happened, a successful first strike. JFK admin augmented conventional military strength. Sec of Defense McNamara developed plans to add 5-combat ready army divisions and JFK started to like counterinsurgency. JFK wanted to build up the nuclear weapons so the US could call on a wide spectrum of force for a communist threat. Only danger was that the US could test its strength against Soviet Union.

Discuss the political oppositon to the New Deal.

Floyd Olsen-wanted to raise farm and labor income Father Charles Coflin: wanted Monetary inflation and nationalization if the banking systems Francis Townsend: assist the elderly Hughie Long: US senator, advocated a share of the wealth program, tax the rich and give to the poor

General Oliver North

Former deputy- director of the National Security Council. Iraq-Contra affair that forced him to resign, after he was convicted of 3 charges all which were reversed and dismissed in 1991.

Which country received economic assistance through the Marshall Plan?

France

Since the nineteenth century, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia had been ruled by:

France.

Identify the true originator of Social Security.

Francis Townsend

Detente

From the French for "reduced tension," the period of Cold War thawing when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated reduced armament treaties under Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter. As a policy prescription, it marked a departure from the policies of proportional response, mutually assured destruction, and containment that had defined the earlier years of the Cold War.

Patriot Act

Gave new powers to U.S. Department of Justice as well as other federal agencies on domestic and international surveillance powers of federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies.

Kennan, George F.

George Frost Kennan was an American diplomat and historian. He was best known as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War. He lectured widely and wrote scholarly histories of the relations between the USSR and the United States.

In 1988 the Republican Party won its third straight presidential election with its nominee

George H. W. Bush

McGovern, George

George Stanley McGovern was an American historian, author, U.S. representative, U.S. senator, and the Democratic Party presidential nominee in the 1972 presidential election. McGovern grew up in Mitchell, South Dakota, where he was a renowned debater.

Ford, Gerald R.

Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from August 1974 to January 1977. Before his accession to the presidency, Ford served as the 40th vice president of the United States from December 1973 to August 1974.

more than doubled

German unemployment from March 1930 to March 1932 ----.

7. Identify the Axis powers.

Germany, Italy and Japan

I have a dream speech

Given August 1963 from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr

Meir, Golda

Golda Meir was an Israeli teacher, kibbutznik, stateswoman, politician and the fourth Prime Minister of Israel. Born in Kiev, she emigrated to the United States as a child with her family in 1906, and was educated there, becoming a teacher.

Glasnost/Perestroika

Gorbechevs two new policies. one means openess, the second is restructuring.

"New Right"

Government needs to regulate SOCIAL issues on new ideas that are comfortable for us today but were crazy. "same sex" Known as an example of Reaganomics

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program of economic and social reform was called the

Great Society

Medicare and Medicaid

Great Society programs to have the government provide medical aid to the elderly (Medicare) and the poor (Medicaid).

"The Beats" were centered mainly in the post-World War II era in

Greenwich Village

Iranian Hostage Crisis

Group of Iranian students stormed into Embassy in Tehran, taking 60 plus American hostages. Due to President Jimmy Carter's decision to allow Iran's Shah to come to the country for cancer treatment. Also for students to declare a break with Iran's past and end American interference in its affairs.

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP)

Group organized by the Nixon White House to both promote the president's reelection and collect illegal funds to engage in "dirty tricks."

Haldeman, H. R.

Harry Robbins "Bob" Haldeman was an American political aide and businessman, best known for his service as White House Chief of Staff to President Richard Nixon and his consequent involvement in the Watergate Affair. Born in California, Haldeman served in the Navy Reserves in World War II and attended UCLA.

Chief Justice Earl Warren

He is best known for the decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law. -former governor of California and appointed by Eisenhower as the chief justice of the Supreme Court

Kissinger, Henry

Henry Alfred Kissinger is an American elder statesman, political scientist, diplomat, and geopolitical consultant who served as United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.

Lodge, Henry Cabot

Henry Cabot Lodge was an American Republican Senator and historian from Massachusetts. A member of the prominent Lodge family, he received his PhD in history from Harvard University. As an undergraduate at Harvard, he joined Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity.

Name the most prominent victim of the Great Depression.

