BSC 145
Select the four main functions of the lymphatic system.
- absorbs excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood - absorbs fat from the small intestine - produce and distributes lymphocytes -defend the body against pathogens
True or false: Cancer cells undergo apoptosis as regularly as normal cells.
False
True or false: Innate immune defenses typically take between 7 to 10 days to fully develop.
False
The most crucial factor in preventing transmission of MRSA is
Proper hand washing
Prions are infectious particles made of
Protein only
An antigen is
a molecule recognized as being foreign to the body.
What is lysozyme?
an antibacterial enzyme
tuberculosis is caused by a
bacterium
XDR TB stands for extensively ________ resistant tuberculosis
drug
Select all components of innate immune defenses.
inflammatory disease protective proteins chemical barriers
Which of the following are characteristics of cancer cells?
lack differentiation stimulate angiogenesis undergo metastasis
Which human organ system returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood?
lymphatic system
Antibodies that are produced by a plasma cell derived from a single B cell, and which therefore bind to exactly the same antigen, are called
monoclonal
MDR TB is (more/less) ____________ common than XDR TB. Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia have the highest rates of (MDR/XDR) ______________ TB
more MDR
The function of bacterial flagella relates to
motility
Match each autoimmune disease with the type of cell or tissue that is attacked.
multiple sclerosis- myelin in the CNS myasthenia gravis - neuromuscular junctions rheumatoid arthritis- cartilage in the joints systemic lupus erythematosus- DNA
All bacteria are ______ that ______ a nucleus.
prokaryotes; lack
The viruses genetic information can be __________ DNA or RNA
single- or double stranded
The transplantation of animal organs into human recipients is called
xenotransplantation.
Which disease is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth?
Cancer
In an immediate allergic response, antibodies of the ___ class are first produced in response to allergen exposure. These antibodies then bind to receptors on ___ in tissues, as well as to other cells in the blood.
IgE & Mast cells
This dilation will ________ blood flow.
Increase
All types of human blood cells are produced in the________ bone marrow
Red
A disease that comes back after a significant decline in incidence is considered to be
Reemerging
Select the diseases and organisms that have been associated with a high degree of antibiotic resistance.
Staphylococcus aureus enterococci gonorrhea tuberculosis
The invader's antigen is presented to a specific __________activating the T cell which then produces clones.
T-cell receptor (TCR)
Monthly self-examination is particularly valuable in detecting cancers affecting which two organs?
Testicle, Breast
Why is passive immunity always temporary?
The antibodies are not produced by the body.
The complement system is actually composed of
a number of blood plasma proteins
The function of bacterial fimbriae relates to
adhering to surfaces
Because substances like pollen, food, and animal hair can provoke hypersensitivity reactions, they are called
allergens
Which of the following involves defense of the body by B cells and plasma cells?
antibody-mediated immunity
Cytotoxic T cells cause cell death, or ___________by releasing perforin and granzymes.
apoptosis
infections with MRSA are particularly common in which three of these groups?
athletes who share equipment nursing home residents hospitalized patients
gene p53 has what effect on a cell that has damaged DNA
brings about apoptosis
The type of adaptive immunity in which T cells destroy virus-infected or cancer cells is_________ mediated immunity
cells
Many bacteria can use hollow appendages called pili to transfer DNA between cells in a process called
conjugation
Select all functions of the spleen.
destroys old red blood cells filters blood
a fever is the end result of this attack chemical
endogenous pyrogen
The major function of lymph nodes is to
filter and fight infections in lymph
Lymphatic vessels
form a one-way system of vessels which transport lymph to the cardiovascular veins.
In antibody-mediated, or _______ immunity, a/an_________ selects and then binds a specific B or T cell at its receptor.
humoral, antigen
which layer of the centrifuged blood would indicate if they are dehydrated
plasma
Infectious particles made of only proteins are called
prions
Which of the following are three therapies for cancer that have been available for some time?
radiation surgery chemotherapy
Select all of the primary lymphatic organs, in which lymphocytes are produced and/or mature.
red bone marrow thymus
MRSA stands for methicillin-
resistant stappalococcus aureus
It is estimated that a person's immune system can produce antibodies that can bind to up to two million different antigens. The immune system accomplishes this feat by
shuffling and combining DNA segments to produce the genes that code for unique B cell receptors.
