Exam 4 Biology Ecology

Which of the following reserves is most likely to sustain the biggest population of grizzli bears?

1

Bacteria reproduce by binary fission (one cell becomes two cells). Imagine that the generation time for Lactobacillus acidophilus is one hour. You start a culture of L. acidophilus at noon with 100 bacteria, in a large petri dish with a great culture medium (i.e. resources are not limiting). Four generations later (at 4pm), how many bacteria are there?

1600

In terrestrial ecosystems, the greatest rates of primary production are found in: A. wet and cold places B. wet and warm places C. dry and cold places D. dry and warm places

B. wet and warm places

Energy is lost with each trophic level. Where does that energy go? A. Heat B. Some of the energy contained in food isn't digested by the consumer that ate that food C. Some of the energy at a given trophic level isn't consumed by the trophic level above D. All of the above

D. All of the above

From this graph of the elephant population in Kruger National Park, you can tell that: A. None of the elephants died B. female elephant living around 1960 was more likely to have a baby than a female elephant living around 1920 C. The per-capita population growth rate increases over time D. The vegetation the elephants eat could support more than 5,000 elephants

D. The vegetation the elephants eat could support more than 5,000 elephants

Tolerance

Many species are capable of establishing on a newly disturbed site. The early occupants of the site do not change the habitat in ways that favor or reduce the establishment of later-successional species, but eventually the community shifts to late-successional species because they are the ones that are the best competitors

What is the earth's carrying capacity for humans? A. 1 billion people B. 2 billion people C. 3 billion people D. Not too sure

D. Not too sure

A population of 500 giraffes has 300 adults with a 50/50 sex ratio and 200 juveniles. Assuming that 90% of adults successfully breed, the effective population size is: (Remember that in the equation Ne=4NmNf/(Nm+Nf), Nm is the number of males that successfully breed and Nf the number of females that successfully breed, NOT the total number of males and females.)

270

Some populations, especially those with high genetic variability and short life spans, may avoid extinction as the climate changes through A. genetic drift B. logistic population growth C. directional selection D. feedback inhibition E. all of the above

C. directional selection

Calculate the production efficiency for the squirrel on this diagram. Remember, the production efficiency is the proportion of assimilated energy that is incorporated into new biomass. Production efficiency = 100% * (Net secondary production/assimilation of primary production) Please only write the number in the answer box, no units. Round to 1 decimal place.

1.9

If a 5-level food chain has a trophic-level transfer efficiency of 10% and there are 1,000,000 J at the producer level, how much energy is at the trophic level of the top predators?

100

If a 3-level food chain has a trophic-level transfer efficiency of 10% and there are 1,000,000 J at the producer level, how much energy is at the trophic level of the top predators?

10000

A population of 30 wolves contains 2 adult females and 28 adult males. Both females mate with the same male. Its effective population size is: (Remember that in the equation Ne=4NmNf/(Nm+Nf), Nm is the number of males that successfully breed and Nf the number of females that successfully breed, NOT the total number of males and females. Round your answer to the nearest whole number)

3 Nm is 1 and Nf is 2. Ne=4NmNf/(Nm+Nf) = 4*1*2/(2+1)=8/3=2.7

Calculate the production efficiency for the caterpillar shown in this diagram. Remember, the production efficiency is the proportion of assimilated energy that is incorporated into new biomass. Production efficiency = 100% * (Net secondary production/assimilation of primary production)

36

A population of 16 wolves contains 2 adult females and 14 adult males. Each females mate with a different male. Its effective population size is: (Remember that in the equation Ne=4NmNf/(Nm+Nf), Nm is the number of males that successfully breed and Nf the number of females that successfully breed, NOT the total number of males and females.)