Herbert Hoover

Evaluate the candidates and their supporters in the election of 1928.

Herbert Hoover (Republican): Protestant, prohibitionists, city dwellers that opposed city machine politics WINNER! Al Smith (Democrat): Many immigrants, Jews, Wets, Catholics, city dwellers

Stanford University

Herbert Hoover entered ---- 1891, the year the school officially opened and, like all its first students, attended with free tuition.

Humphrey, Hubert

Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th vice president of the United States from 1965 to 1969. He twice served in the United States Senate, representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and 1971 to 1978.

Minh, Ho Chi

Hồ Chí Minh, born Nguyễn Sinh Cung, also known as Nguyễn Tất Thành, Nguyễn Ái Quốc, Bác Hồ or simply Bác, was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was Chairman and First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam. He was also Prime Minister and President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

Sit-in results

If they didn't serve the people sitting in a place, it was bad for business. As a result, it helped with the Civil Rights movement. f

Al Capon's

In 1927, ---- organization had gross income of $ 60 million from alcohol and $ 25 million from gambling.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

montgomery bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Timothy McVeigh

In 1995, the Murrow Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, was attacked by a large bomb that killed 168 people. The bombing was the act of this right-wing extremist.

USS Cole

In 2000, two suicide bombers in a small rubber boat nearly sank a billion dollar warship docked in Yemen, the USS Cole. (p. 682)

March on Washington

In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.

Stonewall riots

In June 1969, police officers raided this Inn, which was a gay nightclub in New York, and began arresting patrons for attending the place. Gay onlookers taunted the police and then attacked them. Someone started a fire in the Inn, almost trapping people inside. This marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement. New organizations also began to rise up, like the Gay Liberation Front, which was founded in New York.

Gold standard

In an effort to improve the British economy, in September 1931, Britain went off the ----

New Left

In the 1960s, American students formed what became known as this. In 1962, a group of students gathered in Michigan to form an organization to give voice to their demands: Students for a Democratic Society. This was a student radicalism organization that was determined to build a new politics

Contract with America

In the 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut.

Results of the Civil Rights Movement

Increase in voter registration and participation Increase in the number of minorities running for office as well as elected and appointed to political positions Changes to the national identity that has become more inclusive in nature Laws to end racial segregation

Marshall Plan

Introduced by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. it was very successful.

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Involved in the American Civil Rights Movement formed by students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism

In 1973-1996, what happened to the earnings of the average white male worker?

It fell

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 marked one of the great moments in the history of American reform. Why?

It's barred discrimination in hotels, employment, bus stations. NOT churches

The NAACP " National Asscociation for the Advancement of Colored People"

Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination.

In the election of 1976, President Ford lost the presidential contest to

Jimmy Carter

The Liberty League (Liberty Bell) attracted support from former Democratic presidential nominees: _________________ and ____________________

John W. Davis; Al Smith

Dean, John

John Wesley Dean III is a former attorney who served as White House Counsel for United States President Richard Nixon from July 1970 until April 1973, where he became deeply involved in events leading up to the Watergate burglaries and the subsequent Watergate scandal cover-up.

New Frontier

Kennedy's plan - supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military

Martin Luther King Jr. rose to leadership in the civil rights movement during the 1950s. His strategies, different from those of the recent past, would become the primary techniques of the civil rights movement into the 1960s. What is the most accurate summary of this transition in the movement?

King proposed nonviolent confrontation rather than the NAACP's strategy of legal challenges to segregation in the courts

Jerry Falwell

Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools

Joseph Mcneill

Led a protest in Greensboro, North Carolina after being told by a white waitress that they do not serve his kind at the white only restaurant. Rather than comply the manager shut down the store and within two weeks 15 sit-ins were inspired.

Brezhnev, Leonid

Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev was a Soviet politician. The fifth leader of the Soviet Union, he was General Secretary of the Central Committee of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982. Ideologically, he was a Marxist-Leninist.

Which group was the target of campus protests?

Liberals like California governor Brown

Wounded Knee, SD

Location where the Seventh Cavalry killed Sioux Indians that followed the Ghost Dance.

The federal Superfund program was established in response to the problems of

Love Canal.