Which of these are considered emerging or new diseases?
swine flu (H1N1) Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) avian influenza (H5N1)
place the following steps in the correct order to represent the stages of the inflammatory response
1. Injured tissue cells and mast cells release histamine, causing dilation of capillaries and increased blood flow. 2. Macrophages and dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens and release cytokines, which stimulate the inflammatory response. 3. Neutrophils and monocytes (which become macrophages) squeeze through capillary walls and phagocytize pathogens. 4. Blood clotting walls off capillary and prevents blood loss.
One of the newer therapies for the treatment of cancer is immunotherapy. Rank the procedures from the beginning to the final stage of treatment.
1. Antigen-presenting cells (APC'S) are removed from patiebnt 2.APCs are genetically engineered to have genes for tumor antigens 3.APCs display tumor antigens on their surface 4.engineered cells are returned to the patient's body 5.APCs present tumor antigen to cytotoxic T cells which attack the tumor
the formation of new blood vessels as in a cancerous growth is
Angiogenesis
The first gene discovered to be associated with the development of breast cancer is called
BRCA1
Which of the following are tumor suppressor genes associated with the development of breast cancer? Select all that apply.
BRCA1 BRCA2
What word is publicized by the American Cancer Society in order to help people recall possible signs of cancer?
Caution
The study of cancer is called
Oncology
Select all of the secondary lymphatic organs, in which blood and lymph are cleansed and most adaptive immune responses are initiated.
Spleen and lymph nodes
Viral Spikes
attach specifically to host cell receptors
Viruses often contain various _________that help them reproduce
enzymes
Tears, saliva and perspiration contain an enzyme called__________ that helps kill or inhibit bacteria
lysozyme
Viruses are not composed of cells and are ___________than bacteria
smaller
Which single factor do autoimmune diseases have in common?
the immune system attacks the body's own cells, tissues, or molecules
Match each tumor marker test with the type of cancer that it detects.
AFP test- liver cancer CA-125- ovarian cancer CEA test- colon cancer relapse PSA test- prostate cancer
Match the disease affecting the immune system with the correct description:
Aids: results from untreated HIV infection Multiple sclerosis: autoimmune reaction to myelinated nerves myasthenia gravis: autoimmune reaction to neuromuscular junctions SCID: born lacking functional lymphocyte responses rheumatic fever: a side effect of streptococcal infection systemic lupus erythematosus: autoimmune reaction to DNA
If an allergic response is severe enough, the histamine release causes ___ shock, a sudden and life-threatening drop in blood pressure due to increased permeability of the capillaries throughout the body.
Anaphylactic
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies are called
B cells
Match the following genes with the form of cancer they have been linked to.
BRCA1- Breast Cancer p16- Melanoma cancer RET- Thyroid cancer Microsattelite DNA repeats- bladder cancer
The function of a bacterial pilus relates to
DNA transfer
Active immunity:
Depends on the presence of memory B&T cells Typically longer lasting Immune responses to vaccines are examples Usually involves a primary and a secondary response
How do T and B lymphocytes recognize different antigens?
Each lymphocyte has antigen receptors in its plasma membrane, which can bind to only one specific antigen.
An injection of ___ can counteract this reaction until life-saving medical help is available.
Epinepherine
Upon subsequest exposure to the same allergen, the allergen binds to these lgE antibodies, triggering release of chemicals like ___ and resulting in allergy symptoms.
Histamine
The American Cancer Society has publicized the word CAUTION is an acronym to remember the 7 common warning signs of cancer. Of the choices, select all that are actual signs that are indicated by the acronym.
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Nagging cough or hoarseness A sore that does not heal
To minimize organ transplant rejection, which type of molecules must be cross-matched between the donor and the recipient?
MHC molecules
What is an agent that causes mutation.
Mutagen
Cancer-causing genes called oncogenes can be formed when proto-oncogenes
Mutate
Select all the ways by which bacterial resistance to antibiotics can be minimized.
Only prescribe antibiotics for confirmed bacterial infections. Take antibiotics as prescribed until all medication is gone.
A bacterium that is unaffected by an antibiotic drug is said to be a__________ bacterium
Resistant
Two types of lymphocytes
T and B cells
Which statement is correct regarding the activation of T cells?
T cells are unable to recognize an antigen unless it is presented by an APC such as a macrophage.