4

A K-selected species is likely to follow which type of life curve? A B C

A

When an animal dies, the elements that made up its tissues... A. Can eventually be used again by primary producers to create new organic molecules B. Are ultimately lost to the ecosystem

A. Can eventually be used again by primary producers to create new organic molecules

Which population will be seeing the greatest growth in next few decades? A B C

A

In a stable frog population, the average female produces 6,000 eggs during her lifetime and an average of 300 tadpoles hatch from these eggs. How many of these tadpoles will, on average, survive to reproduce? A. 2 B. 20-100 C. 1 D. 10-20 E. >100

A. 2

Which of the following applies to r-selected species? A. Early age of first reproduction B. Late age of first rreproduction C. Short generation time D. Long generation time E. Few offspring per reproductive event F. Many offspring per reproductive event G. Long-lived H. Short-lived I. High level of parental care J. Little parental care K. Great competitor L. Poor competitor M. Thrives in stable environments N. Thrives in shifting environments O. Fast growing P. Slow growing

A. Early age of first reproduction C. Short generation time F. Many offspring per reproductive event H. Short-lived J. Little parental care L. Poor competitor N. Thrives in shifting environments O. Fast growing

Which of the following is true about production efficiency based on this diagram, and more broadly? A. Ectotherms typically have greater production efficiency than endotherms B. Endotherms have greater metabolic rates than ectotherms C. Foods that have a lot of cellulose are difficult to digest and lead to lower assimilation rates than comparable foods with less cellulose C. Caterpillars have greater metabolic rates than squirrels, as a portion of the food they assimilate D. Most of the food that is ingested by a caterpillar goes to growth E. Most of the food that is ingested by a squirrel goes to growth

A. Ectotherms typically have greater production efficiency than endotherms B. Endotherms have greater metabolic rates than ectotherms C. Caterpillars have greater metabolic rates than squirrels, as a portion of the food they assimilate

A population of 18 wolves has a net reproductive rate of 0.95. If this continues for generations, what would you expect to see? A. Eventually, the population will go extinct B. Eventually, the population will grow C. The population will experience no change D. There is not enough information to tell

A. Eventually, the population will go extinct

What kind of growth curve has the human population followed? A. Exponential B. Logistic C. Arithmetic D. Hyperbolic

A. Exponential

Evolution rates should be greatest when... A. Generation time of organisms is shorter B. Generation time of organisms is longer C. A population occupies a cold environment

A. Generation time of organisms is shorter

The overall energy contained in biomass A. Is typically highest at low trophic levels B. Is typically highest at high trophic levels C. Is roughly the same throughout the food chain/web

A. Is typically highest at low trophic levels

You want to feed the most people possible from this marine ecosystem. which organism should you target? A. Kelp B. Kelp crab C. Sea urchin D. Horn shark E. Northern Elephant seal

A. Kelp

Pelagic food webs have a high variability in nutrient levels and therefore high variability in primary production levels. Which areas are expected to have the lowest primary production? A. Offshore in the tropical South Pacific B. The west coast of South America, in a zone where deep water is forced to the surface in a process called upwelling C. The Grand Banks, a wide continental shelf off Newfoundland D. The Arctic ocean in June

A. Offshore in the tropical South Pacific

Restoring forests in can lead to better water quality because: (pick all that apply) A. Plant roots absorb nutrients from excess fertilizer and sewage B. Plant photosynthesis removes heavy metals that are the byproduct of fertilizers and sewage C. Plant photosynthesis acidifies soil, which helps kill bacteria flowing through it D. Plant roots stabilize soil, and this soil can filter a lot of bacteria

A. Plant roots absorb nutrients from excess fertilizer and sewage D. Plant roots stabilize soil, and this soil can filter a lot of bacteria

Edith's checkerspot butterfly is a small butterfly found in North America from southern British Columbia south to Baja California and east to Utah and Colorado. It prefers grasslands and rocky outcrops in the coastal chaparral and the transition from woodland to alpine tundra. Two subspecies of this butterfly are listed as endangered, both of which have only one primary host plant during their larval stage, which is the dwarf plantain. Using historical records and field studies from 1994-1996, Dr. Camille Parmesan created the map shown here depicting the range of Edith's checkerspot butterfly along with the occurrence of local extinctions of populations. The southernmost portions of the range are shown in yellow, and the highest elevation and northernmost portions of the range are shown in green. The area depicted in the map has been subject to a trend of increasing temperatures over the past 100 years What kind of shifts in range is likely to be observed for Edith's checkerspot butterfly? (Pick all that apply) A. Populations are likely to shift to higher latitudes B. Populations are likely to shift to lower latitudes C. Populations are likely to shift to higher altitudes D. Populations are likely to shift to lower altitudes E. Those populations which are unable to shift their ranges due to lack of available habitat are likely to decline in size and may go extinct

A. Populations are likely to shift to higher latitudes, C. Populations are likely to shift to higher altitudes, E. Those populations which are unable to shift their ranges due to lack of available habitat are likely to decline in size and may go extinct