Operation Rolling Thunder

Lyndon Johnson Code name for American bombing(massive) campaign during Vietnam War. Military pressure on North Vietnam communist leaders to reduce their capacity on war wages against the U.S.

Tho, Le Duc

Lê Đức Thọ, born Phan Đình Khải in Nam Dinh Province, was a Vietnamese revolutionary, general, diplomat, and politician. In spite of his refusal, he was the first Vietnamese person ever to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973.

assassinations

MLK, JFK, Robert Kennedy, Malcom X

Loan, Nguyen Ngoc

Major General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan was a South Vietnamese general and chief of the South Vietnamese National Police. Loan gained international attention when he summarily executed handcuffed prisoner Nguyễn Văn Lém, on February 1, 1968 in Saigon, Vietnam during the Tet Offensive. Nguyễn Văn Lém was a Việt Cộng member.

foreign contemporaries

Many ----looked at the Soviet economic experiment Naively.

The Truman administration tried to help Europe recover from the devastation of World War II with the ________.

Marshall Plan

Explain the components of Truman's Containment Policy.

Marshall Plan Truman Doctrine North Atlantic Treaty Organization o 12 nations entered in a treaty for collective security, an attack on us will be an attack on all of us, Communism is seen as a threat to allow for this alliance

SCLC leaders

Martin Luther King and African American clergy men.

Thomas Eagleton

McGovern's running mate in the Democratic nomination. It was shortly discovered that he had undergone psychiatric care, forcing his removal from the ticket, and virtually dooming McGovern's candidacy. (p. 946)

Describe the membership and ideology of the Second Ku Klux Klan.

Membership 1. Native born white Protestant men 2. Axillaries for women and children: they aren't excluded 3. Grows rapidly Ideology 1. Hatred of blacks, aliens, Jew, and Catholics

The NAFTA treaty was designed to provide greater trade and more jobs by linking the U.S. economy more closely with what countries?

Mexico and Canada

What best explains Bill Clinton's victory in 1992?

Middle-of-the-road voters turned to Clinton, who painted himself as a moderate

Malcolm X

Minister of the Nation of Islam who was assassinated while giving a speech in Harlem. Preached "ballots or bullets"

The text alludes to the fact that in the 1990s, one of the most important commodities that flowed from the U.S. to immigrants' countries of origin was what?

Money

In 1956 Martin Luther King led a successful bus boycott in

Montgomery, Alabama

What ultimately happened as a result of the Baby Boom that followed World War II?

More colleges and universities were built in the United States

Hydrogen bomb

More than 1000X stronger than atomic- some opposed its morality. Kennan thought the US should practice arms control while new sec of state Acheson said the US should develop it before the soviets do.

Sadat, Anwar

Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981.

What civil rights organizations effectively used the nation's judicial system to implement lasting change in America?

NAACP

the Plumbers

Name given to the special investigations committee established along with CREEP in 1971. Its job was to stop the leaking of confidential information to the public and press.

Malcolm X was a leader of the

Nation of Islam

NASA

National Aeronautic and Space Administration - 1958; to get US back in running with the Soviets in space race

NOW

National Organization for Women

Supporters of an Internet that is open and free to all advocate for (back) the concept of what?

Net neutrality

During his campaign for president in 1960, John F. Kennedy called for the

New Frontier

Thieu, Nguyen Van

Nguyễn Văn Thiệu was the president of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1975. He was a general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, became head of a military junta, and then president after winning a scheduled election.

Vietnamization

Nixons plans to scale back the war. ARVN troops would gradually replace U.S. troops. Fighting is gradually turned over to the ARVN. Not successful in ending war.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement - treaty negotiated by Bush to create a free- trade zone consisting of Canada, Mexico and the United States

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: mutual defense pact, extends atomic shield over Europe, escalates Cold War, overreaction to soviet danger, intensified Russian fears of the west- increased tension

Warsaw Pact/NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; (1949) an alliance made to defend one another (militarily) if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Portugal and Iceland.

Montgomery Improvement Association

Organization formed by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1956 to strengthen the bus boycott and to coordinate protest efforts of African Americans; led by Martin Luther King Jr.

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) Group consisting of 12 major world oil-exporting nations. Was founded to provide members with technical and economic aid.