Cell-mediated immunity most directly involves the destruction of diseased and/or cancerous cells by
T-cells
Select all of the true statements about breast and testicular self-examination:
Testicular self-examination should be done once a month. Breast self-examination should be done once a month.
in cases of viral entry by endocytosis after the virus is released from the vesicle into the host cell cytoplasm
The capsid protein is removed
Passive immunity:
Typically temporary Immunity passed on through breast feeding is an example Can be an injection of serum that contains antibodies A bone marrow transplant is an example
Immunity that results from either having an infection or from receiving an immunization is a the type of acquired immunity called_________ immunity
active
The type of immunity that results from the the production of antibodies by an individual following an infection or vaccination is ______ immunity.
active
A diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains along with moderate to vigorous ________________ for about 30-45 minutes a day, 5 days a week, are both recommended to help prevent cancer.
activity
Based on their structure, the 2 major types of white blood cells are granular leukocytes and ______________ leukocytes
agranular
Select all functions of bacterial capsules.
aid in sticking to surfaces help to avoid phagocytosis
These antigens, called ___, include pollen, pet hair, certain foods, and some medicines, such as pencillin.
allergens
an ______ reaction is defined as a hypersensitivity to substances that normally pose no serious risk to the body, such as pollen, food, or animal hair.
allergic
Bacterial cell walls contain a unique amino disaccharide, the synthesis of which is inhibited by drugs like penicillin. What type of drug is penicillin?
antibiotic
These lymphocytes need help recognizing an antigen. This "help" is provided by a macrophage or other phagocytic__________
antigen-presenting cell (APC)
Which type of cells display fragments of antigens to T cells?
antigen-presenting cells
The adaptive immune system responds to foreign molecules, typically protein components of bacteria, viruses, molds, or parasites, which are collectively known as
antigens
Tumor marker tests are blood tests for ______ that are released from some tumors or for ______ produced in response to their release.
antigens;antibodies
What happens to lymph as it passes through a lymph node?
any debris or pathogens are engulfed by macrophages
In conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis, T cells or antibodies attack one's own tissues. Collectively, these disorders are called__________ diseases
autoimmune
Most cloned _________become plasma cells, which mass produce and secrete _________ to a specific antigen.
b cells, antibodies
Which type of organism is a single-celled prokaryote?
bacterium
Additionally, neutrophils and monocytes will squeeze through the ________wall and phagocytize pathogens.
capillary
Viruses lack metabolic machinery;structurally, a virus always has an outer _________ composed of protein and a core of__________
capsid, nucleic acid
The cell wall of some bacteria is surrounded by a structure with a thick, gelatinous consistency, called a______________ that may help the bacteria to stick to surfaces.
capsule
Adaptive immunity in which T cells destroy virus-infected or cancer cells is
cell-mediated immunity.
Select all major characteristics of B cells.
clonal expansion produces memory B cells clonal expansion produces plasma cells carry out antibody-mediated immunity
At the site of injury, blood _______ seals the capillary and prevents further blood loss during this process.
clotting
A relatively rare genetic condition in which a child is born without functional B cells or T cells is SCID, or severe_________ immunodeficiency
combined
A group of protective plasma proteins designated by the letter C and a number are all part of the_______ system
complement
The signaling molecule that regulates white blood cell formation and activation is called
cytokine
Cell-mediated immunity involves direct attack of diseased cells by T cells, though some T cells release __________ that stimulate both specific and nonspecific defenses.
cytokines
Then macrophages phagocytize pathogens and release _________stimulating the inflammation.
cytokines
cytotoxic t cells have the ability to
destroy pathogens
Cancer cells do not resemble specialized cells in the body that have specific structures and functions. In other words, cancer cells lack cellular
differentiation
The process by which cells acquire their specific structure and function is cellular_______________ which is something that is lacking in cancer cells
differentiation
Select the diseases and organisms that have been associated with a high degree of antibiotic resistance.
enterococci gonorrhea Staphylococcus aureus tuberculosis
Which type of white blood cell is most directly involved in the protection of the body against parasitic infections?
eosinophil
Some bacteria have stiff fibers on their outer surface called__________ that help them adhere to host cells.
fimbriae
Motile bacteria usually have one or more long, thin cellular appendages called ___________
flagella
The 2 major components of blood are
formed elements and plasma
To reduce cancer risk, cancer experts recommend that people consume more of which type of foods? Select all that apply.
fruits vegetables whole grains
Select the two types of treatments that have successfully cured children born with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
gene therapy bone marrow transplantation
Certain complement proteins amplify the inflammatory reaction, because they can bind to mast cells and trigger__________release.
histamine
injured tissue and mast cells release _______causing capillaries to dilate.
histamine
Other complement proteins combine to form a membrane attack complex that produces ________ in the surface of bacteria and some viruses. The loss of membrane integrity allows fluids and salts to enter the bacterial cell or virus to the point that it bursts.
holes
In viral entry by endocytosis
host plasma membrane surrounds whole virion and forms a vesicle
Allergies result when the immune system is ___ to antigens that ordinarily would not harm the body.
hypersensitive
After binding, many _______ copies of the cell are produced; these are called clones.
identical
The best definition of passive immunity is
immunity that is gained without exposure to an antigen.