Which of the following is true about these reserves, assuming they protect the same ecosystem? A. Reserve 4 likely has a higher local extinction rate than reserve 1 B. Reserve 1 likely has the greatest species diversity C. Reserve 1 is probably the best reserve at protecting the terrestrial habitat that borders a linear stream ecosystem D. The edge effect is more pronounced in reserve 3 than in reserve 1

A. Reserve 4 likely has a higher local extinction rate than reserve 1 B.Reserve 1 likely has the greatest species diversity D. The edge effect is more pronounced in reserve 3 than in reserve 1

Which of the following is true about the impact of temperature on animals? (pick all that apply) A. We expect to find more endothermic than ectothermic animals in the coldest terrestrial environments B. Mammals and birds are only found in cold temperatures C. For an ectothermic animal, metabolic rate decreases in colder temperatures, and the animal will be more sluggish D. At colder temperatures, endothermic animals need a greater metabolic rate to generate sufficient heat to maintain their body temperature E. All mammals and birds can tolerature cold temperatures F. Endothermic animals that tolerate very cold temperatures have adaptations that reduce heat loss

A. We expect to find more endothermic than ectothermic animals in the coldest terrestrial environments, C. For an ectothermic animal, metabolic rate decreases in colder temperatures, and the animal will be more sluggish, D. At colder temperatures, endothermic animals need a greater metabolic rate to generate sufficient heat to maintain their body temperature, F. Endothermic animals that tolerate very cold temperatures have adaptations that reduce heat loss

Which of these is an example of an ecosystem service? (pick all that apply) A. healthy coral reefs provide break up wave energy from tsunamis and hurricanes, leading to much lesser damage to coastal cities from those events than similar cities without a healthy reef B. an agricultural project in the amazon leads to multiple parcels of forest that each include a greater proportion of bright, dry, forest patches than the forest before this development C. Mercury concentration is very high in Arctic seal, but much lower in anchovies D. Honey bees pollinate many crops, leading to greater fruit production

A. healthy coral reefs provide break up wave energy from tsunamis and hurricanes, leading to much lesser damage to coastal cities from those events than similar cities without a healthy reef D. Honey bees pollinate many crops, leading to greater fruit production

You would expect species richness to be greater in: A. lake that was formed 100,000 years ago B. similar lake that was formed 10,000 years ago

A. lake that was formed 100,000 years ago

Which of these is/are a likely consequence of a warming climate? (pick all that apply) A. Arctic terns lay their eggs several weeks later than what has historically been recorded B. A population of beetles in Chile shifts its range to the South C. Dungeness crabs on the West coast of North America shift their range to the North D. Warming waters on the Great Barrier Reef lead to increased coral mortality E. North Atlantic cod in the North Sea are found in shallower waters than they had been historically

B. A population of beetles in Chile shifts its range to the South, C. Dungeness crabs on the West coast of North America shift their range to the North, D. Warming waters on the Great Barrier Reef lead to increased coral mortality

Which of the following traits is LEAST important for a pioneer terrestrial plant species in a primary succession? A. Rapid dispersal. B. Ability to outcompete neighbor plants for sunlight. C. Ability to live in open areas with full sunlight. D. Ability to live in habitats with little soil.

B. Ability to outcompete neighbor plants for sunlight.

Temperature is a ______ factor that limits the distribution of organisms A.Biotic B.Abiotic C.Low importance

B. Abiotic

The Florida panther population shrank substantially due to habitat loss and fragmentation in the last 100 years. Which of the following should be true? A. At its lowest size in the 1970s, the Florida panther population had more potential for natural selection than before the decline B. At its lowest size in the 1970s, the Florida panther population had lower genetic diversity than before the decline C. Introducing panthers from Texas, which successfully bred with the Florida panthers, increased the likelihood of genetic drift in the receiving population D. All of the above

B. At its lowest size in the 1970s, the Florida panther population had lower genetic diversity than before the decline

In a forest, the nitrates contained in the nucleic acids of a bear can be made available again to primary producers after the bear dies, through the action of: A. Vultures that eat fat and muscle from the carcass B. Bacteria that decompose organic molecules back to their inorganic components C. The toxic mushroom that the bear ate, which killed it D. The salmon that are an important food source for the bear