Cesar Chavez

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW); help migratory farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

Chicano Movement

Organized fight against discrimination faced by Latinos in education, employment and the legal system.

In 1995, Israeli Prime Minister Itzak Rabin was assassinated by someone from what ethnic group?

Orthodox Jew

_______________ was a human displayed in a zoo as an animal, thus displaying the ________________ temperament of the country at the time.

Ota Benga; racist

New Right

Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphaszed such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action

Hindenburg

Papen and the circle around ----wanted to find some way to use Nazi without giving Hitler effective power.

Describe the participants and results of the Scopes Trail.

Participants o Defendant: John Thomas Scopes o American civil liberties union o Clarence Darrel: defense lawyer o Prosecutors: state prosecuting attorneys, William Jennings Brian Results o Scopes is found guilty o Overturned on appeal o Nothing was resolved

National Defense Education Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. -It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

Camp David Accords

Peace talks between Egypt and Israel mediated by President Carter.

5. Identify the event that started WWII.

Pearl Harbor, 1941

Dry's

People who supported the 18th amendment or the Volstead Act were called ----

Pentagon Papers

Popular name given to a collection of classified government documents that were illegally made public in 1971. The documents outlined decision making by the U.S. Defense Department during the period from World War 2 to the Vietnam War.

Truman Doctrine

Pres Truman asked congress for money (400 million) to aid the greek and turkish governments threatened by communist rebels. Stated the United States would be open to help free countries everywhere against communist attacks

"Return to Normalcy"

President Harding ran on a promise to ----

War on Poverty (1964)

President Johnson's program to help Americans escape poverty through education, job training, and community development.

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces.

john Kennedy

President during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war.

John F. Kennedy

President of the US during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis

Richard Nixon

President of the United States from 1969-1974, he rose to national prominence as a "communist hutner" and member of HUAC in the 1950s. He was vice president under Eisenhower from 1953-1961 and defended American capitalism in the 1959 Kitchen Debate with Khrushchev. He ran unsuccessfully for president against JFK in 1960 but was elected in 1968, resigning amid the Watergate scandal in 1974

Lydon Johnson

President of the United States who rose to tremendous power in the Senate during the New Deal. Tapped to be JFK's running mate in 1960 and was chosen largely to help solidfy support for the Democratic ticket in the anti-Catholic south, he assumed the presidency after Kennedy's assination in 1963. Was responsible for liberal programs such as the Great Society, War on Poverty, and civil rights legislation, as well as the escalation of the Vietnam war

Bush v.Gore

Presidential election between Bush (Republican) and George(Democratic). Bush won by 327 votes out of 6 million. Both Electoral(50.55%) and Popular vote(47.9%) were extremely close causing a recount of ballots.

18th amendment

Progressives believed that the ---- would experienced a period of rapid economic growth improve society.

Jerry Falwell

Prominent evangelical minister, leader of the Moral Majority

Richard Nixon in 1968 campaigned on what platform?

Promoting law and order

What was the goal of "reform capitalism"?

Prosperity for all based on a productive and growing economy

EPA(Environmental Protection Agency)

Protected people and environment from health risks, sponsors, etc to enforce environmental regulations.

EPA(Environmental Protection Agency)

Protected people and environment from health risks, sponsors, etc to enforce environmental regulations. created by Nixon during his presidency.

Kent State Killings

Protest that ended with 10 dead National guard opened fore on protesters on campus. Americans reaction to Nixons bombing of Cambodia.

How was the scandal known as "Irangate" different from the "Watergate" scandal of the Nixon administration?

Reagan was kept in the dark; Nixon was kept in the loop. Unelected individuals were in control; Nixon was in control. There was little support to impeach Reagan

Barry Goldwater

Republican Senator from Arizona who ran for president in 1964 but lost to Johnson.

Berlin Airlift

Response to soviet land blockade of Berlin. US carried out massive effort to supply 2 mil citizens by air. Ended the blockade by 1949. Carried food and supplies but the president threatened that the planes could carry atomic bombs (they didn't)

Evaluate the results of the Yalta conference.

Results 1. Stalin maintains his claim on Poland and the Balkans Nations 2. Stalin agrees to enter the war again Japan 3 month after the surrender of Germany 3. Stalin gets concession Evaluation 1. Big victory for the Soviet Union 2. Did the US and British see out? No, Stalin already had areas

Nixon, Richard M.

Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th president of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so.

H.R. Haldeman

Richard Nixon's chief of staff who was forced to resign because of the Watergate scandal.

26th Amendment

Right of U.S. citizens who are 18 years or older the right to vote. If they can register for war at 18, they can now vote at 18.

In the 1996 election, President Bill Clinton won reelection over the Republican nominee

Robert Dole

Woodward, Bob

Robert Upshur Woodward is an American investigative journalist. He has worked for The Washington Post since 1971 as a reporter, and is currently an associate editor.

Rock 'n Roll

Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, from African-American musical styles such as gospel, jump blues, jazz

What Supreme Court decisions struck down 46 state laws that restricted a woman's access to abortion?

Roe vs Wade

In the election of 1980, President Carter lost his bid for reelection to the Republican Party nominee

Ronald Reagan

The Salt

SALT 1-Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions SALT2- A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced.

What best describes the limited compromise struck by Sadat and Begin at the summit President Carter hosted at Camp David in 1978?

Sadat would recognize Israel; Israel would return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

Senator of Wisconsin Joseph McCarthy

Said in Lincolns Birthday speech that there were state workers that were part of the communist party. Led to MCCARTHYISM. Made charges of treason in government, made new accusations, corrections never caught up with the latest blast, never unearthed one communist but kept the admin in turmoil, said govt agencies harbored and protected communist agencies, said they were deliberately losing Cold War, against Acheson and Marshall, attached wealthy and famous, said to defeat enemy at home instead of abroad, appealed to conservative republicans.

Allende, Salvador

Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens was a Chilean democratic socialist politician and physician, President of Chile from 1970 until 1973, and head of the Popular Unity political coalition government; he was the first ever Marxist to be elected president in a country with liberal democracy.

Acheson

Sec of state after Marshall- orders policy planning staff (headed by Paul Nitze) to draw up new national defense policy (NSC-68) to build up military in competition with soviets.

Watergate

Series of scandals that resulted in President Richard Nixon's resignation amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the 1972 election.

Phylis Schlafly

She is known for her opposition to feministic ideas and for her ongoing campaign against the proposed Equal Rights Amendment.She believed the Equal Rights Amendment was bad because there were obvious differences between men and women that should be recognized .

Korean War

Showdown between US and Soviet occurs here. North under communist control, Agrarian South under American democratic control. Russia equipped north with military, US did not for fear of war. North aggressively moves south-US sees it as Soviet aggression- Truman meets with UN and they engage in collective security action- US military fighting- MacArthur launches amphibious assault at Inchon which destroys norths military force- Truman restores 38 parallel with military force- china makes surprise counterattack in North Korea against US military-Truman gives up idea of unifying Korea. Caused US to use the NSC-68, up military budget to 50 bil, up Army to 3.5 mil, bases in Saudi Arabia and morocco

Starting in 1957, the Viet Cong started launching attacks on the government of

South Vietnam

Who were the Vietcong?

South Vietnamese rebel forces

Sputnik

Soviet Union send the first satellite in to space which freaks the US out. In response we create science and math programs such as AP to educate students more so we can develop better technologies. Significant because it shows the communist force was able to develop technologies that a capitalist nation couldn't.

The U.S. boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games was a response to the

Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan.

Although he had signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) II treaty with the Soviet Union, President Carter asked the Senate to withhold its approval of the agreement in response to the

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet leader of the 1980s who worked with Reagan to end the Cold War

"Vietnamization"

Strategy aimed to reduce American involvement in Vietnam War by transferring all military responsibilities to South Vietnam.

SDS

Students for a Democratic Society

30. Evaluate the successes and failures of Truman's "Fair Deal."

Successes: + GI Bill helped veterans get loans, educations, start businesses, get homes + Housing Act of 1949 built low income housing Failures: + The Employment Act of 1946 passed, but gave no new powers to enforce it + Tried to maintain price and rent controls, but failed causing inflation to be high + The Taft-Hartley Act amended the Wagner Act and put restraints on unions that reduced their power to bargain with employers and made it more difficult to organize workers + Attempts to require equal pay for women failed

60. Discuss the successes and failures of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.

Successes: + Raised awareness of segregation and the rise of MLK Jr. + Montgomery Buss Boycott + Brown v. Board of Education Failures: + MLK's fame and media focused on the South + Racial injustice in the North that encouraged and benefited from black freedom struggle in the South

farmers, war veterans and the young

Support for Hitler was particularly strong among groups such as ----

Describe the Truman Doctrine of 1947.

