Exam 5
What are 5 rules for correctly writing a binomial name?
(1.) genus species (2.) genus(noun) - species(adj) (3.) latinized (4.) cap on Genus, lowercase on species (5.) underline or italicize
On average, the size of a virus is about
10-400 nm
What does the term symbiosis mean?
2 different species live in a close relationship usually both benefit
What is an autotroph?
An organism that makes its own food
what are characters?
Any shared features ex; anatomy(form and structure), physiology(body function), behavior, ecology, embryology(early development), molecular(DNA)
What are the steps of viral replication?
Attachment (match btw the virus and the cells outer surface), penetration( nucleic acid enters), biosynthesis(manufacture of virus components), release(of new viral particles)
What is special about Euglenoids?
Autotrophic ,but in absence of sunlight they become heterotrophs
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What are multicellular green algae?
Body is 2 cells thick, ex; ulva
What is systematics?
Branch of science whose goals are to establish phylogenies of a group of organisms, and to classify them according to their phylogeny
Select the descriptions of viruses
Cause AIDS, chickenpox, and measles Obligate intracellular parasites
Heterotrophic
Consume other organisms for nutrients, Saprotrophic (feed on dead or decaying organic matter), symbiotic (mutualistic-both benefit ex;bacteria in gut producing vitamins) (commensalistic-1 benefit 1 not affected ex;bacteria on skin), (parasitic- 1 benefit 1 harm)
What evidence has shown that protists are not monophyletic and do not belong in a single kingdom of life?
DNA analysis
What is the nucleic acid core made of?
DNA or RNA
What is a phylogenetic tree?
Diagram indicating common ancestors and lines of descent
What are sporozoa? Examples?
Don't move but form spores ex; toxoplasma
Are protists eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
What are endospores? Can you name some examples of bacteria that form endospores?
Formed by some bacteria in unfavorable environments, chromosome and little cytoplasm protective coat (tetanus, anthrax, botulism)
What is a derived character?
Found only on certain lines of descent
What is a species?
Groups of potentially interbreeding organisms
where do you find Thermoacidophiles?
Hot acidic environment
What are 4 uses of brown algae?
Kelp, Fertilizer, Provide food and habitat for marine organisms, produce algin
What is the correct order of the hierarchy of classification?
Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
What are colonial green algae?
Loose association of independent cells in which some cells may be specialized for reproduction ex; volvox
What are 3 types of archaebacteria?
Methanogens, halophiles, thermoacidophiles
What are ciliates? Example?
Move by cilia, short hair like projections ex; paramecium
What are zooflagellates? Examples?
Move by flagella, long whip like structures used for movement, ex; trichomonas
What are obligate anaerobes?
Must have no oxygen, unable to grow in the presence of oxygen
What is parasitism?
One organism benefits and the other is harmed
What are saprotrophs?
Organisms that live on, or in, and feed on dead organic matter
What are 4 uses of diatomaceous earth?
Polishers, reflective paint, filters, insulation
What are 5 criteria for placing organisms in domains/kingdoms?
Prokaryote or eukaryote, single cell or multicellular, motile or non-motile, sexual or asexual, mode of nutrition
Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic
What is a fossil?
Remnants of past life usually in stone and over 10k years old
What is the genus Gymnodinium?
Responsible for red tides, cause fish to die due to a neurotoxin
What are retroviruses? What is an example of a retrovirus?
Rna virus that has a dna stage RNA>cDNA
What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?
Rod(barillus), sphere(coccus), spiral(spirilum)
What is taxonomy?
Science of classifying and naming organisms according to certain guidelines
What are homologous structures? What are some examples?
Structures that are similar due to a common evolutionary origin (bird wing and human arm)
What are vestigial structures? What are some examples?
Structures that were functional in an ancestor, but reduced in size and non-functional in a descendent
where do you find methanogens?
Swamp and animal intestines, produce methane gas
What is the definition of a heterotroph? What are the two ways an organism gets its nutrition if it is a heterotroph?
Take in preformed organic food by ingestion or absorbtion
What is cladistics?
The method that uses shared, derived traits to develop a hypothesis of evolutionary history of a group of organisms and only considers homologous structures
Why are slime and water molds fungus like?
They are saprotrophic and for the most part filamentous
What are filamentous green algae?
Thread-like, end to end chains of cells after cell division in one plane, ex ; green scum on ponds
What are 3 methods of controlling an animal virus?
Vaccine, antiviral drugs, limit exposure
what are latent viruses?
Virus enters the cell but doesn't immediately become active. The viral dna is integrated into the host cells dna. Each time the host dna is replicated, the viral dna is replicated along with it so that all subsequent cells carry a copy
What are facultative anaerobes?
With or without oxygen, can grow both in the presence and absence of oxygen gas
a virus is similar to ____
a large protein
what is algin?
added to food to give creamy consistency
What are plant-like protists commonly called? Photoautotrophic protists that use photosynthesis to create organic compounds.
algae
Are most protozoa microscopic?
all microscopic
a common ancestor is
an ancestor to two or more lines of descent.