B. Bacteria that decompose organic molecules back to their inorganic components

There has been a significant increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution. Some of this carbon dioxide has dissolved into oceans, where it reacts with water to form carbonic acid. For this reason, ocean pH has decreased in the last few hundred years and is currently 30% more acidic than it was ~300 years ago. pH is projected to keep decreasing. This is especially problematic for organisms that have calcareous hard parts, since calcium carbonate dissolves in acidic conditions. Which of these organisms is likely to have the greatest impact from ocean acidification? A. Fishes B. Corals C. Platyhelminthes D. Annelids

B. Corals

Food webs are limited to 5-6 levels because... A. More levels would lead to a level of complexity that could not be sustained in a natural ecosystem B. Energy is lost with each trophic level, and at some point there isn't enough energy to sustain one more trophic level C. Higher trophic levels require more energy for their metabolism because they are larger D. If there are too many levels in the food web, it is possible for the animals lower on the chain to be consumed completely E. Because there is only a possibility of 5 levels: primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumer and higher level consumer

B. Energy is lost with each trophic level, and at some point there isn't enough energy to sustain one more trophic level

Bacteria reproduce by binary fission (one cell becomes two cells). Imagine that the generation time for Lactobacillus acidophilus is one hour. You start a culture of L. acidophilus at noon with 100 bacteria, in a large petri dish with a great culture medium (i.e. resources are not limiting). Assuming that the Net Reproductive Rate (R0) does not change for 6 hours, what kind of population growth is occurring? A. Logistic B. Exponential C. Hyperbolic D. One needs to know the per capita populuation growth rate to answer this question

B. Exponential

Large icebergs regularly scrape all biota off the rocky intertidal in Newfoundland. Depending on what larvae/propagules are in the water at the time, rocks are recolonized and dominated by either mussels or seaweeds. In each case, that community is stable until the next disturbance. This likely is an example of: A. Facilitation B. Inhibition C. Tolerance

B. Inhibition

The energy that is passed from low to high trophic levels... A. Can eventually be used again by primary producers to create new organic molecules B. Is ultimately lost to the ecosystem

B. Is ultimately lost to the ecosystem

How did the common ancestor of these porkfishes cross Central America, ~4 million years ago? A. Via the Panama Canal B. It roamed on both sides before the isthmus of Panama closed the connection between Caribbean and Pacific C. By migrating through freshwater lakes

B. It roamed on both sides before the isthmus of Panama closed the connection between Caribbean and Pacific

In this diagram, phytoplankton should be called ____ and zooplankton ____ A. Secondary consumers, tertiary consumers B. Primary producers, primary consumers C. Primary producers, secondary producers D. Secondary producers, primary consumers

B. Primary producers, primary consumers

A population of 18 wolves is declining. Which of the following could be true? A. R0 = -0.1 and r = -0.1 B. R0 = 0.9 and r = -0.035 C. R0 = -0.047 and r = -0.8 D. R0 = 0.8 and r = 0.75 E. R0 = 1.8 and r = -0.078

B. R0 = 0.9 and r = -0.035

A hurricane which leads to massive deforestation is most likely to result in: A. Primary succession B Secondary succession C. Tertiary succession D. No change to the community

B. Secondary succession

Species richness... A. Is especially high in the Arctic, compared to lower latitudes B. Tends to be greater on continents, compared to smaller islands C. Decreases in communities over time D. Is lower in areas that have high topographical variation

B. Tends to be greater on continents, compared to smaller islands

Meadow voles are wild rodents common throughout Canada, including Newfoundland. In this species, one gene with two alleles controls resistance to a parasitic amoebozoan that is common in mainland eastern Canada but is not found in Newfoundland. Homozygotes for the dominant BB allele as well as heterozygotes do not get infected by the parasites; homozygotes for the recessive bb allele are easily infected by the parasite when it's present, and die within a few weeks from this infection. There are several populations of these voles in Newfoundland and most have high genetic variability, however one isolated forest experienced a severe fire 10 years ago, which led to the mortality of 99% of the vole population in that forest. Due to chance, the few survivors were all bb homozygotes. Over the next 10 years, the population grew back to its pre-fire size. Based on this scenario, which of the following statements are correct? A. The change in allele frequency in the population that experienced a forest fire is a case of directional selection B. The change in allele frequency in the population that experienced a forest fire is a case of genetic drift C. The change in allele frequency in the population that experienced a forest fire is a case of the founder effect D. The change in allele frequency in the population that experienced a forest fire is a case of the bottleneck effect