Select the scenarios that can result in active immunity.
immunization with a vaccine infection with a pathogen
The type of immunity that is fully functional without previous exposure to various foreign invaders is
innate immunity
________are proteins produced by virus-infected cells as a warning to noninfected cells in the area. These proteins can bind to receptors on the surface of noninfected cells, causing them to prepare for possible attack by producing substances that interfere with viral replication.
interferons
Select all of the examples of cytokines, the signaling molecules produced by T lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells.
interleukins interferons
A pathogen is a microbe that
is a disease causing agent
Select the characteristics of MRSA, a type of Staph infection, that make it particularly dangerous.
lethality antibiotic resistance
A(n) ______ capillary is a one-way vessel that removes excess tissue fluids and returns them to the bloodstream.
lymphatic
B cells and T cells are the two types of
lymphocytes
Select all components of a lymph node.
lymphocytes capsule macrophages
Select the two main phagocytic cells that are involved in the inflammatory response.
macrophages neutrophils
Select the two most common strategies that are currently used to control rejection of organ transplants.
matching MHC types between organ and recipient administration of immunosuppressive drugs
Those that do not become plasma cells become_______ cells, the means by which long-term immunity is possible.
memory
An agent that causes mutations is referred to as a(n)
mutagen
Mutation can cause a proto-oncogene to become a cancer-causing gene that is specially called a(n)____________
oncogene
A medical specialist in cancer is called a(n)
oncologist
Select all characteristics of viruses.
parasites of cells acellular
The type of immunity that results from the administration of prepared antibodies by injection is ______ immunity.
passive
The general term for a bacterium, virus, or other microbe that causes disease is a(n)
pathogen
APCs break ___________ apart in lysosomes, creating pieces which can be displayed in the groove of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the surface of the APC.
pathogens
Other complement proteins bind to the surface of pathogens, which enhances ___________ by neutrophils, dendritic cells, and/or macrophages.
phagocytosis
Bacteria can transfer DNA between cells using an elongated, hollow appendage called a
pilus
The complement system is composed of a combination of proteins found in blood ___________, which "complement" certain immune responses.
plasma
The most unique and significant feature of monoclonal antibodies is that they are
produced by plasma cells derived from the same B cell.
Of the standard cancer therapies, surgery and __________ can treat localized cancer but, _______________ affects the entire body and can catch cancer cells that have spread.
radiation chemotherapy
B cells and T cells are capable of recognizing foreign antigens because they have specific antigen_____________ in their plasma membrane
receptors
Select all cell types produced in red bone marrow.
red blood cells lymphocytes neutrophils
Select all anatomical components of the spleen.
red pulp white pulp connective tissue venous sinuses
A bacterium that is unaffected by an antibiotic drug is said to be a__________ bacteria
resistant
The inflammatory response is a part of the ________ line of defense against pathogen invasion
second
A virus invades a host cell based on the _____ on the outer surface of the host cell
specific receptors
The largest lymphatic organ is the
spleen
Select the best definition of phagocytosis.
surrounding and then engulfing another cell or molecule.
Presence of the enzyme________ indicates that a cell is cancerous as it keeps telomeres at a constant length.
telomerase
Antibiotics in the penicillin class kill bacteria by inhibiting production of
the cell wall
which is the rationale for p53 gene therapy
the gene p53 causes only the death of cells that have severely damaged DNA, namely cancer cells
In the type of cancer immunotherapy shown in the illustration, what type of cell (labeled with the letter "A" on the left) actually kills the cancer cells?
the patient's own cytotoxic T cells
The main reason that xenotransplantation, or transplantation of animal organs into humans, is being explored is because
there is a shortage of human donor organs.
The major defining feature of cancer is
uncontrolled cell growth
Which type of microbe is a parasite of cells, is acellular, and bridges the gap between what is considered to be living and nonliving?
virus