Halophiles, methanogens, and thermoacidophiles are the three main groups of
archaea
Which of the following would you most likely find in a high temperature, high salt environment?
archaea
How do bacteria reproduce? Is that sexual or asexual?
asexual
The most common type of prokaryote are the _
bacteria
Which of the following domains of life contain prokaryotes?
bacteria and archaea
What do cellular slime molds feed on?
bacteria and yeast
Prokaryotic reproduction occurs asexually in a process called ____ ,that can be as fast as 12 minutes. Most prokaryotes reproduce via which process or processes?
binary fission
Are the protists motile or nonmotile?
both
Do protist reproduce sexually, asexually, or both?
both
What is mutualism?
both organisms benefit ex; bacteria in gut producing vitamins
How are plant viruses controlled?
by burning them
What are oncogenes?
cancer
What is the common way of classifying alga?
color
What is comparative morphology?
comparing structure of the body
What do plasmodial slime molds feed on?
dead plant matter
Membrane-bound nuclei are found in members of domain ___
eukarya
Are members of the kingdom Animalia prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multi-cellular, motile or non-motile, sexual or asexual, autotrophic or heterotrophic by ingestion?
eukaryotic, multi cell, motile, sexual, heterotrophic by ingestion
Are members of the kingdom Plantae prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multi-cellular, motile or non-motile, sexual or asexual, autotrophic or heterotrophic?
eukaryotic, multi cell, non motile, can be sexual and asexual, autotrphic
Are members of the kingdom Fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multi-cellular, motile or non-motile, sexual or asexual, autotrophic or heterotrophic by absorption?
eukaryotic, multi cell, non motile, can be sexual and asexual, heterotrophic by absorption
What is phylogeny?
evolutionary relationships between organisms
Organisms in the domain Arachaea are usually found where?
extreme environments
What is zooplankton?
feeds on phytoplankton
What are 4 uses of red algae?
food preparation, capsules for drugs, agar in laboratories, cosmetics
What is a primitive character?
found on a common ancestor and all lines of descent
Binomial nomenclature is a system for naming organisms. It consists of two parts. The first word is the ____, while the second is the specific ___
genus : species/ephithet
What is the most numerous unicellular algae in the oceans?
golden-brown algae
What is the difference between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria?
how they stain the cell well
How are protozoa commonly grouped?
locomotion or how they move
What is phytoplankton?
microscopic organisms in oceans
Protists do not all belong to the same evolutionary lineage. They are not a
monophyletic group
What are amoeboids?
move by pseudopodia
What are most brown and red algae?
multicellular seaweeds
Do antibiotics work on viruses? Why not?
no because the virus doesn't metabolize
Are viruses cellular? Do they respond? Do they metabolize? What do they have to do in order to reproduce? Can they evolve?
no, no, no, must invade a living cell, yes
What is commensalism?
one organism benefits and the other is unaffected ex; bacteria on skin
The visual representation of an organism's evolutionary history is known as its
phlogeny
Algae are _____ protists.
photoautotrophic
What mode of nutrition do cyanobacteria use?
photosynthesis
What are two types of autotrophic bacteria?
photosynthetic and chemosynthetic
What are cyanobacteria?
photosynthetic, fix nitrogen, first to make oxygen gas,
Of the following, which is the most encompassing level of taxonomic classification?
phylum
Protists are an abundant component of _____, the collection of tiny floating organisms suspended in water that serves as a food source for many animals.
plankton
Any organism that has neither a nucleus nor cytoplasmic organelles beyond ribosomes is referred to as a(n) ____, bacteria are also classified as this
prokaryote
For the domains Bacteria and Archaea, are they prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multi-cellular, motile or non-motile, sexual or asexual, autotrophic or heterotrophic?
prokaryotic, single cell, can be motile and non motile, asexual, can be heterotrophic and autotrophic
Are members of the kingdom Protista prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multi-cellular, motile or non-motile, sexual or asexual, autotrophic or heterotrophic?
prokaryotic, single cell, can be motile and non motile, can be asexual and sexual, can be heterotrophic and autotrophic
What is a capsid?
protein coat
The groups of eukaryotes that are very diverse, usually single-celled, but may be multicellular or colonial are called
protists
What are animal-like protists commonly called? Heterotrophic protists that obtain organic compounds from their environment.
protozoa
where do you find halophils?
salty environment
What are analogous structures? What is an example?
structures that have the same function but not necessarily a recent common ancestor. Ex. Bird wing and bee wing
Taxonomy is branch of ______ that identifies, names, and organizes biodiversity into related categories.
systematic biology
Which of these is a field that studies biodiversity in order to help understand the evolutionary relationships between species?
systematics
What are pseudopodia?
temporary extensions of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm
What characteristics do viruses share with living organisms?
the ability to evolve and genes
Why are protozoa considered animal-like?
they are motile and heterotrophic
Autotrophic
thylakoid, make own food, photosynthesis, chemosynthetic
Where do you usually find water molds? Are most saprotrophic? Are any parasitic?
usually in water and most are saprotrophic
Where are alga usually found?
water
where do you find protozoa?
water, moist soil, inside other organisms
When animal viruses enter a cell, does the whole virus go in, or just the nucleic acid core?
whole virus
Are many protozoa parasitic?
yes
Are most viruses species specific?
yes
Are protists usually unicellular?
yes
Are viruses alive or not?
yes
Can a structure be both homologous and analogous?
yes