B. The change in allele frequency in the population that experienced a forest fire is a case of genetic drift D. The change in allele frequency in the population that experienced a forest fire is a case of the bottleneck effect

In this food chain... ( pick all that apply) A. The mouse is the first trophic level B. The mouse is a herbivore C. The mouse is a primary consumer D. The plant is a primary producer E. The snake is a carnivore F. The eagle is at trophic level 4 G. All organisms except the grass obtain energy from organic molecules they consume H. The grass obtains energy from the inorganic molecules it absorbs from the soil

B. The mouse is a herbivore C. The mouse is a primary consumer D. The plant is a primary producer E. The snake is a carnivore F. The eagle is at trophic level 4 G. All organisms except the grass obtain energy from organic molecules they consume

Habitat corridors... A. lower gene flow between populations B. can increase a population's effective size C. reduce the risk that diseases will spread from one area to another D. often lower genetic diversity of populations

B. can increase a population's effective size

That a forested watershed provides clean drinking water for human populations is called a(n): A. watershed superpower B. ecosystem service C. ecosystem engineer D. biodiversity support E. conservation strategy

B. ecosystem service

Which of the following is an r-selected animal? A. Gorilla B. Fishes C. African Elephant D. Great White Shark

B. fishes

Keystone predators can maintain high species diversity in a community if they _____. A. competitively exclude other predators B. prey on the community's dominant species C. allow immigration of other predators D. prey only on the least abundant species in the community

B. prey on the community's dominant species

For an albatross population to be stable, how many offspring should females have on average? A. ~1 offspring B. ~2 offspring C. ~4 offspring D. ~8 offspring

B. ~2 offspring

The greatest cause of the biodiversity crisis, which includes all of the others, is A. pollution B. habitat destruction C. human overpopulation D. introduced species E. global warming

C. human overpopulation

Which of these would be expected to have the lowest species richness? A B C D E

C

The net reproductive rate most directly helps predict future population size in... A. 1 year B. 1 month C. 1 generation D. Any length of time

C. 1 generation

Pelagic food webs vary greatly in the amount of inorganic nutrients that are available to photosynthesizers, as well as in the number of trophic levels. At one extreme, open ocean food webs (top in diagram) may have as many as 6 trophic levels, while upwelling regions (bottom in diagram) may have only 3. Continental shelves (middle in diagram) typically are intermediate between these two extremes. Imagine (hypothetically--because it's not actually true) that each has the same amount of nutrients and supports the same biomass of phytoplankton. In which area would you be able to catch the most fish? A. The open ocean, because more biomass can bioaccumulate with a greater number of trophic levels B. The continental shelves because they strike the optimum number of trophic levels C. The upwelling zones, since less energy is lost in trophic level transfer

C. The upwelling zones, since less energy is lost in trophic level transfer

The figure below depicts populations of mice; one population has 1,000 individuals and two have only 10 individuals. At the start of a long-term study, the frequency of the dominant allele B, which codes for dark fur was approximately 50% in all three populations. All populations are in the same environment, in which all three genotypes have equal fitness. Which of the following is likely true? A. Populations 1 & 3 are experiencing diversifying selection; population 2 did not evolve because it lacked the genetic material for diversifying selection to occur B. Populations 1 & 3 are experiencing directional selection; population 2 did not evolve because it lacked the genetic material for directional selection to occur C. All three populations are experiencing genetic drift, and the magnitude of genetic drift is greater in populations 1 & 3 because they are smaller D. The change in allele frequency is population 1 is due to chance E. The change in allele frequency is population 1 is likely due to the fact that BB individuals have greater survival than bb and Bb individuals F. Populations 1 and 3 are experience greater fluctuations in allele frequencies than population 2 because they are smaller than population 2

C. All three populations are experiencing genetic drift, and the magnitude of genetic drift is greater in populations 1 & 3 because they are smaller D. The change in allele frequency is population 1 is due to chance F. Populations 1 and 3 are experience greater fluctuations in allele frequencies than population 2 because they are smaller than population 2