Support free people that resist subjugation by Communists

Warren Court

Supreme Court of the 1960s under Chief Justice Earl Warren, whose decisions supported civil rights

Brown vs. Board of Education

Supreme court case that declares segregation unconstitutional in public schools. States "separate but equal is inherently unequal.

Plessy Vs Ferguson

Supreme court case that violated the 14th amendment ; jim crow laws were set up because of this.

List the main authors prominent in the Literary Flowering of the 1920's.

TS Eliot Ernest Hemingway Ezra Pound Scott Fitzgerald Sinclair Lewis HL Mencken

Gorbachev's policy of glasnost inspired the

Tearing down the Berlin Wall

Why couldn't America's superior technology prevail in Vietnam?

Technology did not distinguish friend from foe

"Living room war"

Televised stories showing what the American troops in combat were going through. This gained a lot of attention being the family members back home couldn't do much but worry about their loved ones away in the Vietnam War.

Conservatives in the late 1970s and 1980s criticized many trends in American culture. Ironically, one of their targets was also a key to their success. What was that target?

Television

Name the most successful and enduring of the New Deal programs.

Tennessee Valley Authority: it resulted in the building of a series of dams in seven states to control floods, ease navigation, and produce electricity

Détente

Term given to the U.S. relaxation of tension with the Soviets during the 1970s

silent majority

Term used by President Nixon to describe Americans who disapproved of the counterculture.

Jack Kerouac "On the road" 1957

The 'bible of the beat generation'. account of a cross country auto trip that depicted rootless, iconoclastic lifestyle.

Iranian Hostages

The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day Ronald Reagan became president.

Anti-War Movement

The Anti-War Movement was a student protest that started as the Free Speech movement in California and spread around the world. All members of the Anti-War Movement shared an opposition to war in Vietnam and condemned U.S. presence there. They claimed this was violating Vietnam's rights. This movement resulted in growing activism on campuses aimed at social reform etc. Primarily a middle-class movement

Festering Problems Abroad

The Eisenhower Doctrine Crisis in Berlin

The African-American novelist Ralph Ellison explored the theme of the lonely individual imprisoned in the privacy in the book

The Invisible Man

Hispanic rights movement

The Mexican-American movement that sought political and social justice. The Chicano Movement addressed negative stereotyping of Mexicans, this stereotyping was addressed through works of literary and visual arts. It was dedicated to equality, equal benefits for Hispanics. It was fueled by unfairness and segregation in schools. Student walkouts and youth organizations were some of the major ways it sought change. It was essentially the Civil Rights Movement for Mexican Americans, and the injustice and inequality they endured in the US in the 60s and 70s.

My Lai Massacre

The Mỹ Lai Massacre was the Vietnam War mass murder of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops in Sơn Tịnh District, South Vietnam, on 16 March 1968.

Professor Archibald Cox

The Special Prosecutor that was hired to investigate the Watergate Scandal

Name the single greatest advantage of the U.S. in World War II.

The US that the willingness of the allies to enter into a real partnership to defeat the access powers was the greatest asset the US had

Demonstrating a desire to curb the power of organized labor, the Reagan administration took a hard line against an illegal strike by who?

The air controller's union

Kent State

The campus where the Ohio National Guard in the spring of 1970 killed and wounded antiwar demonstrators.

Dexter Avenue Baptist Church

The church where MLK was the minister of. Where he began his request for civil rights.

What was the most divisive issue the Kennedy administration had to face?

The civil rights movement

The civil rights movement

The civil rights movement was a struggle by African Americans in the mid-1950s to late 1960s to achieve civil rights equal to those of whites, including equal opportunity in employment, housing, and education, as well as the right to vote, the right of equal access to public facilities, and the right to be free of racial discrimination.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.

Thurgood Marshall

The first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. -