Generally speaking.... A. Ascending air masses are linked to areas of high pressure and high rainfall while descending air masses are linked to areas to low pressure and low rainfall B. Ascending air masses are linked to areas of low pressure and low rainfall while descending air masses are linked to areas to high pressure and high rainfall C. Ascending air masses are linked to areas of low pressure and high rainfall while descending air masses are linked to areas to high pressure and low rainfall D. Ascending air masses are linked to areas of high pressure and low rainfall while descending air masses are linked to areas to low pressure and high rainfall

C. Ascending air masses are linked to areas of low pressure and high rainfall while descending air masses are linked to areas to high pressure and low rainfall

Which of the following is true about metabolic rate and enzymatic activity within a cell, with changing temperature within the range of tolerated temperatures? A. Metabolic rate increases with increasing temperature while enzymatic activity decreases with increasing temperature B. Metabolic rate decreases with increasing temperature while enzymatic activity increases with increasing temperature C. Metabolic rate and enzymatic activity both increase with increasing temperature D. Metabolic rate and enzymatic activity both decrease with increasing temperature

C. Metabolic rate and enzymatic activity both increase with increasing temperature

Meadow voles are wild rodents common throughout Canada, including Newfoundland. In this species, one gene with two alleles controls resistance to a parasitic amoebozoan that is common in mainland eastern Canada but is not found in Newfoundland. Homozygotes for the dominant BB allele as well as heterozygotes do not get infected by the parasites; homozygotes for the recessive bb allele are easily infected by the parasite when it's present, and die within a few weeks from this infection. There are several populations of these voles in Newfoundland and most have high genetic variability, however one isolated forest experienced a severe fire 10 years ago, which led to the mortality of 99% of the vole population in that forest. Due to chance, the few survivors were all bb homozygotes. Over the next 10 years, the population grew back to its pre-fire size. This year, a few voles from Nova Scotia that are infected with the amoebozoan are inadvertently transported to Newfoundland on a cargo ship, and the parasite quickly spreads to the entire island of Newfoundland. Based on this scenario, which of the following is likely to happen? A. Meadow voles are going to go extinct in Newfoundland B. All populations are likely to experience rapid directional selection for individuals that are not affected by the amoebozoan C. Most populations are likely to experience rapid directional selection for individuals that are not affected by the amoebozoan, but the population that was affected by the forest fire won't and is likely to go extinct D. The population affected by the forest fire is likely to evolve new mutations in response to introduction of the parasite

C. Most populations are likely to experience rapid directional selection for individuals that are not affected by the amoebozoan, but the population that was affected by the forest fire won't and is likely to go extinct

Which of the following is true about species distribution in light of climate change? A. All species are likely to shift ranges toward greater latitudes at roughly the same rate B. As coral species migrate to higher latitudes due to climate change, they are encountering optimum conditions for growth again. C. Novel species interactions are likely to occur as the climate warms D. We expect only animal species to be able to shift their ranges in response to climate change, since other organisms have limited movement

C. Novel species interactions are likely to occur as the climate warms

How is habitat fragmentation related to biodiversity loss? A. In fragmented habitats, more soil erosion takes place. B. Fragments generate silt that negatively affects sensitive river and stream organisms. C. Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller and, thus, more susceptible to extinction. D. Individual plants absorb less carbon dioxide in fragmented habitats.

C. Populations of organisms in fragments are smaller and, thus, more susceptible to extinction.

Surtsey is a volcanic island that was formed off the coast of iceland in the 1960s. After the eruption that created the island, organisms slowly arrived and grew on the island. The first organisms were some bacteria and fungi. Within about two years, the first vascular plants had arrived and by the end of the first decade there were 10 species of vascular plants on the island. Forty years later, there were about 60 species of vascular plants. What is likely true about this situation? A. The species richness has increased over time but species diversity has decreased B. This is an example of secondary succession C. The earliest species to arrive on Surtsey were most likely r-selected species D. The species that inhabit Surtsey most likely don't occur anywhere else

C. The earliest species to arrive on Surtsey were most likely r-selected species

Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification? A. The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. B. Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumer C. Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers. D. Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers.

C. Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers

Edith's checkerspot butterfly is a small butterfly found in North America from southern British Columbia south to Baja California and east to Utah and Colorado. It prefers grasslands and rocky outcrops in the coastal chaparral and the transition from woodland to alpine tundra. Two subspecies of this butterfly are listed as endangered, both of which have only one primary host plant during their larval stage, which is the dwarf plantain. Using historical records and field studies from 1994-1996, Dr. Camille Parmesan created the map shown here depicting the range of Edith's checkerspot butterfly along with the occurrence of local extinctions of populations. The southernmost portions of the range are shown in yellow, and the highest elevation and northernmost portions of the range are shown in green. The area depicted in the map has been subject to a trend of increasing temperatures over the past 100 years Which is true about how these species might change in response to climate change? A. the butterfly population and the plantain population are likely to shift their ranges at the same rate and continue interacting in the same way B. plantain will likely be able to shift its range at a faster rate than the butterfly, but will choose to stay in the area where the butterfly also occurs C. butterfly will likely be able to shift its range at a faster rate than the plantain, which could create a mismatch in the between the location of plantain host plants and that of the butterfly larvae

C. the butterfly will likely be able to shift its range at a faster rate than the plantain, which could create a mismatch in the between the location of plantain host plants and that of the butterfly larvae

Which of the following is/are biotic factor(s) that could limit distribution? (pick all that apply) Soil pH Soil nutrients Light availability Competition Temperature Predation Wind Water availability Oxygen availability Disease

Competition, Predation, & Disease

Which of the following would be unexpected in a small/declining population? A. Genetic drift B. Low reproductive success C. Bottleneck effect D. Increased genetic diversity

D. Increased genetic diversity

Which of these organisms is likely to have the highest level of mercury? A. Fish B. Phytoplankton C. Zooplankton D. Mammals E. All of these are likely to have similar levels of mercury

D. Mammals

Small populations are of concern to conservation biologists due to... A. High risk of inbreeding B. Genetic drift may substantially alter allele and genotype frequency C. Greater likelihood of extinction than large populations D. All of the above

D. All of the above

We should expect the greatest extinction rates: A. On large islands, which tend to have large populations B. On large islands, which tend to have small populations C. On small islands, which tend to have large populations D. On small islands, which tend to have small populations

D. On small islands, which tend to have small populations

Gross primary production of terrestrial plants is limited by all EXCEPT A. Temperature B. Moisture levels C. Nutrients D. Respiration rate of plants

D. Respiration rate of plants

The Atlantic Ocean is smaller and younger than the Pacific. The pattern of fish species richness with latitude in the Atlantic should... A. Show an inverse pattern to that of the Pacific B. Show a similar pattern to that of the Pacific in the North Atlantic but not in the South Atlantic since the Coriolis effect there forces different patterns than in the North C. Show a similar pattern to that of the Pacific, except that richness at all latitudes is expected to be greater in the Atlantic than the Pacific D. Show a similar pattern to that of the Pacific, except that richness at all latitudes is expected to be lower in the Atlantic than the Pacific

D. Show a similar pattern to that of the Pacific, except that richness at all latitudes is expected to be lower in the Atlantic than the Pacific

As you travel from the equator to the North pole: A. Temperature and moisture decrease consistently B. Temperature decreases, and moisture levels peak at ~30 degrees North and again at the North pole C. Temperature increases, and moisture levels peak at 30 degrees North and again at the North pole D. Temperature decreases, and moisture levels decrease to ~30 degrees North, rise again until ~60 degrees North, and decrease from there until the North pole

D. Temperature decreases, and moisture levels decrease to ~30 degrees North, rise again until ~60 degrees North, and decrease from there until the North pole

A population of 1000 monkeys has a yearly birth rate of 80 young, and a yearly death rate of 90 individuals. The yearly per capita population growth rate is... A. 80 B. 90 C. -10 D. 0.01 E. -0.01

E. -0.01

Bacteria reproduce by binary fission (one cell becomes two cells). Imagine that the generation time for Lactobacillus acidophilus is one hour. You start a culture of L. acidophilus at noon with 100 bacteria, in a large petri dish with a great culture medium (i.e. resources are not limiting). What is the current R0 for L. acidophilus? (assume that no bacteria die) A. 0 B. 1 C. 1.1 D. 1.2 E. 2 F. to say based on this information

E. 2

A population of 1000 monkeys has a yearly birth rate of 80 young, and a yearly death rate of 90 individuals. In one year, the population will be... A. 1080 monkeys B. 2000 monkeys C. 1090 monkeys D. 910 monkeys E. 990 monkeys

E. 990 monkeys

Compared to terrestrial temperate communities, terrestrial tropical communities tend to have: A. greater rates of primary production, organisms with faster growth and longer generation times, and faster rates of evolution B. rates of primary production, organisms with faster growth and shorter generation times, and faster rates of evolution C. greater rates of primary production, organisms with faster growth and longer generation times, and slower rates of evolution D. lower rates of primary production, organisms with slower growth and longer generation times, and lower rates of evolution E. greater rates of primary production, organisms with faster growth and shorter generation times, and faster rates of evolution

E. greater rates of primary production, organisms with faster growth and shorter generation times, and faster rates of evolution

The two factors that are most important in determining aquatic biomes are: A. temperature and water B. temperature and light C. pH and light D. temperature and pH E. light and nutrient levels F. oxygen availability and salinity

E. light and nutrient levels

Inhibition

Early colonizers make the site less suitable for the development of other species.

Facilitation

Early pioneers modify the habitat, making it more suitable for the growth of other species that become more abundant later in the succession. Species in the climax community tend to be good competitors

Is this an example of facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance? A new volcanic is formed in the Pacific. A year later, a few lichens and small plants are found in some areas. 10 years later, there is more soil and several grasses and shrubs are growing. 50 years later palms and other large trees dominate the landscape.

Facilitation

Is this an example of facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance? A coral reef in the Philippines is decimated by category 5 hurricane. Coral used to dominate the reef, covering ~80% of it with the rest mostly made up of sponges and seaweeds. After the storm nearly all coral is dead. A year later, seaweeds cover 90% of the reef with about 5% of the reef covered in coral and 5% by sponges. This is still the case 10 years later.

Inhibition

Which two factors are the most important abiotic factors that determine which terrestrial biome is found in a given location? (pick two factors) Soil pH Soil nutrients Light availability Competition Temperature Predation Wind Water availability Oxygen availability Disease

Temperature & Water availablity

Edith's checkerspot butterfly is a small butterfly found in North America from southern British Columbia south to Baja California and east to Utah and Colorado. It prefers grasslands and rocky outcrops in the coastal chaparral and the transition from woodland to alpine tundra. Two subspecies of this butterfly are listed as endangered, both of which have only one primary host plant during their larval stage, which is the dwarf plantain. Using historical records and field studies from 1994-1996, Dr. Camille Parmesan created the map shown here depicting the range of Edith's checkerspot butterfly along with the occurrence of local extinctions of populations. The southernmost portions of the range are shown in yellow, and the highest elevation and northernmost portions of the range are shown in green. The area depicted in the map has been subject to a trend of increasing temperatures over the past 100 years Why are Edith's butterfly populations going extinct at the greatest rate in the yellow area?

These populations are around the upper temperature limit for this species

Edith's checkerspot butterfly is a small butterfly found in North America from southern British Columbia south to Baja California and east to Utah and Colorado. It prefers grasslands and rocky outcrops in the coastal chaparral and the transition from woodland to alpine tundra. Two subspecies of this butterfly are listed as endangered, both of which have only one primary host plant during their larval stage, which is the dwarf plantain. Using historical records and field studies from 1994-1996, Dr. Camille Parmesan created the map shown here depicting the range of Edith's checkerspot butterfly along with the occurrence of local extinctions of populations. The southernmost portions of the range are shown in yellow, and the highest elevation and northernmost portions of the range are shown in green. The area depicted in the map has been subject to a trend of increasing temperatures over the past 100 years Why are Edith's butterfly populations going extinct at the lowest rate in the green areas?

These populations are in colder conditions due to higher altitute (Sierra Nevada population) and higher latitute (British Columbia population) so they historically have been in temperatures far from the upper temperature limit for this species which means that even with current temperature increases they are within the range they can tolerate

Is this an example of facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance? Regular prescribed burns are done in a long-leaf pine forest in Florida. When new habitat opens up with these burns, the first colonizer is sometimes new long-leaf pines, sometimes wiregrass, and sometimes small hardwood plant species. Regardless of which species is the early colonizer, if the ecosystem is left undisturbed for long periods of time, it goes back to being dominated by long-leaf pines.

Tolerance

In aquatic environments, as one moves from shallower to deeper water.... (pick all that apply) temperature usually increases temperature usually decreases light availability increases light availability decreases pressure increases pressure decreases

temperature usually decreases, light availability decreases, & pressure increases